Effect of Specific Verbal Instructions on the Identification of Pain Location during a Passive Straight Leg Raise Test

Musculoskeletal pain is common. Because pain is subjective, objectively describing it is crucial. However, pain assessment may cause distress in patients;therefore, physical therapists (PTs) should conduct these tests quickly and accurately. Simple and clear instructions are recommended for pain assessment. However, few studies have provided evidence to support this hypothesis. Correspondingly, this study aimed to confirm the effectiveness of specific verbal instructions for pain location during five consecutive Passive Straight Leg Raise (PSLR) tests. The 28 asymptomatic participants (age 27.4 ± 9.6 years) who provided informed consent received five consecutive PSLR tests: three without and two with specific verbal instructions to ascertain pain intensity, quality, and location. The participants drew pain locations on a body chart and described the pain intensity and quality after each test. All participants were interviewed regarding the differences they noted in the presence and absence of specific verbal instructions. Each pain location was classified into one of ten areas for statistical analysis. The proportion of participants who changed the pain location was compared between the tests using McNemar’s test, and the kappa coefficient was confirmed for consistency of pain location. There was a significant difference in the proportion of participants who changed their pain location between the second and third tests and from the third to the fourth test (McNemar’s test: p = 0.003). Kappa coefficients had low consistency (κ = 0.28) just after receiving the specific verbal instructions in the fourth test compared to the third test. Consistency improved in the fifth test (κ = 0.57);93% of the participants answered that the pain location had become clearer. This study revealed the effects of specific verbal instructions in identifying pain locations. This detailed information may help PTs provide appropriate treatment and contribute to reducing pain in clinical settings.

Lecturers’Efforts in Building Rapport in the English-Medium Instruction(EMI)Context:Focus on the Use of Communication Strategies

Past studies reveal the prevalence of anxiety,coupled with low motivation and disengagement among students in English-medium instruction(EMI)programs.Given the detrimental impact these negative emotions can have on learning outcomes,it is imperative that teachers establish positive emotional rapport with their students.This study explores how experienced and highly rated EMI lecturers at a Chinese university’s overseas campus use communication strategies to build rapport with their students during interactive academic activities.It identifies the strategies used by these lecturers and examines how the strategies facilitate the teaching-learning process.The data,consisting of 10 hours of tutorials and 10 hours of supervisor-student supervision meetings,is analyzed using an adapted Conversation Analysis(CA)approach.The analysis reveals three types of communication strategies(CSs)frequently used by lecturers:back-channeling,codeswitching,and co-creation of messages.By employing these strategies,the lecturers established a strong rapport with the students,which created an encouraging and supportive learning environment.Consequently,this positive atmosphere facilitated students’learning of content knowledge through English.The findings of this study have implications for the training of lecturers who encounter difficulties in establishing rapport with multilingual students in the EMI setting.

An Assessment of English Instruction for Elementary-Level Students in Jeddah Governorate, as Perceived by English Supervisors and Educators

This study investigated the perceptions of English educators and supervisors in Jeddah Governorate regarding the process of teaching English to elementary students.A survey was conducted using a sample size of 94 educators and 10 supervisors.The data indicate that respondents considered English instruction at the elementary level essential for expanding kids’perspectives,improving academic performance,and promoting international involvement.The main advantages cited are the development of English language skills and the promotion of early education.Although not as easily noticeable,the disadvantages include potential negative impacts on an individual’s proficiency in Arabic and their sense of national identification.The highlighted challenges encompass insufficient teacher training,student reluctance towards English,limited resources,and school disparities.The proposed techniques focused on prioritizing English instructors’training,ensuring the use of appropriate content,utilizing technology,and promoting awareness of students and educators.The current research found different obstacles in teaching English at elementary stages.To overcome these obstacles,it will be essential to enhance teacher competencies,develop efficient teaching methods,get the backing of stakeholders,assign adequate resources,and carry out continuous evaluations.Further research can also contribute to a better understanding of how early English learning impacts on Arabic identity and proficiency.

A Survey Study of Kindergarten Teachers’Use of ChatGPT to Support Instructional Design

With the rapid development of information technology,Artificial Intelligence(AI)is gradually applied to a wide range of fields,especially the powerful ability of ChatGPT to bring infinite possibilities for education,but teachers’attitudes toward using it are not yet clear.The study investigates the use of ChatGPT by kindergarten teachers to support instructional design using questionnaires and interviews to explore the attitudes and perceptions of kindergarten teachers toward its use.The results indicate that kindergarten teachers hold positive preferences for technology acceptance,perceived self-efficacy,and learning attitudes toward using ChatGPT for instructional design.Meanwhile,the study argues that more research is needed in the future to focus on how kindergarten teachers can aptly use ChatGPT to improve the quality of instruction in realistic instructionenvironments.

Exploring Pedagogical Ideologies and Strategies for College English Writing Instruction from a Generative Artificial Intelligence Perspective

This study,drawing on the commonalities between generative artificial intelligence and foreign language writing instruction,outlines the core ideology of digital humanities-based college English writing instruction,including auxiliary use of generative artificial intelligence tools,primary focus on humanistic education,and the re-production of knowledge,aiming to foster students’critical thinking,collaborative skills,and creativity.Building on this foundation,the study delves into generative artificial intelligence tools applicable to different stages of process-genre writing and their strategic applications.The use of generative artificial intelligence tools is beneficial for students to present,discuss,and share writing content,encouraging them to enhance their writing,collaboration,critical thinking,and creative abilities through deep interaction with model essays and creative discourses.

“Instruction-Category” Approach of Test Suite Construction for Oven Embedded System

Being different from testing for popular GUI software, the “instruction-category” approach is proposed for testing embedded system. This approach is constructed by three steps including refining items, drawing instruction-brief and instruction-category, and constructing test suite. Consequently, this approach is adopted to test oven embedded system, and detail process is deeply discussed. As a result, the factual result indicates that the “instruction-category” approach can be effectively applied in embedded system testing as a black-box method for conformity testing.

Project-based Instructions教学法的产生及其应用

Project-basedInstructions是一种突破传统课堂授课的教学方法。它要求学生在学习过程中进行独立思考、积极参与,在教师的指导下,通过个人活动或者集体合作等形式完成既定学习任务。通过这种学习,学生可以增强学习的主动性,提高解决实际问题的能力,获得独立工作经验,还可以强化合作意识。在大学英语教学过程中适当地借鉴这一教学法,可以帮助学生进一步理解语言的社会属性,掌握语言的本质意义,从而更好地理解语言的精髓。

Instructions to authors

GENERAL INFORMATIONWorld Journal of Gastroenterology (World J Gastroenterol, WJG, print ISSN 1007-9327, DOI: 10.3748) is a weekly, open-access (OA), peer-reviewed journal supported by an editorial board of 1096 experts in gastroenterology and hepatology from 60 countries.The biggest advantage of the OA

Instructions to authors

GENERAL INFORMATION World Journal of Gastroenterology (World J Gastroenterol, WJG, print ISSN 1007-9327, DOI: 10.3748) is a weekly, open-access (OA), peer-reviewed journal supported by an editorial board of 1096 experts in gastroenterology and hepatology from 60 countries.

Extraction of Robot Primitive Control Rules from Natural Language Instructions

A support vector rule based method is investigated for the construction of motion controllers via natural language training. It is a two-phase process including motion control information collection from natural language instructions, and motion information condensation with the aid of support vector machine （SVM） theory. Self-organizing fuzzy neural networks are utilized for the collection of control rules, from which support vector rules are extracted to form a final controller to achieve any given control accuracy. In this way, the number of control rules is reduced, and the structure of the controller tidied, making a controller constructed using natural language training more appropriate in practice, and providing a fundamental rule base for high-level robot behavior control. Simulations and experiments on a wheeled robot are carried out to illustrate the effectiveness of the method.

Instructions to authors

GENERAL INFORMATION World Journal of Gastroenterology(World J Gastroenterol,WJG,print ISSN 1007-9327,DOI:10.3748)is a weekly,open-access(OA), peer-reviewed journal supported by an editorial board of 1096 experts in

LOGIC STRUCTURE OF PROGRAMMABLE INSTRUCTIONS FOR JAVA PROCESSORS

There are varieties of embedded systems in the world. It is a big challenge to optimize the instruction sets of System on Chips (SoCs) according to different systems' working environments. The idea of programmable instruction set is an effective method to gain embedded system's re-configurability. This letter presents a logic module for Java processor to be capable of using programmable instruction set. Cost (area, power, and timing) of the module is trivial. Such module is also reusable for other embedded system solutions besides Java systems.

A Study on Negative Language Transfer in the English Instructions of Electronic Appliance

Transfer occurs as long as second language learning goes on. In the C —E translation of instructions of goods,transfer occurs as well. It is necessary to give a through study into those negative transfers in the instructions to improve the quality of translation. This paper takes the English instructions of electronic appliance in the New Century Supermarket in N anchang University as the subjects. Through a qualitative and a quantitative study of the subjects, the author concludes that negative transfer can be found here and there in the English instructions-negative transfer at lexical level, syntactical level and discourse level, negative transfer at syntactical level having the highest frequency. This paper also explores the reason why the phenomena occurs.

Instructions问题算法分析

ACM／ICPC（ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest）ACM国际大学生程序设计竞赛的简称．这是世界计算机领域的一项权威赛事。该文就是针对ACM国际大学生程序设计中的一道题目的解法进行算法分析，道题目的名字叫做“Instructions”。通过对原问题进行理解，通过暴力方法，动态递推法，对原问题进行算法分析和实现，然后对算法进行测试和总结，从而满足题目的要求。

Physicians’ Instructions to Patients Regarding Medications in a Saudi University Hospital

Objectives: To estimate the proportion of patients who received instructions regarding their medications’ functions, methods of administration, dosages, adverse effects, drug-drug interactions, as well as to identify the sources of knowledge concerning medications’ instructions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH) in the out-patient pharmacy in 2013. The data collection method includes personal interview with patients who are randomly selected from adults above 18 years of age. The interview was conducted among patients and any person who attends the consultation. Results: The sample was 274 patients. Patients who received instructions for drugs’ functions 208 (75.9%), method of administration 229 (83.6%), doses of drugs 220 (80.3%), drugs’ adverse effects 47 (17.1%), and drug-drug interactions 41 (15%). Sources of medications’ instructions were physicians (73.6%), pharmacists (42.3%), patient information leaflets (PILs) (40.5%) and family or friends (12.8%). Conclusion: The provided instructions about prescribed medications to patients in KKUH were incomplete that may lead to therapeutic failure.

Instructions to Contributors

Plasma Science and Technology (ISSN 1009-0630, CN 34-1187/TL), an English journal of the Instituteof Plasma Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP), accepts papers about new achievements andphase results of plasma physics. Specific interest areas include: fundamental research, experiment facilityconstruction and applications on high temperature plasma, low temperature plasma, astronomy and spaceplasma and discharge plasma. It also publishes reviews of new development of these areas as well as currentprogress of interdisciplinary and application sciences relating to plasma physics.

Instructions to Authors

The Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry has renamed as the Journal of Energy Chemistry in 2013.The Journal of Energy Chemistry is a bimonthly Journal jointly edited by the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics and the Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Elsevier will publish the Journal on Science Direct,the online full text and

INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS

1 Legal requirementsThe author（s） guarantee（s） that the manuscript will not be published elsewhere in any language without the consent of the copyright holders, that the rights of third parties will not be violated, and that the publisher will not be held legally responsible should there be any claims for compensation.

Instructions for authors

Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that,the paper is original work,has not been published before and is not being considered for publication elsewhere.

Instructions for authors

Earthquake Engineering&Engineering Vibration operates an online submission and peer review system that allows authors to submit articles online and track their progress via a web interface.Please visit http://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/eeev and navigate to the Earthquake Engineering&Engineering Vibration online submission site.By using the online form to submit your manuscript,you can minimize the delay until your work will be considered by the Editorial Offi ce and reviewed by the referees.Acceptance for publication is subject to the manuscript being an unpublished work presenting a signifi cant original contribution in earthquake engineering and/or engineering vibration.