Human Rights-based Argumentation in Climate Change Lawsuits

Climate change lawsuits represented by strategic litigation have become a new force to promote global climate governance. Among them, using the norms and theories of human rights law to present litigation claims, conduct legal reasoning, and form human rights-based argumentation has been one of the most successful strategies for climate change lawsuits. The Paris Agreement marked a major watershed for human rights-based argumentation in climate change lawsuits: Before the signing of the Agreement, human rights-based argumentation in climate change lawsuits remained in its trial stage;since the signing of the Paris Agreement, as a litigation strategy, it has become more flexible and diversified, as its relationship with climate governance is becoming increasingly complicated. The uncertainty of climate legal obligation and the process of legalization of climate targets have fostered new dimensions for human rights-based argumentation: Shifting from an accountability logic to a litigation strategy, from international law to domestic law, from holding governments accountable to holding enterprises accountable. There are micro, medium, and macro paths to clarify the human rights-based argumentation, all leading to truly integrating human rights perspectives and ideas into a nation’s specific process of climate governance and valuing and leveraging the value of human rights-based argumentation as a tool, so as to achieve the goal of climate governance.

The Effects of Schema Instruction on Reading Comprehension of English Argumentation

Based on the perspective of the schema theory and modern education technology,In this paper,the method of ran dom experimnet is used to measure how two types of schema instruction‘video clip’and‘multimedia courseware’influence Chinese college students’reading comprehension of English argumentation.The results illustrate the schema instruction can not only develop the students’sensibility of English argumentation structure,but also activate the schema in students’memory.Mul timedia courseware instruction is superior to video clip instruction.The paper proposes its viewpoints concerned.

Argument,Argumentation and Critical Thinking in Academic Writing

Academic writing has been emphasized for years among English major students,and PhD students who need to pub lish their work in English,but few of these people could produce essays academically. The key problem that they are faced with is argument,argumentation and critical thinking in academic writing. These three notions are reviewed and the followed teaching preliminary suggestions are presented in this essay.

After the ＂Oligarchs＂： Argumentation Strategies in the Parliamentary Elections Campaigns

During the period of time starting from 9th Saeima Latvian political scene changed significantly. Emergency parliamentary elections in autumn 2011 completely changed Latvian Republic＇s political scene. So-called ＂oligarchs＂ parties disappeared from the scene and since the elections government leader is liberal-conservative, center-right party. Changes in political discourse were expected also viewing parties election programs. Whether the discourse changed not only theoretically, but practically？ Communication with electorate provides citizens information to be able to vote for the appropriate candidate. Argumentation and speakers interaction are important aspects in the context of political discourse. Unlike more empirical discourse analysis, argumentation theory and its descriptive and evaluative elements intend critical dimension. In the study presented argumentation analysis of media materials is made according to Walton＇s argument classification model. Conclusions about political culture in Latvia are made based on the arguments used by political actors. In the big picture results of the study are related to democratic state order.

The Argumentation for Contemporary Peacemaking Efforts According to Jewish Tradition

Peace is a key concept in the Jewish tradition; it has a long history. It is also an extremely broad concept. The present article takes on the subject of contemporary peace between Israel and her neighbors, addressing the issue from the vantage point of Judaism. While opinions on many issues are divided in Judaism today, all streams within the Jewish tradition uphold the concept of peace. Even so, each stream supports a somewhat different version of this ideal, subject to different limitations or reservations. One of the most serious challenges which Judaism today faces in connection with the State of Israel is the issue of exchanging territories for peace. The goal of the present paper is to show that while most approaches rooted in traditional Judaism have opposed such an exchange, Israel＇s religious political parties have endorsed it, advancing different arguments in support of their view. The method followed in the present paper is to study the arguments which have been used in support of peace agreements based on return or exchange of land. In light of the arguments put forth in the paper, to be counted among the accomplishments is a greater degree of openness--even on the part of the religious sector in Israel--toward the effort to achieve peace between Israel and her neighbors.

Changes in Argumentation Performance:Effects of Teacher-Student Collaborative Assessment

This paper compares the effectiveness of one-semester-long instruction of teacher-student collaborative assessment(TSCA)and trained peer review assessment(TPRA).Dependent variables include occurrence of structural elements of the simplified Toulmin model,and improvement of argumentation substance which refers to the quality of reasoning reflected in Toulmin structural elements.Eighty-one sophomore English majors from TSCA group(n=41)and TPRA group(n=40)were asked to construct two argumentative essays at both the beginning and the end of the semester.The results reveal that the TSCA group produced significantly more counterargument claims and rebuttal data.Additionally,the TSCA group significantly outperformed TPRA group in constructing stronger counterargument claim,rebuttal claim and rebuttal data.

Comparative Semantics of Fuzzy Argumentation under the Łukasiewicz t-Norm

Dung’s theory of argumentation frameworks (AF) has been applied in many fields of artificial intelligence. The arguments and attack relation are generally partly believed due to the uncertainty in the process of mining them. Fuzzy AFs catch uncertainty in AFs by associating fuzzy degrees with the arguments or the attacks. Among the various semantics of fuzzy AFs, the comparative semantics develops and defines Dung’s extensions in the form of fuzzy sets. However, the comparative semantic system only puts forward some basic concepts, and has not been deeply studied in terms of algorithms and properties. This paper studies the comparative semantics of fuzzy AFs based on the Łukasiewicz t-norm in a more in-depth and comprehensive manner. This work is not only a supplement and improvement to comparative semantic in theory, but also beneficial to the calculation and fast identification of its various extensions (based on the Łukasiewicz t-norm).

Locke’s Tolerance Theory and the Workmanship Argument

John Locke’s tolerance theory involves the core issue of the relationship between reason and belief in the philosophy of religion.However,there is always controversy over whether the scope of adaptation of this theory is within a religion,between religions,or in a broader field.Considering that the overall moral approach of Locke’s philosophy requires the workmanship argument as a defense,and examining it from this point of view,it can be found that Locke’s efforts to transcend Creationism with this argument have resulted in a successful breakthrough,which makes tolerance not only a religion topic,but also a social principle.

基于案例推理的法律人工智能建模——以海波案例系统的法律解析为中心

案例推理系统采取符号主义的路径进行法律人工智能建模,运用逻辑学的方法刻画案例推理的过程,但是,传统逻辑工具难以对案例推理过程中的可废止过程进行刻画和表达。运用论证理论中的论证型式工具,对经典案例推理系统海波的工作原理进行解析,可重构案例推理系统的逻辑模型,明确案例推理系统的智能界限。基于案例推理系统逻辑模型的解析,反思当下司法实践中的类案系统,可证立人工智能辅助司法的基本原则。

论受众预期与司法裁判的契合度不足及实践应对

新修辞学的受众理论表明,司法裁判是一种受约束的理性论证过程,裁判者要考虑受众的预期并反过来修正自己的说理论证,增强裁判可接受性。实践中,受众预期和司法裁判结果之间存在契合度不足现象,因而对司法裁判可能形成微观与宏观的诸多影响,既在个案裁判中直接影响当事人的诉讼策略及公众对案件的评判,乃至影响法官的考核,也在宏观上影响法治社会中公众对司法活动的整体评价。基于对受众预期的重视,法官在完成司法审判活动及作出裁判的过程中,不仅要预测性地思考如何说服案件当事人,还要考虑如何让判决结果尽量为其他旁观者理解和接受,在法律制度既定的情况下基于司法活动本质要求探索前瞻性应对机制。

二语学习者以续促学的能力

语言是通过“续”学会的,语言学习的高效率也可以通过“续”实现。学习者如果能提高以续促学的能力,基于续论的外语教学效果就会更加明显。那么,以续促学的能力包含哪些要素?二语学习者以续促学能力的研究理据是什么?在外语教学中,应当如何培养学习者以续促学的能力?为回答这些问题,推动基于续论的外语教学理论和实践的创新,本文首次提出续能的概念,并分析其基本特征和构成要素,梳理当前以续促学能力研究的认知和实证理据,讨论续能研究的价值及续能培养的途径。

气候司法本土化的三重逻辑:规范、价值和功能

在全球气候治理司法化转型的背景下,中国司法系统在应对气候变化中呈现出全面积极的态度。气候司法作为环境司法专门化的新领域,亟须形成体系性的本土化方案。气候司法本土化的核心要义在于彰显主体性,需要将气候司法的概念体系、功能定位、审判机制、裁判体系与规则等置于中国法治现代化特定背景和社会结构条件之中予以把握,其内在逻辑是涵括规范体系、价值序列和功能定位的动态体系。当前,中国气候司法规范体系中的多层次立法呈现间接、倡导属性,且多元化司法规范创制不足,体系化任务尚未完成,继而诱导出气候司法规范的周延性困境和融贯性难题。在此情形下,气候司法所保护法益的识别和核心价值尚未被清晰地析出,且科学上的不确定性、政策权衡、经济诱因等诸多外部因素限制着对气候变化案件的价值判断。这些都深刻地影响气候司法作为公益型司法与治理型司法的双重功能定位和发展方向。为此,气候司法本土化的方式与进路需要基于规范、价值和功能三重逻辑及其呈现的问题或要求展开。首先,强化多重规范秩序的塑造,从公私法协同出发推动气候变化立法体系化,通过强化次级气候司法规范凝聚共识,借助多元法律解释方法提升气候司法规范体系的融通性。其次,以利益为核心建构法律论证的权威,通过涉碳利益的衡量强化裁判的实质理由,通过气候环境利益的多维保护强化裁判的开放性,通过外在因素与法律因素的平衡强化裁判的权威理由。最后,精准塑造气候司法的双重功能,以风险预防原则构建预防性公益型气候司法,以政策的司法化构建服务于“双碳”目标的治理型气候司法。

基于续论的二语词汇习得研究述评

基于续论的续写任务为外语教学提供了新思路,续写任务对二语词汇的促学效果也已经得到了大量实证研究的验证。本文对现有的基于续论的二语词汇习得研究进行了回顾与探讨,首先讨论了续写促学词汇的理论依据,然后分析现有研究在任务类型、研究范式及影响促学效果的因素等方面的特点。研究发现:(1)基于续论的二语词汇习得研究采用的续写任务类型较为单一,缺少多轮续写、交叉续写等形式的应用,尚未完全发挥出续写任务的促学潜力;(2)现有研究往往仅从词汇知识深度或质量的角度测量词汇知识,忽略了词汇流利度的作用;(3)现有研究主要考察了互动强度和外语水平等因素对续写任务促学效果的影响,对学习者认知与情感因素的关注不足。在此基础上,本文分析了基于续论的二语词汇习得研究的发展方向及趋势,以期为续论在外语教学中的应用研究提供一定的参考。

中小学科学教学中的“伪论证”:表现、症结与破解之道

将科学论证引入课堂教学的目的在于让学生体验类似科学家经历的论证过程,并在此过程中理解科学概念和科学本质,实现科学思维与实践能力的发展。但在实际教学中,“重要素轻知识”“重结论轻过程”“重传授轻协商”的“伪论证”现象层出不穷,科学论证面临认知性、认识性和社会性多重特征的缺位。科学论证的概念分歧与理性失调,评价标准对实践的裹挟以及教师教学惯习的束缚,是“伪论证”现象频繁出现的主要原因。为推动科学论证回归本真,迫切需要从科学实践的视域理解论证的意义,构建科学论证概念框架,创设真实的科学论证环境,同时寻求教师“在行动中反思”的可行路径。

论因明的知识谱系

如果把因明仅仅定义为关于三支论式及其规则之学,重读古典,走进文本,则可以从文本里衍生出因明的知识谱系:从因明的发展演进来看,实现了印度因明到中国化因明的转换;从因明理论来看,三支论式是五支论式的完善,有与亚里士多德三段论不同的概念群;从研究范围来看,涵摄因明理论与应用。因明知识谱系的分析表明,与有效性推理不同,因明有着自己的一套概念体系和应用范围。从产生之初,逻辑就是思想的论证工具。研究逻辑史、写作逻辑史理应从思想论证视角进入,从逻辑理论与应用两个方面发现并总结不同逻辑的各自特征,这是文明互鉴的基础。

基于任务转化的事件抽取通用框架

论元分散、多重事件和论元重叠是事件抽取长期面临的挑战,许多任务还存在触发词或位置标注缺失的情况。对此,提出一种基于任务转化的事件抽取通用框架,包括任务转化、关系抽取和事件预测3个模块。有触发词和无触发词的标注事件分别被转化为不同形式的关系三元组;这些三元组将与原始文本一起作为关系抽取模型的训练数据;事件预测时先从输入文本中抽取三元组,再将它们还原为目标事件。对于训练语料中位置标注缺失的情况,设计了基于最短距离的论元定位算法。该框架在ChFinAnn数据集上取得81.6%的平均F1值,在DuEE-Fin数据集上的F1值为72.04%(在线提交结果),均达到目前的SOTA水平。实验结果表明,该框架不仅可以显著提高事件抽取效果,而且具有广泛的适应能力。

CTP成像参数在评估重度颈动脉狭窄患者保守治疗反应性中的应用价值研究

目的探讨在检测重度颈动脉狭窄(CAS)患者保守治疗反应性中CT灌注成像(CTPI)参数的评估价值。方法选取于本院收治于2019年3月至2023年7月接受保守治疗的重度颈动脉狭窄患者193例,按照随访期内是否发生脑缺血性疾病分为高反应组(n=106)和低反应组(n=87)。比较各组患者CTP成像参数rMTT、rTTP、rCBV、rCBF,“金标准”为病理诊断结果,对保守治疗CAS患者发生脑缺血性疾病的影响因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析,并分析检测保守治疗重度CAS患者发生脑缺血性疾病中应用CTP成像参数的诊断价值。结果两组患者年龄、性别、高血脂及冠心病合并情况、吸烟史情况无显著差异(P>0.05),与高反应组相比,低反应组患者的高血压、糖尿病合并比例、rMTT、rTTP明显较高(P<0.05),rCBV、rCBF明显较低(P<0.05)。有高血压、糖尿病合并情况、低rMTT、rTTP、高rCBV、rCBF是脑缺血性疾病发生的危险因素(P<0.05)。CTP成像参数rMTT、rTTP、rCBV、rCBF联合检测重度颈动脉狭窄患者保守治疗反应性的灵敏度和准确度均高于四者独立检查(P<0.05)。结论在评估重度颈动脉狭窄患者保守治疗反应性中应用CTP成像参数的评估价值较高,值得临床推广。

新闻评论语篇的复句运用情况

论证语篇包含不同的下位语篇,对这些下位语篇语法面貌的描写和分析,有助于更加深入地认识论证语篇。新闻评论属于论证语篇,同时兼有新闻语篇的特点。文章旨在考察新闻评论语篇的复句运用情况,主要探讨三个问题:1)新闻评论的结构与复句运用;2)新闻评论的文体与复句运用;3)新闻评论的类型与复句运用。新闻评论的结构对复句运用有明显影响。新闻评论与一般议论文在复句运用上既有共性,又有差异。新闻评论的类型对复句运用有影响,不过不同类型的新闻评论在复句运用上的共性是更为主要的方面。

马克思的分析—综合法与循环论证问题——《1844年经济学哲学手稿》“异化劳动和私有财产”文本再探

马克思在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》的“异化劳动和私有财产”部分运用了分析—综合法,形成事实—概念的文本逻辑,表明异化劳动的概念并不先验地、分析性地包含私有财产的概念。异化劳动与私有财产之间具有“(认识)理由—结果”的因果关系,这种关系的形成包含“异化劳动事实→异化劳动概念+‘资本家’→私有财产概念”的分析—综合过程。通过马克思的这种方法论,我们可以明确马克思在此文本中为自己制定的理论任务及性质,证明马克思关于异化劳动和私有财产关系的推论不是循环论证,并从多个方面澄清学界认为此推论是循环论证的质疑。以此为视角来探讨这个问题,有助于我们深入了解青年马克思的思维方式、思想层次和哲学观点,以及马克思分析—综合法的科学性和深刻性。

哲学,究竟是什么?

对哲学下一个定义是困难的,困难在于哲学不是一种纯粹的知识论,且其追求永无止境。哲学实际上不是知识性的“什么”。狭义上讲,哲学是一门学科,哲学就是哲学史。广义上讲,哲学是一种通过论证来讲道理的科学,这种活动基于生活性,指向超越性。