Highly efficient solution-processed CZTSSe solar cells based on a convenient sodium-incorporated post-treatment method

In CZTSSe solar cells,a simple sodium-incorporation post-treatment method toward solution-processed Cu2Zn Sn S4precursor films is presented in this work.An ultrathin NaCl film is deposited on Cu2Zn Sn S4precursor films by spin-coating NaCl solution.In subsequent selenization process,the introduction of Na Cl is found to be benefacial for the formation of Cu2-xSe,which can further facilitate the element transportation,leading to dense and smooth CZTSSe films with large grains and less impurity Cu2Sn(S,Se)3phase.SIMS depth profiles confirm the gradient distribution of the sodium element in Na-doped absorbers.Photoluminescence spectra show that the introduction of appropriate sodium into the absorber can inhibit the band tail states.As high as 11.18% of power conversion efficiency(PCE)is achieved for the device treated with 5 mg mL^-1 NaCl solution,and an average efficiency of Na-doped devices is 10.71%,13%higher than that of the control groups(9.45%).Besides,the depletion width and the charge recombination lifetime can also have regular variation with sodium treatment.This work offers an easy modification method for high-quality Na-doped CZTSSe films and high-performance devices,in the meantime,it can also help to further understand the effects of sodium in CZTSSe solar cells.

Comparison of pre-treatment and post-treatment use of selenium in retinal ischemia reperfusion injury

AIM: To investigate the effects of selenium in rat retinal ischemia reperfusion(IR) model and compare pretreatment and post-treatment use.METHODS: Selenium pre-treatment group(n =8) was treated with intraperitoneal(i.p.) selenium 0.5 mg/kg for7 d and terminated 24 h after the IR injury. Selenium posttreatment group( n = 8) was treated with i. p. selenium0.5 mg/kg for 7d after the IR injury with termination at the end of the 7d period. Sham group(n =8) received i.p.saline injections identical to the selenium volume for 7d with termination 24 h after the IR injury. Control group(n =8) received no intervention. Main outcome measures were retina superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione(GSH),total antioxidant status(TAS), malondialdehyde(MDA),DNA fragmentation levels, and immunohistological apoptosis evaluation.RESULTS: Compared to the Sham group, selenium pre-treatment had a statistical difference in all parameters except SOD. Post-treatment selenium also resulted in statistical differences in all parameters except the MDA levels. When comparing selenium groups, the pre-treatment selenium group had a statistically higher success in reduction of markers of cell damage such as MDA and DNA fragmentation. In contrast, the post-selenium treatment group had resulted in statisticallyhigher levels of GSH. Histologically both selenium groups succeeded to limit retinal thickening and apoptosis. Pre-treatment use was statistically more successful in decreasing apoptosis in ganglion cell layer compared to post-treatment use.CONCLUSION: Selenium was successful in retinal protection in IR injuries. Pre-treatment efficacy was superior in terms of prevention of tissue damage and apoptosis.

Influence of the post-treatment of HZSM-5 zeolite on catalytic performance for alkylation of benzene with methanol

The porous material HZSM-5 zeolite with micro-mesopore hierarchical porosity was prepared by post-treatment （combined alkali treatment and acid leaching） of parent zeolite and its catalytic performance for benzene alkylation with methanol was investigated. The effect of post-treatment on the textural properties was characterized by various techniques （including ICP-AES, XRD, nitrogen sorption isotherms, SEM, NH3-TPD, Py-IR and TG）. The results indicated that the post-treatment could modify the structural and acidic properties of HZSM-5 zeolite. In this procedure, not only additional mesopores were created by selective extraction of silicon but also the acidity was tuned. Consequently, the modified HZSM-5 zeolite showed larger external surface area with less acid sites as compared to the parent zeolite. It was found out that the modified zeolite exhibited a higher benzene conversion and xylene selectivity for alkylation of benzene with methanol as well as excellent life span of the catalyst than conventional ones. This can be explained by the facts that the presence of additional mesopores improved the diffusion property in the reactions. Furthermore, the modified zeolite showed an appropriate Bronsted acidity for effective suppression of the side reaction of methanol to olefins, thus reduced the accumulation of coke on the HZSM-5 zeolite, which was favorable for the catalyst stability. In comparison with the parent HZSM-5 zeolite, the modified zeolite by alkali treatment and acid leaching showed better performance for the benzene alkylation with methanol.

Curcumin pretreatment and post-treatment both improve the antioxidative ability of neurons with oxygen-glucose deprivation

Recent studies have shown that induced expression of endogenous antioxidative enzymes thr- ough activation of the antioxidant response element/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 （Nrf2） pathway may be a neuroprotective strategy. In this study, rat cerebral cortical neurons cultured in vitro were pretreated with 10 ktM curcumin or post-treated with 5 pM curcumin, respectively before or after being subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation for 24 hours. Both pretreatment and post-treatment resulted in a significant decrease of cell injury as indicated by propidium iodide/Hoechst 33258 staining, a prominent increase of Nrf2 protein expression as indicated by western blot analysis, and a remarkable increase of protein expression and enzyme activity in whole cell lysates of thioredoxin before ischemia, after ischemia, and after reoxygenation. In addition, post-treatment with curcumin inhibited early DNA/RNA oxidation as indicated by immunocytochemistry and increased nuclear Nrf2 protein by inducing nuclear accumulation of Nrf2. These findings suggest that curcumin activates the expression of thi- oredoxin, an antioxidant protein in the Nrf2 pathway, and protects neurons from death caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation in an in vitro model of ischemia/reperfusion. We speculate that pharmacologic stimulation of antioxidant gene expression may be a promising approach to neu- roprotection after cerebral ischemia.

Post-treatment of TS-1 with Mixtures of TPAOH and Ammonium Salts and the Catalytic Properties in Propylene Epoxidation

TS-1/SiO_2 extrudate was post-treated with mixed solution of tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide(TPAOH)and various ammonium salts solution(NH_4F,(NH_4)_3PO_4,(NH_4)_2CO_3,(NH_4)_2SO_4,NH_4CH_3CO_2,NH_4NO_3,NH_4Cl and(NH_4)_2TiF_6).The obtained hierarchical TS-1 catalysts were characterized by many techniques and tested for propylene epoxidation using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant in a fixed-bed reactor.It was shown that the physicochemical and catalytic properties of the treated TS-1/SiO_2 extrudate depended on the types of ammonium salts added.Compared to the treatment with TPAOH alone,the treatment with a mixed solution of TPAOH and some ammonium salts can greatly improve the catalytic properties of the treated TS-1/SiO_2 extrudate.Some of these ammonium salts were favorable for the incorporation of titanium in the framework,and the beneficial effect depended on the types of ammonium salt.TS-1/SiO_2 extrudate treated with a mixed solution of TPAOH and(NH_4)_3PO_4 exhibited the highest catalyst stability in propylene epoxidation.Such catalytic property can be correlated to high crystallinity,more framework titanium,large specific surface area and large external surface area.

Effect of Post-Treatment Conditions on the Inactivation of MS2 Bacteriophage as Indicator for Pathogenic Viruses after the Composting Process

A rural model composting toilet system still had some pathogens in the compost after months of operation and hence requires a post-treatment. The aim of the study was to sanitize compost withdrawn from the composting toilet by setting post-treatment conditions. The kinetics inactivation of MS2 bacteriophage, selected as indicator for pathogenic viruses were determined during post-treatment at different temperatures (30°C, 40°C and 50°C) with varying moisture contents (50%, 60% and 70%). As a result, the inactivation rates during the post-treatment were 0.093 - 0.020 h-1, 0.025 - 0.088 h1, 0.447 - 0.100 h-1 at 30°C, 40°C and 50°C respectively. The inactivation rate coefficient (k) values of MS2 bacteriophage depended on higher temperature but not on moisture content.

Heat Post-Treatment to Reduce Thickness Swelling of Particleboard from Fast-Growing Poplars

According to the high thickness swelling and low dimensional stability of Poplars particleboard, this paper studied the effect of heat post-treatment on the board properties. The results indicated that the post-treatment could be a very effective way to produce dimensinaly stable fast-growing poplars particleboard. The thickness swelling of the board decreased with increasing the time and temperatures of post-heat treatment. So under190℃, being treated for 15 min., the total thickness swelling (TS1) of the board was 8.96%, reduced by 22.88%. The irreversible thickness swelling (TS2) was also reduced with the post-treatment of 190 ℃ or 220℃; The reversible thickness swelling (TS3) was not signifcantly changed when the time of treatment increased up to 25 min. under 190℃.

Post-treatments of Super Absorbent Polymer

Properties of high absorbency and modulus (gel strength) were both needed in applications of superabsorbent polymer (SAP). Generally, the absorption characteristic and gel strength reach a crossover point for a given system. Beyond this point, a given property will show improvement at the expense of another property. To synthesize SAP with properties superior to this optimum value, further modification in the process becomes essential. In our post-treatment modification of superabsorbent polymer, neither the variety of the crosslinkers, nor their amount was found the effective factors to the polymer performance, but the liquor ratio of the treating liquid to polymer. The combination of the chemical treating and heat-treating method was also explored. But this didn’t put any positive effect on SAP’s properties.

Method for determining the sliding-friction coefficient of the aluminum-zincplated post-treatment plate

With reference to the testing standard ASTM D1894,the sliding-friction coefficient of the aluminumzinc-plated post-treatment plate was measured.To reduce the detection error in practical applications,a correction factor is proposed.Although the test results showed that the relative standard deviation of the friction coefficient of the aluminum-zinc-plated post-treatment plate was 12.1%indicating that the test results experienced a certain fluctuation,it can nevertheless be used as an internal factory-controlled test method.At the same time,problems were encountered with respect to sample contact,sample edge burr,and sample surface contamination.However,measures can be taken to reduce the impact of these factors.

Effects of microwave post-treatments on leaching resistance of ACQ-D treated Chinese fir

In order to improve the leaching resistance of active ingredient-copper in ammoniacal copper quat-type D （ACQ-D） treated Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook.）, microwave post-treatments were carried out. The percentages of leached copper from ACQ-D treated Chinese fir with different microwave post-treatments were obtained after leaching tests by analyzing the copper retention in treated wood. The fixation mechanism of copper in the treated wood was determined with the help of SEM and FTIR spectra, while the valence conversion of copper after microwave post-treatments was studied by UV spectroscopy. Our experimental results show that the percentage of leached copper was reduced significantly after microwave post-treatment over time. This development was reinforced by allowing even more time for the treatment as well as with an increase in the power of microwave post-treatment. The leaching resistance of copper in wrapped samples was better than that in unwrapped samples, which is attributed to the combined effects of temperature and moisture content. Compared with air-dried samples, the valence conversion in the samples with microwave post-treatments changed slightly, which demonstrates that microwave post-treatments cannot impair the natural decay resistance of ACQ-D treated wood. SEM and FTIR spectra showed the presence of crystal particles formed by chemical reactions between copper and wood ingredients in wood cell walls and wood pits. Only a small amount of copper reacted with cellulose, while lignin and hemicellulose were the major bonding sites for copper in wood. Given the experimental results of mechanical properties, microwave post-treatments had a slight effect on the compression strength parallel to the grain and on the erystallinity of ACQ-D treated Chinese fir.

Non-intrusive temperature rise fault-identification of distribution cabinet based on tensor block-matching

In this study,a novel non-intrusive temperature rise fault-identification method for a distribution cabinet based on tensor block-matching is proposed.Two-stage data repair is used to reconstruct the temperature-field information to support the demand for temperature rise fault-identification of non-intrusive distribution cabinets.In the coarse-repair stage,this method is based on the outside temperature information of the distribution cabinet,using tensor block-matching technology to search for an appropriate tensor block in the temperature-field tensor dictionary,filling the target space area from the outside to the inside,and realizing the reconstruction of the three-dimensional temperature field inside the distribution cabinet.In the fine-repair stage,tensor super-resolution technology is used to fill the temperature field obtained from coarse repair to realize the smoothing of the temperature-field information inside the distribution cabinet.Non-intrusive temperature rise fault-identification is realized by setting clustering rules and temperature thresholds to compare the location of the heat source with the location of the distribution cabinet components.The simulation results show that the temperature-field reconstruction error is reduced by 82.42%compared with the traditional technology,and the temperature rise fault-identification accuracy is greater than 86%,verifying the feasibility and effectiveness of the temperature-field reconstruction and temperature rise fault-identification.

基于FMEA法的住院药房智能药柜用药安全研究

目的提高住院药房智能药柜(ADC)的用药安全管理。方法采用失效模型和效应分析(FMEA)法,经医院护士、药师等讨论后,从信息系统、人员操作、药品信息、硬件设备、管理方法5个方面建立20个失效模型(包括32个风险点),汇总为调查问卷,并通过专家咨询和药师讨论后建立问卷评分标准。于干预前发放问卷进行调查,根据发现的风险对其中30个可操作的风险点设定干预措施,持续干预5个月后(干预后)再次进行问卷调查,比较干预前后的风险优先级数(RPN)。结果干预后,30个风险点的RPN值均不同程度降低,其中22个显著降低(P<0.05)。管理方法方面的全部风险点RPN值均显著降低(P<0.05);硬件设备方面的全部风险点RPN值均无显著改变(P>0.05)。结论FMEA法用于住院药房ADC的用药安全研究,可减少其用药风险,促进药护共同管理安全使用ADC规则的形成,尤其适用于麻醉药品等特殊药品的用药管理。

沿面放电光脉冲发展特征与临界击穿判据研究

绝缘沿面放电是引起高压开关柜中滑闪及电弧击穿的主要原因和前期阶段,准确有效地对绝缘异常爬电进行监测、跟踪和预警对保障设备安全运行非常关键。该文通过试验研究强垂直分量绝缘爬电的光脉冲阶段特征,并提出基于多波段光谱辐射强度信息的放电发展阶段划分方法和临界击穿判据,从而建立基于多波段光谱强度比值的放电跟踪预警方法。首先,搭建多波段单光子试验系统,采用自制多波段光学传感装置对沿面放电发展全过程跟踪测量,获得表征放电发展过程光谱比率的统计参量;其次,借助模糊聚类算法和支持向量机,构建放电发展临界特征空间边界,并对放电严重程度进行量化评估,结果表明该方法对放电阶段的正判率达到96.9%以上;最后,确立基于光谱比率的放电危险性主动预警逻辑,并开发了放电光脉冲跟踪预警系统,为开关柜放电和弧光监测的创新应用提供了参考。

外卖配送电动自行车换电柜选址定容实证研究

针对外卖配送电动自行车换电柜布局不合理带来的部分换电柜利用率低与部分换电需求得不到及时满足的供需矛盾问题,本文通过聚类POI(Point of Interest)数据确定外卖配送起止点,并通过仿真模拟外卖骑手配送路径预测外卖配送电动自行车换电需求时空分布,构建换电柜运营商总成本最低和用户满意度最高的多目标换电柜选址定容模型,并以新乡市主城区为例,采用NSGA-II(Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II)算法得到换电柜选址定容方案。研究结果表明:仿真模拟得出的换电需求时间分布预测值与实际值基本吻合,换电需求在11:00,14:00,17:00和20:00左右急剧增长,且11:00和14:00左右的换电需求量显著高于17:00和20:00左右的换电需求量,外卖骑手配送路径仿真模拟方法在换电需求预测上具有较高的预测精度;换电柜选址方案不能同时满足运营商和用户利益均为最优,用户满意度的提高需以增加运营商总成本为代价;同时,兼顾运营商和用户利益的新乡市主城区外卖配送电动自行车换电柜最佳建设数量为26,其中,容量为11的换电柜11个,容量为22的换电柜8个,容量为33的换电柜7个;新乡市主城区应按照备选点编号15-7-19-17依次新增换电柜至30个,此时,用户满意度最大,若继续增加换电柜建设数量,只会增加运营商总成本。

通信户外机柜用温控设备节能措施及运行效果分析

针对目前通信户外机柜存在设备频繁高温报警、空调能耗过高等突出问题,提出以热管为主、空调为辅的温控系统方案,并开发样机,应用于郑州市逸泉小区三联柜移动通信基站。经全年实地测试表明,该温控设备调控机柜温度范围在10~38℃之间,完全符合国家移动通信基站机柜温控要求,机柜内通信设备全年无高温报警,与原门载式空调相比,该温控设备在春夏秋冬各季节能率分别为68.2%,47.0%,64.7%,75.5%,全年节能率高达60.0%,节能效果十分显著。该研究成果对通信户外机柜温控节能具有一定的实用价值。

丧钟敲响:皇族内阁的社会反响与抗议风潮

1911年皇族内阁成立后,遭到各方反对。有的官员公开表达不满,本为阁员的官员的表态则暴露出清廷最高层的矛盾;各报刊给予持续的批评和讥讽;以各省咨议局联合会为中心的立宪派人士多次上书抗议,又联络各团体抗争,成为反对皇族内阁的核心,并引发持续的抗议风潮。立宪派人士反对皇族内阁的根本原因,在于他们完全不信任清廷权贵,不相信他们能领导国家走出危机。在国会请愿后出台的皇族内阁,使本已十分尖锐的清政府与立宪派及社会各方的矛盾更为激化,等于敲响了清王朝的丧钟。

分立式开关电源系统抗震性能的振动台试验研究

开关电源是通信机楼和通信基站中最重要的设备之一,相当于机楼和基站内供电系统的“心脏”,若在地震作用下发生功能失效将导致通信机楼和基站完全停止工作。开关电源的抗震性能研究是通信系统抗震韧性评估研究的基础。本文以通信机楼内常用的分立式开关电源系统为研究对象,通过振动台试验研究其在地震下的特征损伤模式、损伤发展过程以及其供电功能在地震作用下的变化等。试验过程中为了模拟开关电源在通信机楼中的实际使用状态,为开关电源连接了380 V电压输入和一台模拟负载,组成了一个完整的用电系统。试验中台面激励采用了1条人工地震动、1条天然地震动和1条正弦拍波,逐步增大台面PGA直至振动台位移超限停止试验。从试验结果看:当PGA达到1.0 g时电源柜开始损伤,表现为柜门与主框架磨损掉漆,PGA在1.2~1.5 g时,电源柜顶部连接松动,面板连接螺丝松动,螺栓孔发生冲切破坏,PGA达到2.0 g时,试验结束,电源柜的主体未发生严重破坏,交流柜与直流柜前门轴变形;另外即使在较大PGA下,正弦拍波也无法对电源柜激起较大位移而造成破坏。试验过程中电气信号始终稳定,该开关电源柜抗震性能良好。

隧道牵引分区所雷击暂态特性及其二次设备电磁兼容研究

牵引供电系统遭受雷击会在分区所内产生过电压与过电流,对分区所开关柜中二次设备产生瞬态电磁干扰,影响其正常运行。文中针对电气化铁路隧道分区所,建立雷击暂态仿真模型,计算了接触网不同位置遭受雷击时分区所的过电压与过电流,建立了27.5 kV开关柜的电磁场有限元仿真模型,分析开关柜中不同区域的瞬态电场、磁场分布。结果表明:雷击接触网会在分区所内产生幅值较大、频率较高的过电压与过电流,在其作用下开关柜低压室瞬态电场可达147.2 V/m、瞬态磁场可达1.3 kA/m,断路器室前壁处瞬态电场可达822.9 kV/m、瞬态磁场可达15.85 kA/m,超过标准规定的幅值,二次设备需要考虑相应的电磁屏蔽措施。论文结果对牵引供电系统雷击过电压/电流防护以及二次设备电磁兼容设计具有参考价值。

基于强振动环境某封闭电子机柜热设计分析

针对某封闭电子机柜处于强振动环境下机柜内电子设备的散热问题,提出一种适用性较好的电子机柜热结构构架,该构架优化了机柜底层热与结构耦合设计要素,改良了当前封闭电子机柜强振动环境下的散热提优技术,经过往常传统设计问题研析,提取此类热设计改型形态,规避了原有技术方式存在的热沉裕度、体量过大及热效率偏低等缺点,集成调控各方位特性,满足工程热设计优化,同时应用工程热仿真手段比对分析,验证此机柜热性能的可靠度和可达性,利用热分析工程软件FloTHERM,贴近真实工况建立该型电子机柜三维计算模型,就机柜外侧的强振动环境干涉和内侧高热耗多热密点两个维度深入分析了机柜内歧型电子器、激发启动器及测恣回路等器件壳缘温度,为往后其他类似工况电子散热设计提供结构相关工程借鉴。

涂层传热性能对母线散热能力影响分析

为提升电力开关柜散热性能、提高供配电稳定性,本文依据传热学基础理论对电力开关柜传热过程进行分析,采用溶液共混法成功制备了适用于电力开关柜母线散热的涂层材料,并基于电磁-热-流多物理场耦合原理构建了电力开关柜涂层-热分析模型,结合母线负载电流计算理论,从涂层热导率、发射率等方面对涂覆散热涂层前后的电力开关柜传热特性进行分析。结果表明:涂层热导率相比于涂层发射率对母线温升影响较小,母线表面涂覆涂层之后,B相母线表面发射率由0.2增大到0.846时,三相母线最大负载电流与未涂覆相比提升18.75%。