Colorectal anastomotic leakage: Aspects of prevention, detection and treatment

All colorectal surgeons are faced from time to time with anastomotic leakage after colorectal surgery. This complication has been studied extensively without a significant reduction of incidence over the last 30 years. New techniques of prevention, by innovative anastomotic techniques should improve results in the future, but standardization and "teachability" should be guaranteed. Risk scoring enables intra-operative decision-making whether to restore continuity or deviate. Early detection can lead to reduction in delay of diagnosis as long as a standard system is used. For treatment options, no firm evidence is available, but future studies could focus on repair and saving of the anastomosis on the one hand or anastomotical breakdown and definitive colostomy on the other hand.

Systematic review of cystic duct closure techniques in relation to prevention of bile duct leakage after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

AIM To study the effect of different techniques of cystic duct closure on bile leakage after laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC) for biliary disease.METHODS A systematic search of MEDLINE, Cochrane and EMBASE was performed. Rate of cystic duct leakage(CDL) was the primary outcome. Risk of bias was evaluated. Odds ratios were analyzed for comparison of techniques and pooled event rates for non-comparative analyses. Pooled event rates were compared for each of included techniques.RESULTS Out of 1491 articles, 38 studies were included. A total of 47491 patients were included, of which 38683(81.5%)underwent cystic duct closure with non-locking(metal)clips. All studies were of low-moderate methodological quality. Only two studies reported separate data on uncomplicated and complicated gallbladder disease. For overall CDL, an odds ratio of 0.4(95%CI: 0.06-2.48)was found for harmonic energy vs clip closure and an odds ratio of 0.17(95%CI: 0.03-0.93) for locking vs non-locking clips. Pooled CDL rate was around 1% for harmonic energy and metal clips, and 0% for locking clips and ligatures. CONCLUSION Based on available evidence it is not possible to either recommend or discourage any of the techniques for cystic duct closure during LC with respects to CDL,although data point out a slight preference for locking clips and ligatures vs other techniques. No separate recommendation can be made for complicated gallbladder disease.

Three-dimensional forward modeling and response characteristics analysis of foundation pit leakage electric-field considering electrokinetic effect

The traditional ground direct current method is not suitable for leakage detection of underground diaphragm walls in foundation pits because of its low accuracy and poor anti-noise ability.Here,we propose a joint surface-borehole observation device for leakage electric fi eld detection to achieve rapid measurement of the electric fi eld distribution characteristics at ground level in the foundation pit,thus enabling rapid localization of leakage points.We first establish the mechanism and basic equation of the leakage electric field response by combining the electric field formed by electrokinetic effect(EK)and the stable electric fi eld formed by conduction current in a combined leakage channel.Then,the fi nite–infi nite element coupling method is used to solve the electric fi eld equation to simulate the responses of a three-dimensional foundation pit leakage model.Furthermore,we conduct numerical simulations of diff erent pit models to investigate the infl uencing factors of the detection device and response characteristics of the change in the properties of the leakage channel.The results demonstrate that the proposed joint surface-borehole observation device can effi ciently reveal anomalous potential caused by leakage,and the amplitude of the electric fi eld generated by EK can eff ectively strengthen the leakage electric fi eld signal at the leakage,thus improving detection accuracy and effi ciency.

A Review on Distribution Model for Mobile Agent-Based Information Leakage Prevention

With the continuous use of cloud and distributed computing, the threats associated with data and information technology (IT) in such an environment have also increased. Thus, data security and data leakage prevention have become important in a distributed environment. In this aspect, mobile agent-based systems are one of the latest mechanisms to identify and prevent the intrusion and leakage of the data across the network. Thus, to tackle one or more of the several challenges on Mobile Agent-Based Information Leakage Prevention, this paper aim at providing a comprehensive, detailed, and systematic study of the Distribution Model for Mobile Agent-Based Information Leakage Prevention. This paper involves the review of papers selected from the journals which are published in 2009 and 2019. The critical review is presented for the distributed mobile agent-based intrusion detection systems in terms of their design analysis, techniques, and shortcomings. Initially, eighty-five papers were identified, but a paper selection process reduced the number of papers to thirteen important reviews.

Application of 3D Electrical Resistivity Tomography for Diagnosing Leakage in Earth Rock-Fill Dam

The leakage occurs during operation of the dam in Liuhuanggou reservoir. It’s a threat to the safety of the people’s lives and property in downstream. In order to eliminate the hidden danger of reservoir, ensure the safety of the dam, play better the function of flood control and water storage of the reservoir etc., we apply the 3D electrical resistivity tomography detecting technology and volume rendering image processing technology, make the measurement in field, process the data and combine the field survey to find out the leakage channels inside the dam. The results show that the 3D resistivity images appear the low resistivity zone corresponding with the leakage channels. There are two main leakage channels that come from different location inside the dam. It is feasible to diagnose the leakage in earth rock-fill dam by applying 3D electrical resistivity tomography.

Integrated approach to colorectal anastomotic leakage: Communication, infection and healing disturbances

Colorectal anastomotic leakage(CAL) remains a major complication after colorectal surgery. Despite all efforts during the last decades, the incidence of CAL has not decreased. In this review, we summarize the available strategies regarding prevention, prediction and intervention of CAL and categorize them into three categories: communication, infection and healing disturbances. These three major factors actively interact during the onset of CAL. We aim to provide an integrated approach to CAL based on its etiology. The intraoperative air leak test, intraoperative endoscopy, radiological examinations and stoma construction mainly aim to detect and to prevent communication between the intra- and extra-luminal content. Other strategies including postoperative drainage, antibiotics, and infectious-parameter evaluation are intended to detect and prevent anastomotic or peritoneal infection. Most currently available interventions for CAL focus on the control of communication and infection, while strategies targeting the healing disturbances such as lifestyle changes, oxygen therapy and evaluation of metabolic biomarkers still lack wide clinical application. This simplified categorization may contribute to an integrated understanding of CAL. We strongly believe that this integrated approach should be taken into consideration during clinical practice. An integrated approach to CAL could contribute to a better understanding of the etiology of CAL and eventually better patient outcome.

A novel coating technology for fast sealing of air leakage in underground coal mines

Air leakage in underground coal mines presents a serious hazard for coal production and the safety of miners.Coating technology is commonly used as an efficient means for preventing air leakage.To address existing problems with high dust concentrations in large operations involving complex processes and the high cost of traditional coating technology,a novel coating technology that ensures intrinsic safety by utilizing water pressure and wind pressure was developed.This new coating technology was designed to suction and spray,and the technical parameters of its spray performance was also studied.The experimental tests and evaluation indicated the optimum working range is 0.3–0.7 MPa of wind pressure,1.2–10.2 L/min of water quantity,and 1.0–3.5 m of spraying distance.Moreover,this novel coating technology was tested in the Dashuitou Coal Mine in Gansu Province of China.Compared with conventional counterparts,the proposed new technology is safe,efficient,and convenient to operate.During spraying,dust concentrations were kept at less than 10 mg/m3,and the average rebound ratio resilient rate of solid materials was below 13%.After spraying,the average leakage every 100 m was 4 m3/min,and the oxygen volume fraction in the adjacent goaf was approximately 4%,demonstrating excellent air leakage prevention.

Model of Current Threshold for Perception in Testing Electrical Safety Performance

A generalized mathematical model of human body current threshold for perception was established and the current flowing through human body could be arbitrary cyclical waveforms.The relationship between human body current threshold for perception and current frequency, true root mean square(RMS) value and influence factor was described.A test system was established based on electroencephalogram(EEG) to study the relationship between human body current threshold for perception and current waveform, frequency ...

Surface Electrical Field Distribution Simulation and Insulation Characteristics Test of Polluted Insulators

In this paper,the electrical fields along the insulator surface under different scenarios,such as asymmetric pollution on top/bottom surface,and uneven circumferential distribution of surface pollution,have been calculated with finite element method for field simulation.Tests on artificial pollution insulators are conducted to study the 50% withstand voltage U50 of artificial pollution suspension insulators under different NSDD(non-soluble deposit density)and asymmetric pollution on the top/bottom surface,and study the change of leakage current with air humidity under different voltage and different ESDD(equivalent salt deposit density).The result shows that asymmetric top/bottom surface pollution has a greater impact on the insulator electrical field distribution,and the leakage current will jump under low air humidity,if had large ESDD,which has practical meanings to the anti-pollution design of the transmission line under different pollution levels across the country.

Design of hydrogen leakage detection and alarm processing system for the fuel cell power train lab

The hydrogen leakage detection and alarm processing system is established for the fuel cell （FC） power train lab to meet the hydrogen safety demand of the FC performance test and examination for the project named ＂Research and Development of the Vehicular Technology for the Fuel Cell City Bus＂ by Tsinghua University. The established hydrogen safety system includes the hydrogen supply system, hydrogen leakage detection system, alarm processing system, ventilation system, measures against electrostatic, thunder-arresting and explosion-protection, and the strict hydrogen operation rules. In this safety system, the explosion proof catalytic combustion sensors are used to detect the hydrogen leakage and the electrical control system is designed to process the alarm automatically. The hydrogen safety system plays an important role in the performance, examination of the FC and the assuring the personnel＇ s safety of the fuel cell power train lab.

电动汽车多车位WPT下沉式磁屏蔽系统研究

在电动汽车无线电能传输系统中,实现高效传输的同时减少磁泄漏一直是一个技术挑战。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种应用于多无线电能传输系统的下沉式屏蔽线圈结构,该结构在减小目标面漏磁的同时不会影响系统的传输效率。首先,提出了一种基于矢量磁位的矩形线圈磁场计算方法,通过此方法对系统目标面漏磁进行分析,为后续的磁泄漏优化提供了理论依据;其次,介绍了一种漏磁优化的方法,运用该方法得到满足要求的各线圈参数,为实现高效的无线电能传输提供了关键支持;最后,根据得到的线圈参数,研制了一套带磁屏蔽结构的双车位电动汽车无线充电系统,通过仿真和实验,让提出的屏蔽结构和方法的有效性得到了充分证实。结果显示,当系统输出功率恒定在4 kW时,所提出的屏蔽结构不仅使目标区域最大泄漏磁场降低了25%,且传输效率高达95%。

酸性气田腐蚀与泄漏监测技术应用实践

我国高含硫气藏在天然气资源储量中占比高达25%,是未来资源勘探和开发的主要发展方向。鉴于含硫天然气的剧毒、腐蚀特性,酸性气田开发难度大、安全控制难,过程监检测要求高。随着近年来多个高含硫气田的成功开发和稳定运行,复杂山地、湿气输送、硫化氢腐蚀、地灾监测等难题逐项被攻克,监检测技术取得了全面发展。本文以普光气田为例,解析了采气井场、集气站、集输管道、净化装置全方位监检测体系,介绍了装置设备泄漏、腐蚀、地灾等风险监测防控技术,为国内同类气田提供技术支持和借鉴。

连续热镀锌板漏镀原因分析及预防措施

对连续热镀锌板漏镀的原因进行分类分析,利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜及能谱仪精确确定漏镀的原因,并提出改进措施,提高了镀锌板的表面质量,减少了漏镀的发生。

渤海油田深井深层防漏堵漏技术策略研究

通过分析渤海油田近三年来漏失事件的漏失程度及类型,从工程角度提出渤海深井深层防漏技术策略和堵漏工艺选择策略,针对渤海深井深层漏失情况,从工程角度对漏失程度及类型进行统计分析,并结合现场情况和堵漏技术,提出渤海深井深层防漏技术和工艺选择策略,以提高钻前避漏的有效性和堵漏工艺的高效性,给海上油气田勘探开发提供一种安全、经济和高效新的思路。

北京地铁既有结构渗漏风险防控体系研究

针对北京市地下水位上升导致的地铁结构渗漏问题,如何科学合理地对北京地铁渗漏进行治理及防控成为当前研究的关键。从既有地铁结构渗漏风险识别、风险评价和风险应对策略3方面,对北京地铁既有结构渗漏风险防控技术体系进行系统研究与分析。首先,从风险识别入手,对引起渗漏病害的因素进行全方位分析;然后,在风险识别研究的基础上进行风险评价,将地铁渗漏病害按照定性和定量的方法对区间和车站结构进行分类分级,给出渗漏等级A、B、C和D,并提出应急及常规治漏措施;最后,提出相应的渗漏风险应对策略,包括应急处置和一般渗漏治理。研究内容以期为类似地铁结构病害治理体系提供理论参考和技术支撑。

三维并行高密度电法在六国化工磷石膏堆场场地勘察中的应用

工程项目实施前,确定工区地下空间分布详情是不可缺少的工作内容。三维高密度电法观测系统的布设难度大,使用常规电法仪进行采集耗时较长,在真实复杂地质条件下,应用难度大。利用并行电法采集技术,可以达到高效采集数据的目的。为准确查明某磷石膏堆场下部及周边可能形成渗漏管道的区域的三维形态,结合实际地质情况,采用并行电法进行数据采集,获取测区内真三维观测系统下的三维电法勘探数据体,然后对数据进行带地形三维反演处理和解释。结果表明:三维并行高密度电法探测场地地下空间分布具有一定的有效性和准确性。本次现场探测共圈定了5个异常区。与钻孔揭露资料吻合,为后期指导防渗帷幕施工提供准确依据.

水力发电机定子绕组泄漏电流分析及电腐蚀治理研究

发电机长期运行后,定子绕组会逐渐出现老化或电腐蚀现象,需要科学的试验分析方法诊断设备健康状况。通过分析多台大型贯流式发电机定子绕组直流耐压试验泄漏电流数据,提出了绝缘性能评估方法及预防绕组击穿措施;根据贴壁式结构定子绕组电腐蚀及运行温度偏高状况,研究一系列定子改造创新设计及创新工艺,并对定子温度场进行有限元仿真计算。温升试验数据表明定子改造后的发电机运行温度有效降低,各测点温度偏差大幅减小。研究结果接近仿真计算值,证明了定子改造采用的新工艺有效可行。

某土工膜防渗土石坝渗漏险情成因分析

随着土工膜广泛应用于水库大坝防渗,土工膜缺陷引起的大坝渗漏问题严重威胁着水库大坝安全和工程效益发挥。针对某土工膜防渗调蓄水库主坝渗漏问题,建立有限元计算模型,计算了土工膜缺陷位置、尺寸对主坝浸润线、渗流场位势等渗流特性的影响,分析了渗漏成因,并结合高密度电法、安全监测资料、补充地勘资料进行验证。结果表明,渗漏原因为主坝坝体填土压实度较低、部分具有湿陷性导致主坝沉降量大引起坝坡土工膜受拉破坏;随着土工膜缺陷位置上移,浸润线高程先增大后减小,且局部有凸起现象;膜后消杀水头随土工膜缺陷尺寸增大而缓慢减小,随缺陷位置上移先基本不变后显著增大;桩号0+070断面上游坝坡与库底交界处上方附近、桩号0+270断面上游马道附近土工膜发生破损。研究结果可为同类工程病险诊断、设计和运行管理提供参考。

温度和光照对动车组用矿物型变压器油荧光特性的影响

牵引变压器渗漏油检测是动车组运行故障检测的重要部分。动车组运行故障图像检测系统采集的近红外底板图像中渗漏变压器油痕迹与水迹的特征相似,致使列检员与图像识别算法均无法有效识别渗漏油痕迹,进而导致渗漏油故障的误报率高,影响列车的正常运行和检修效率。由于水不具有荧光特性,而矿物型变压器油具有紫外荧光特性,故可通过荧光成像将两者区分。另外,由于动车组运行季节、地域、时间段不同,致使渗漏的变压器油处于不同的环境条件中,进而影响渗漏油的荧光特性。而渗漏油的荧光特性决定荧光成像系统激发光源波长和成像波段的选取。因此,为了明确动车组用矿物型变压器油的荧光特性,以及两个主要环境因素温度、光照对荧光特性的影响,首先制备了不同温度、不同光照条件下的变压器油样本;而后,利用荧光光谱仪采集样本的三维荧光光谱,进而分析样本的荧光特性、温度和光照对荧光特征峰位置和强度的影响。结果表明,动车组用矿物型变压器油具有两个较强的荧光激发/发射峰,分别位于350/382 nm和350/402 nm;温度的升高引起荧光强度下降,但未改变荧光波峰位置;光照强度的增加与光照时间的延长都引起荧光强度下降,但未显著改变荧光波峰的位置;在动车组运行监测时间间隔内,温度和光照未显著改变油品的荧光特性。实验结果为荧光成像检测动车组用矿物型变压器油的渗漏故障提供了实验依据和数据支持。

BiFeO_(3)/BaTiO_(3)铁电超晶格的电学性能研究

采用脉冲激光沉积技术在(001)取向SrTiO_(3)(STO)单晶衬底上生长了BiFeO_(3)/BaTiO_(3)(BFO/BTO)超晶格,研究了超晶格的微结构、铁电性能以及电输运机制。研究表明,BFO/BTO薄膜在STO衬底上外延生长。在薄膜层总厚度相同的条件下,相对于BTO及BFO单层薄膜,BFO/BTO超晶格表现出了更好的铁电性与更低的漏电流,且漏电流随着周期数的增多而减小。空间电荷限制电流(SCLC)是超晶格主导的电输运机制。超晶格中的人工界面对提升其铁电与漏电性能起着重要的作用。