Effect of eccentric and inclined loading on the bearing capacity of strip footing placed on rock mass

This paper deals with the bearing capacity determination of strip footing on a rock mass in hilly area by considering the influence of inclined and eccentric loading. Applying the generalized HoekBrown failure criterion, the failure behavior of the rock mass is modeled with the help of the power cone programming in the lower bound finite element limit analysis framework. Using bearing capacity factor(Ns), the change in bearing capacity of the strip footing due to the occurrence of eccentrically inclined loading is presented. The variations of the magnitude of Ns are obtained by examining the effects of the Hoek-Brown rock mass strength parameters(uniaxial compressive strength(sci), disturbance factor(D), rock parameter(mi), and Geological Strength Index(GSI)) in the presence of different magnitudes of eccentricity(e) and inclination angle(λ) with respect to the vertical plane, and presented as design charts. Both the inclined loading modes, i.e., inclination towards the center of strip footing(+λ) and inclination away from the center of strip footing(-λ), are adopted to perform the investigation. In addition, the correlation between the input parameters and the corresponding output is developed by utilizing the artificial neural network(ANN). Additionally, from sensitivity analysis, it is observed that inclination angle(λ) is the most sensitive parameter. For practicing engineers, the obtained design equation and design charts can be beneficial to understand the bearing capacity variation in the existence of eccentrically inclined loading in mountain areas.

A novel multi-channel porous structure facilitating mass transport towards highly efficient alkaline water electrolysis

An advantageous porous architecture of electrodes is pivotal in significantly enhancing alkaline water electrolysis(AWE)efficiency by optimizing the mass transport mechanisms.This effect becomes even more pronounced when aiming to achieve elevated current densities.Herein,we employed a rapid and scalable laser texturing process to craft novel multi-channel porous electrodes.Particularly,the obtained electrodes exhibit the lowest Tafel slope of 79 mV dec^(-1)(HER)and 49 mV dec^(-1)(OER).As anticipated,the alkaline electrolyzer(AEL)cell incorporating multi-channel porous electrodes(NP-LT30)exhibited a remarkable improvement in cell efficiency,with voltage drops(from 2.28 to 1.97 V)exceeding 300 mV under 1 A cm^(-1),compared to conventional perforated Ni plate electrodes.This enhancement mainly stemmed from the employed multi-channel porous structure,facilitating mass transport and bubble dynamics through an innovative convection mode,surpassing the traditional convection mode.Furthermore,the NP-LT30-based AEL cell demonstrated exceptional durability for 300 h under 1.0 A cm^(-2).This study underscores the capability of the novel multi-channel porous electrodes to expedite mass transport in practical AWE applications.

Anterior mediastinal masses and thymic cysts

Cystic lesions of the anterior mediastinum in children suggest a well-known group of benign lesions that are comparatively frequent.Thymic cysts(TCs)are mostly positioned in the anterior mediastinum and some patients in the neck.Benign TCs classified as congenital intra-thoracic mesothelial cysts are commonly asymptomatic and have slight clinical significance.Multilocular TC,which can mimic another anterior mediastinal cystic tumor and is seen in adults,is more clinically important.It is a sporadic mediastinal lesion thought to arise in the course of acquired inflammation.Congenital mediastinal cysts represent 3%-6%of all mediastinal tumors and 10%-18%of radiologically reported mediastinal masses.Mediastinal TCs are uncommon and it is hard to know their true incidence.About 60%of cases with mediastinal TCs are asymptomatic,and the remainder of patients complains of nonspecific symptoms(e.g.,chest pain,dyspnea,or cough).The literature suggests that most cysts are benign,but an indefinite percentage may have a neoplastic process and result in significant compressive symptoms over time.Clinical symptoms of TCs vary depending on the location.In addition,frequent symptoms at the appearance of enlarged benign thymic and mediastinal cysts generally contain compressive symptoms(e.g.,respiratory distress,thymic pain,and symptoms related to Horner syndrome,hoarseness,dysphonia,dyspnea,orthopnea,wheezing,and fever).Many TCs have cystic density and a neat border and are simple to diagnose with radiological imaging.However,some TCs are hard to identify before surgery and may be misidentified as thymomas depending on their site and computed tomography results.Excision by thoracotomy,median sternotomy,or video-assisted techniques is essential for conclusive diagnosis,management,and abolition of relapse of anterior mediastinal masses and TCs.Histopathologic examination may be required after surgery.Considering the extent of the mass and the preliminary inability to make a definitive diagnosis,en bloc excision of the cyst was thought to be preferred to circumvent likely complications(e.g.,perforation,spillage of the contents,or incomplete excision).

Determination of Ten Kinds of Alpha-2 Agonists Residues in Animal Derived Food by UHPLC-Triple Quadrupole/Composite Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry

[Objectives]The paper was to establish an ultra high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/linear ion trap complex mass spectrometry for the determination of 10 kinds ofα2-receptor agonists in animal derived food.[Methods]The samples were extracted with sodium carbonate buffer solution and ethyl acetate,and analyzed by mass spectrometry after solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography separation.[Results]Ten kinds ofα2-receptor agonists showed a good linear relationship in the range of 1-100μg/mL,with the average recovery of over 69%and the relative standard deviation less than 8.32%.The detection limit of 10 kinds of α_(2)-receptor agonists was up to 1μg/kg.[Conclusions]The method has good selectivity and strong anti-interference ability,and can meet the requirements of 10 kinds ofα2-receptor agonists residues in animal derived food.

Optimizing distribution of multiple tuned mass dampers for building structures with inverse element exchange method

Multiple tuned mass dampers(MTMDs)reduce dynamic response with multiple specified frequencies of building structures.Many optimization algorithms for placement design exist,though they rarely conform to code-based verification nor produce high quality solutions without high computational effort and high complexity.This study proposes an inverse element exchange method(IEEM)with multi-level programming and compares it to a single tuned mass damper(STMD)and uniform distribution of multiple tuned mass dampers in the frequency and time domains.A ten-story shear building is used for the numerical case study.The results show that the proposed method can offer improvement over the STMD,uniform distribution of multiple tuned mass dampers,and distribution optimized by genetic algorithms(GA)with regard to minimizing the interstory drift ratio(IDR)in both the frequency and time domains and the time consumption for optimization.

Effect of surface crack on the bearing capacity of strip footing placed on rock mass

In hilly regions,the existence of surface cracks in rock mass induces a potential threat to structural stability.Thus,the present research aims to explore the impact of surface cracks on the loadbearing capacity of strip footing placed on the rock mass.By taking into account the various boundary constraints across the surface of crack edges,the study investigates the presence of two categories of surface cracks,namely(1)separated crack,and(2)fine crack.The lower bound limit analysis is employed in conjunction with the finite element method(LBFELA)to conduct the numerical analysis.In order to evaluate rock mass yielding,the power conic programming(PCP)method is utilized to implement the generalized Hoek-Brown(GHB)failure criterion.The stability of the strip footing is analyzed by determining the bearing capacity factor(Nσγ),which is presented in the form of design charts by varying the strength parameters of rock,including the Geological Strength Index(GSI),Hoek-Brown material parameter(mi),Disturbance factor(D),and Normalised Uniaxial Compressive Strength(σci/γB),whereγis the unit weight of rock mass,and B is the width of strip footing.The study also investigates the impact of cracks on strip footings,considering different positions of the crack(LC)and depths of the crack(DC).The results demonstrate that the influence of the fine crack is only noticeable until the LC/B ratio reaches 6.However,for the separated crack,its impact remains significant even when the LC/B ratio exceeds 16.The appearance of fine crack at the edge of the footing results in a decrease in the magnitude Nσγof up to 45%,indicating a substantial reduction in the stability of the footing.The failure patterns are presented and discussed in detail for various cases in this study to examine the effect of surface cracks on the strip footing and to address the extent of the plastic collapse.

Development and molecular cytogenetic identification of a new wheat-rye 6RL ditelosomic addition and 1R(1B)substitution line with powderymildew resistance

Powdery mildew is a serious disease caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici(Bgt)that critically threatens the yield and quality of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).Using effective powdery mildew resistance genes is the optimal method for controlling this disease.Against the background of high genetic homogeneity among the modern commercial cultivars that are mainly derived from conventional interbreeding,the resistance genes from wheat relatives have especially prominent advantages.Octoploid triticale,produced from common wheat and rye(Secale cereale L.)through distant hybridization,is a new synthetic species and valuable gene donor for wheat improvement.In this study,we developed the wheat-rye line YT5 through the hybridization of octaploid triticale and two wheat lines.YT5 was confirmed to be a 6RL ditelosomic addition and 1R(1B)substitution line using genomic in situ hybridization(GISH),multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization(mc-FISH),multicolor GISH(mc-GISH)and molecular marker analysis.Genetic analysis showed that the powdery mildew resistance in YT5 was derived from the rye chromosome arm 6RL.After inoculation with different Bgt isolates at the seedling stage,YT5 had compound reaction patterns with both obvious spores and hypersensitivity,and it gradually became highly resistant until the adult-plant stage,thus showing a resistance response significantly different from the reported Pm genes from rye chromosome 6RL.YT5 also showed promising agronomic performance,so it is expected to be an elite resistance donor for wheat improvement.To promote the transfer of the chromosome arm 6RL of YT5 in marker-assisted selection(MAS)breeding,we selected and verified two 6RL-specific kompetitive allelespecific PCR(KASP)markers that can be applied to efficiently detect this chromosome arm in different wheat backgrounds.

Cross-sectional study of the association between triglyceride glucose-body mass index and obstructive sleep apnea risk

BACKGROUND The triglyceride glucose-body mass index(TyG-BMI)is a novel indicator of insulin resistance(IR).Obstructive sleep apnea(OSA)is a prevalent disorder characterized by recurrent complete or partial collapse of the pharyngeal airway during sleep;however,the relationship between these two conditions remains unexplored.We hypothesized that a higher TyG-BMI is associated with the occurrence of OSA.AIM To assess the association between TyG-BMI and OSA in adults in the United States.METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys spanning from 2005-2008 to 2015-2018.TyGBMI was calculated as Ln[triglyceride(mg/dL)×fasting blood glucose(mg/dL)/2]×BMI.Restricted cubic splines were used to analyze the risk of TyG-BMI and OSA occurrence.To identify potential nonlinear relationships,we combined Cox proportional hazard regression with smooth curve fitting.We also conducted sensitivity and subgroup analyses to verify the robustness of our findings.RESULTS We included 16794 participants in the final analysis.Multivariate regression analysis showed that participants with a higher TyG-BMI had a higher OSA incidence.After adjusting for all covariates,TyG-BMI was positively correlated with the prevalence of OSA(odds ratio:1.28;95%confidence interval:1.17,1.40;P<0.001);no significant nonlinear relationship was observed.Subgroup analysis showed no strong correlation between TyG-BMI and OSA in patients with diabetes.The correlation between TyG-BMI and OSA was influenced by age,sex,smoking status,marital status,hypertensive stratification,and obesity;these subgroups played a moderating role between TyGBMI and OSA.Even after adjusting for all covariates,there was a positive association between TYG-BMI and OSA prevalence.CONCLUSION A higher TyG-BMI index is linked to higher chances of developing OSA.As TyG-BMI is an indicator of IR,managing IR may help reduce the risk of OSA.

Association between body mass index and lumbar spine volumetric bone mineral density in diabetic and non-diabetic patients

BACKGROUND The association between body mass index(BMI)and bone mineral density(BMD)has shown inconsistent results,varying by sex and skeletal site.Despite normal or elevated bone mass,individuals with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of hip and vertebral fractures.AIM To assess lumbar spine trabecular volumetric BMD(vBMD)across different BMI categories in individuals with and without diabetes.METHODS This cross-sectional study included 966 men over 50 years old and 1001 postmenopausal women from the Pinggu Metabolic Disease Study.The vBMD of lumbar vertebrae 2 through 4 was measured using quantitative computed tomography.Total adipose tissue,subcutaneous adipose tissue(SAT),visceral adipose tissue(VAT),and lumbar skeletal muscle area were also quantified.RESULTS In men with obesity(P=0.038)and overweight(P=0.032),vBMD was significantly higher in the diabetes group compared to non-diabetic men.After adjusting for age and sex,no significant saturation effect between BMI and BMD was found in participants with diabetes or in women without diabetes.However,a BMI threshold of 22.33 kg/m²indicated a saturation point for vBMD in nondiabetic men.Independent predictors of vBMD in men included age(r=-0.387,P<0.001),BMI(r=0.130,P=0.004),and VAT(r=-0.145,P=0.001).For women,significant predictors were age(r=-0.594,P<0.001),BMI(r=0.157,P=0.004),VAT(r=-0.112,P=0.001),and SAT(r=-0.068,P=0.035).CONCLUSION The relationship between BMI and trabecular vBMD differs in individuals with and without diabetes.Overweight and obese men with diabetes exhibit higher vBMD.

Overall survival with frontline vs subsequent anti-epidermal growth factor receptor therapies in unresectable,RAS/BRAF wild-type,leftsided metastatic colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND The combination of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)therapy and chemotherapy is currently a preferred first-line treatment for patients with unre-sectable,RAS and BRAF wild-type,left-sided metastatic colorectal cancer(mCRC).Several studies have also demonstrated the benefit of anti-EGFR therapy in sub-sequent line settings for this patient population.However,direct evidence com-paring the effectiveness of frontline vs subsequent anti-EGFR therapy remains limited,leaving a crucial gap in guiding optimal treatment strategies.AIM To compare overall survival(OS)between frontline and subsequent anti-EGFR treatment in patients with unresectable,RAS and BRAF wild-type,left-sided mCRC.METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of mCRC patients treated at The King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital and Songklanagarind Hospital,Thailand,between January 2013 and April 2023.Patients were classified into two groups based on the sequence of their anti-EGFR treatment.The primary endpoint was OS.RESULTS Among 222 patients with a median follow-up of 29 months,no significant difference in OS was observed between the frontline and subsequent-line groups(HR 1.03,95%CI:0.73-1.46,P=0.878).The median OS was 35.53 months(95%CI:26.59-44.47)for the frontline group and 31.60 months(95%CI:27.83-35.37)for the subsequent-line group.In the subsequent-line group,71 patients(32.4%)who ultimately never received anti-EGFR therapy had a significantly worse median OS of 19.70 months(95%CI:12.87-26.53).CONCLUSION Frontline and subsequent-line anti-EGFR treatments provide comparable OS in unresectable,RAS/BRAF wild-type,left-sided mCRC patients,but early exposure is vital for those unlikely to receive subsequent therapy.

Database-oriented storage based on LMDB and linear octree for massive block model

Data organization requires high efficiency for large amount of data applied in the digital mine system. A new method of storing massive data of block model is proposed to meet the characteristics of the database, including ACID-compliant, concurrency support, data sharing, and efficient access. Each block model is organized by linear octree, stored in LMDB（lightning memory-mapped database）. Geological attribute can be queried at any point of 3D space by comparison algorithm of location code and conversion algorithm from address code of geometry space to location code of storage. The performance and robustness of querying geological attribute at 3D spatial region are enhanced greatly by the transformation from 3D to 2D and the method of 2D grid scanning to screen the inner and outer points. Experimental results showed that this method can access the massive data of block model, meeting the database characteristics. The method with LMDB is at least 3 times faster than that with etree, especially when it is used to read. In addition, the larger the amount of data is processed, the more efficient the method would be.

Mass Selection for Growth Improvement in Black Shell Line of Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas

The Pacific oyster,Crassostrea gigas,naturally distributing along the coast of northwest Pacific,is one of the most important bivalve species due to its high economic value and fecundity.In China,we have initiated a selective breeding program on both shell color and growth rate of C.gigas since 2010.A black shell line was obtained through four-generation family selection.In this study,mass selection for growth improvement was conducted in the sixth generation and seventh generation of black shell lines.To assess the progress of potential genetic improvement,the progeny of two generations of black shell lines were selected to evaluate their shell heights via a 450-day farming experiment.As the results,after growing for 450 days,the sixth generation and seventh generation of selected lines were 9.03% and 11.42% larger than the control lines,respectively.During the grow-out stage,the genetic gain of two generations was 8.82%±0.18% and 11.54%±0.43%,respectively;and the corresponding realized heritability was 0.45±0.04 and 0.41±0.04,respectively.These results indicated that the mass selection for shell height achieved steady progress in the two generations of C.gigas.

Research on unloading nonlinear mechanical characteristics of jointed rock masses

Geological environments of rock mass projects are always very complicated, and further investigations on rock mechanical characteristics are needed. There are considerable distinctions in rock mechanical characteristics under unloading and loading conditions. A series of tests are conducted to study the stress-strain relationship of rock masses under loading and unloading conditions. Also, the anisotropy, the size effect, and the rheological property of unloading rock mass are investigated. The tests presented in the paper include model test and granite rheological test, which are conducted considering geological condition, rock mass structure, in-situ stress field of the permanent shiplock of the Three Gorges Project. The main differences between loading and unloading rock masses are stress paths, yield criteria, deformation and strength parameters, etc.. Different structural plane directions affect unloading rock mass evidently. With increasing size, the tensile strength, the compressive strength, the deformation modulus, the Poisson’s ratio and the anisotropy of rock mass all decrease. For sandstone samples with parallel bedding planes, the cohesion c increases but the internal friction angle ? decreases under unloading condition when compared with the values under loading condition. While for samples with vertical bedding planes, the trend is adverse. The rheological property of rocks has close relationship with the tensile stresses of rock masses. When the sandstone samples are tested under high stress condition, their rheological properties are very obvious with the unloading of confining pressure, and three typical rheological stages are shown. Rheological rate changes with the variations in axial stress and confining pressure.

Rock mass response for lined rock caverns subjected to high internal gas pressure

The storage of hydrogen gas in underground lined rock caverns(LRCs)enables the implementation of the first fossil-free steelmaking process to meet the large demand for crude steel.Predicting the response of rock mass is important to ensure that gas leakage due to rupture of the steel lining does not occur.Analytical and numerical models can be used to estimate the rock mass response to high internal pressure;however,the fitness of these models under different in situ stress conditions and cavern shapes has not been studied.In this paper,the suitability of analytical and numerical models to estimate the maximum cavern wall tangential strain under high internal pressure is studied.The analytical model is derived in detail and finite element(FE)models considering both two-dimensional(2D)and three-dimensional(3D)geometries are presented.These models are verified with field measurements from the LRC in Skallen,southwestern Sweden.The analytical model is inexpensive to implement and gives good results for isotropic in situ stress conditions and large cavern heights.For the case of anisotropic horizontal in situ stresses,as the conditions in Skallen,the 3D FE model is the best approach.

Genetic Variation Assessed with Microsatellites in Mass Selection Lines of the Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) in China

Abstract Four successive mass selection lines of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, selected for faster growth in breeding pro- grams in China were examined at ten polymorphic microsatellite loci to assess the level of allelic diversity and estimate the effective population size. These data were compared with those of their base population. The results showed that the genetic variation of the four generations were maintained at high levels with an average allelic richness of 18.8-20.6, and a mean expected heterozygosity of 0.902-0.921. They were not reduced compared with those of their base population. Estimated effective population sizes based on temporal variances in microsatellite frequencies were smaller to that of sex ratio-corrected broodstock count estimates. Using a rela- tively large number ofbroodstock and keeping an equal sex ratio in the broodstock each generation may have contributed to retaining the original genetic diversity and maintaining relatively large effective population size. The results obtained in this study showed that the genetic variation was not affected greatly by mass selection progress and high genetic variation still existed in the mass selection lines, suggesting that there is still potential for increasing the gains in future generations of C. gigas. The present study provided im- portant information for future genetic improvement by selective breeding, and for the design of suitable management guidelines for genetic breeding of C. gigas.

A lumped mass nonconforming finite element method for nonlinear parabolic integro-differential equations on anisotropic meshes

A lumped mass approximation scheme of a low order Crouzeix-Raviart type noncon- forming triangular finite element is proposed to a kind of nonlinear parabolic integro-differential equations. The L2 error estimate is derived on anisotropic meshes without referring to the traditional nonclassical elliptic projection.

Optimal design theories of tuned mass dampers with nonlinear viscous damping

Optimal design theory for linear tuned mass dampers （TMD） has been thoroughly investigated, but is still under development for nonlinear TMDs. In this paper, optimization procedures in the time domain are proposed for design of a TMD with nonlinear viscous damping. A dynamic analysis of a structure implemented with a nonlinear TMD is conducted first. Optimum design parameters for the nonlinear TMD are searched using an optimization method to minimize the performance index. The feasibility of the proposed optimization method is illustrated numerically by using the Taipei 101 structure implemented with TMD. The sensitivity analysis shows that the performance index is less sensitive to the damping coefficient than to the frequency ratio. Time history analysis is conducted using the Taipei 101 structure implemented with different TMDs under wind excitation. For both linear and nonlinear TMDs, the comfort requirements for building occupants are satisfied as long as the TMD is properly designed. It was found that as the damping exponent increases, the relative displacement of the TMD decreases but the damping force increases.

Quantification and pharmacokinetic study of tumor-targeting agent MHI148-clorgyline amide in mouse plasma using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

A high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric （HPLC- ESI-MS/MS） method was developed for the quantification of MHl148-clorgyline amide （NMl-amide）, a novel tumor-targeting monoamine oxidase A inhibitor, in mouse plasma. The method was validated in terms of sensitivity, precision, accuracy, recovery and stability and then applied to a pharmacokinetic study of NMl-amide in mice following intravenous administration. NMl-amide together with the internal standard （IS）, MHI-148, was extracted by protein precipitation using acetonitrile. Multiple reaction monitoring was used for quantification of NMl-amide by detecting m/z transition of 491.2-361.9, and 685.3-258.2 for NMl-amide and the IS, respectively. The lower limit of quantification （LLOQ） of the HPLC- MS/MS method for NMl-amide was 0.005 μg/mL and the linear calibration curve was acquired with R2〉 0.99 in the concentration range of 0.005-2μg/mL. The intra- and inter-day precisions of the assay were assessed by percentage of the coefficient of variations, which was within 9.8% at LLOQ and 14.0% for other quality control samples, whereas the mean accuracy ranged from 86.8% to 113.2%. The samples were stable under storage and experimental conditions. This method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in mice following intravenous administration of 5 mg/kg NMl-amide.

Identification of proteins of human colorectal carcinoma cell line SW480 by two-dimensional electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry

AIM： To conduct bhe proteomic analysis of human colorectal carcinoma cell line, SW480 by using two-dimensional electrophoresis （2-DE） and matrix-assisted laser desorption /ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry （MALDITOFMS）. METHODS： The total proteins of human colorectal carcinoma cell line, SW480 were separated with 2-DE by using immobilized pH gradient strips and visualized by staining with silver nitrate. The gel images were acquired by scanner and 2-DE analysis software, Image Master 2D Elite. Nineteen distinct protein spots were excised from gel randomly and digested in gel by TPCK-trypsin. Mass analysis of the byptic digest peptides mixture was performed by using MALDI-TOF MS. Peptide mass fingerprints （PMFs） obtained by the MALDI-TOF analysis were used to search NCBI, SWISS-PROT and MSDB databases by using Mascot software. RESULTS： PMF maps of all spots were obtained by MALDI-TOF MS and thirteen proteins were preliminarily identified. CONCLUSION： The methods of analysis and identification of protein spots of tumor cells in 2-DE gel with silver staining by MALDI-TOF MS derived PMF have been established. Protein expression profile of SW480 has been obtained. It is demonstrated that a combination of proteomics and cell culture is a useful approach to comprehend the process of colon carcinogenesis.

Influences of strain softening and seepage on elastic and plastic solutions of circular openings in nonlinear rock masses

Considering the influence of strain softening, the solutions of stress, displacement, plastic softening region radius and plastic residual region radius were derived for circular openings in nonlinear rock masses subjected to seepage. The radial stress distribution curve, ground reaction curve, and relation curve between plastic softening region radius and supporting force in three different conditions were drawn respectively. From the comparisons among these results for different conditions, it is found that when the supporting force is the same, the displacement of tunnel wall considering both seepage and strain softening is 85.71% greater than that only considering seepage. The increase values of radial displacement at 0.95 m and plastic softening region radius at 6.6 m show that the seepage and strain softening have the most unfavorable effects on circular opening stability in strain softening rock masses.