Background:The behavioural repertoire of every species evolved over time and its evolution can be traced through the phylogenetic relationships in distinct groups.Cranes(family Gruidae)represent a small,old,monophylet...Background:The behavioural repertoire of every species evolved over time and its evolution can be traced through the phylogenetic relationships in distinct groups.Cranes(family Gruidae)represent a small,old,monophyletic group with well-corroborated phylogenetic relationships on the species level,and at the same time they exhibit a complex and well-described behavioural repertoire.Methods:We therefore investigated the evolution of behavioural traits of cranes in a phylogenetic context using several phylogenetic approaches and two types of trait scoring.The cranes exhibit more than a hundred behavioural displays,almost one third of which may be phylogenetically informative.Results:More than half of the analysed traits carry a significant phylogenetic signal.The ancestor of cranes already exhibited a quite complex behavioural repertoire,which remained unchanged in Balearicinae but altered greatly in Gruinae,specifically by the shedding of traits rather than their creation.Trait scoring has an influence on results within the Gruinae,primarily in genera Bugeranus and Anthropoides.Conclusions:Albeit the behavioural traits alone cannot be used for resolving species-level relationships within the Gruidae,when optimized on molecular tree,they can help us to detect interesting evolutionary transformations of behaviour repertoire within Gruiformes.The Limpkin(Aramus guarauna)seems to be the most enigmatic species and should be studied in detail for its behavioural repertoire,which may include some precursors of crane behavioural traits.展开更多
In this study, we analyze whether there is a change in driver actions because of voice navigation information provided by utilizing ITS （intelligent transport systems）. Specifically, when a vehicle approaches a sign...In this study, we analyze whether there is a change in driver actions because of voice navigation information provided by utilizing ITS （intelligent transport systems）. Specifically, when a vehicle approaches a signalized intersection, the driver is provided with the voice navigation information that the signal light will shortly change red. We focus on what is effective when the voice navigation information is provided. Even if the timing of the provision of voice information is delayed, we have evaluated whether the vehicle is able to stop safely. From the results of the analysis, by providing voice navigation information, we know that a vehicle will stop safely at a signalized intersection. Even if the information provided by voice navigation has been delayed, it could be shown to be safe compared with the case where no information was provided.展开更多
This paper deals mainly with the influence of lane changing behaviours on the stability of two-lane traffic flow under a periodic boundary condition. Following the description of an optimal velocity model for two vehi...This paper deals mainly with the influence of lane changing behaviours on the stability of two-lane traffic flow under a periodic boundary condition. Following the description of an optimal velocity model for two vehicle groups and the derivation of their stability conditions, the feedback signals, which involve information about vehicles from both lanes acting on the two-lane traffic system, are introduced into the optimal velocity model. The control signals play a role in alleviating the traffic jam only if the traffic state is in congestion, and their role will vanish if the traffic state is in the steady state. The numerical simulations show that lane changing behaviours can break the steady state of two-lane traffic flow and aggravate the traffic disturbance, but the control method would successfully suppress the traffic jam eventually, which implies that the conclusions obtained here have certain theoretical and practical significance.展开更多
When the drivers approaching signalized intersections(onset of yellow signal),the drivers would enter into a zone,where they will be in uncertain mode assessing their capabilities to stop or cross the intersection.The...When the drivers approaching signalized intersections(onset of yellow signal),the drivers would enter into a zone,where they will be in uncertain mode assessing their capabilities to stop or cross the intersection.Therefore,any improper decision might lead to a right-angle or back-end crash.To avoid a right-angle collision,drivers apply the harsh brakes to stop just before the signalized intersection.But this may lead to a back-end crash when the following driver encounters the former's sudden stopping decision.This situation gets multifaceted when the traffic is heterogeneous,containing various types of vehicles.In order to reduce this issue,this study's primary objective is to identify the driving behaviour at signalized intersections based on the driving features(parameters).The secondary objective is to classify the outcome of driving behaviour(safe stopping and unsafe stopping)at the signalized intersection using a support vector machine(SVM)technique.Turning moments are used to identify the zones and label them accordingly for further classification.The classification of 50 instances is identified for training and testing using a 70%-30% rule resulted in an accuracy of 85% and 86%,respectively.Classification performance is further verified by random sampling using five cross-validation and 30 iterations,which gave an accuracy of 97% and 100% for training and testing.These results demonstrate that the proposed approach can help develop a pre-warning system to alert the drivers approaching signalized intersections,thus reducing back-end crash and accidents.展开更多
This study explored the use of multi-physiological signals and simultaneously recorded high-density electroencephalography(EEG),electrocardiogram(ECG),and eye movements to better understand pilots’cognitive behaviour...This study explored the use of multi-physiological signals and simultaneously recorded high-density electroencephalography(EEG),electrocardiogram(ECG),and eye movements to better understand pilots’cognitive behaviour during flight simulator manoeuvres.Multimodal physiological signals were collected from 12 experienced pilots with international aviation qualifications under the wide-angle and impressive vision simulation.The data collection spanned two flight strike missions,each with three mission intensities,resulting in a data set of EEG,ECG,and eye movement signals from six subtasks.The multimodal data were analysed using signal processing methods.The results indicated that,when the flight missions were performed,the pilots’physiological characteristics exhibited rhythmic changes in the power spectrum ofθwaves in the EEG,r-MSSD in the ECG,and average gaze duration.Furthermore,the pilots’physiological signals were more sensitive during the target mission than during the empty target mission.The results also showed correlations between different physiological characteristics.We showed that specific multimodal features are useful for advancing neuroscience research into pilots’cognitive behaviour and processes related to brain activity,psychological rhythms,and eye movement.展开更多
The unique alpine-living kea parrot Nestor notabilis has been the focus of numerous cognitive studies, but its com- munication system has so far been largely neglected. We examined 2,884 calls recorded in New Zealand...The unique alpine-living kea parrot Nestor notabilis has been the focus of numerous cognitive studies, but its com- munication system has so far been largely neglected. We examined 2,884 calls recorded in New Zealand＇s Southern Alps. Based on audio and visual spectrographic differences, these calls were categorised into seven distinct call types： the non-oscillating ＇screech＇ contact call and ＇mew＇; and the oscillating ＇trill＇, ＇chatter＇, ＇warble＇ and ＇whistle＇; and a hybrid ＇screech-trill＇. Most of these calls contained aspects that were individually unique, in addition to potentially encoding for an individual＇s sex and age. Additionally, for each recording, the sender＇s previous and next calls were noted, as well as any response given by conspecifics. We found that the previous and next calls made by the sender were most often of the same type, and that the next most likely pre- ceding and/or following call type was the screech call, a contact call which sounds like the ＇kee-ah＇ from which the bird＇s name derives. As a social bird capable of covering large distances over visually obstructive terrain, long distance contact calls may be of considerable importance for social cohesion. Contact calls allow kea to locate conspecifics and congregate in temporary groups for social activities. The most likely response to any given call was a screech, usually followed by the same type of call as the ini- tial call made by the sender, although responses differed depending on the age of the caller. The exception was the warble, the kea＇s play call, to which the most likely response was another warble. Being the most common call type, as well as the default response to another call, it appears that the ＇contagious＇ screech contact call plays a central role in kea vocal communication and social cohesion [Current Zoology 58 （5）： 727-740, 2012].展开更多
Counter-rotating electrochemical machining(CRECM)is a novel shaping method with advantages in processing revolving parts,especially engine casings.However,few researchers have studied the anodic behaviour of the count...Counter-rotating electrochemical machining(CRECM)is a novel shaping method with advantages in processing revolving parts,especially engine casings.However,few researchers have studied the anodic behaviour of the counter-rotating state.This paper aims to analyse the anode dissolution behaviour of TA15 and obtain desired surface qualities in CRECM.The anodic characteristics were measured by polarization and cyclic voltammetry curves,and the passive-trans passive behaviour of TA15 was revealed.The electrode surface structures at different stages were analysed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS),and a quantitative dissolution model was established to illustrate the electrochemical dissolution and structural evolution of the revolving surfaces.A series of CRECM experiments were conducted,and three stages(pitting corrosion,pitting expansion,and smoothing)were detected according to the current signals.In the first stage,an oxide film with small pores was formed initially on the metal surface when exposed to air.This air-formed oxide film was broken down locally during the electrochemical reaction process,resulting in the occurrence of pitting.With the increase of electricity,the oxide layer became thinner,and the pitting areas expanded and began to connect with each other.In this stage,the surface quality was poor owing to the uneven material dissolution.When the amount of electricity approximately reached a constant,the oxide layer was completely removed,and a very thin salt film was generated at the metal-electrolyte interface.In this stage,the material was dissolved uniformly,and the surface was smooth without pitting corrosion.Based on the obtained results,anode workpieces with grid-like convex structures were fabricated using CRECM.Both the revolving surface and the sidewalls of the convex structures can be controlled from pitting to smoothness.展开更多
基金financially supported by the grant agency of the University of South Bohemia (04-048/2019/P)
文摘Background:The behavioural repertoire of every species evolved over time and its evolution can be traced through the phylogenetic relationships in distinct groups.Cranes(family Gruidae)represent a small,old,monophyletic group with well-corroborated phylogenetic relationships on the species level,and at the same time they exhibit a complex and well-described behavioural repertoire.Methods:We therefore investigated the evolution of behavioural traits of cranes in a phylogenetic context using several phylogenetic approaches and two types of trait scoring.The cranes exhibit more than a hundred behavioural displays,almost one third of which may be phylogenetically informative.Results:More than half of the analysed traits carry a significant phylogenetic signal.The ancestor of cranes already exhibited a quite complex behavioural repertoire,which remained unchanged in Balearicinae but altered greatly in Gruinae,specifically by the shedding of traits rather than their creation.Trait scoring has an influence on results within the Gruinae,primarily in genera Bugeranus and Anthropoides.Conclusions:Albeit the behavioural traits alone cannot be used for resolving species-level relationships within the Gruidae,when optimized on molecular tree,they can help us to detect interesting evolutionary transformations of behaviour repertoire within Gruiformes.The Limpkin(Aramus guarauna)seems to be the most enigmatic species and should be studied in detail for its behavioural repertoire,which may include some precursors of crane behavioural traits.
文摘In this study, we analyze whether there is a change in driver actions because of voice navigation information provided by utilizing ITS （intelligent transport systems）. Specifically, when a vehicle approaches a signalized intersection, the driver is provided with the voice navigation information that the signal light will shortly change red. We focus on what is effective when the voice navigation information is provided. Even if the timing of the provision of voice information is delayed, we have evaluated whether the vehicle is able to stop safely. From the results of the analysis, by providing voice navigation information, we know that a vehicle will stop safely at a signalized intersection. Even if the information provided by voice navigation has been delayed, it could be shown to be safe compared with the case where no information was provided.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 70971094)the National Natural Science Youth Foundation of China (Grant No. 50908155)the Key Project of Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Support Program,China (Grant No. 08ZCKFSF01000)
文摘This paper deals mainly with the influence of lane changing behaviours on the stability of two-lane traffic flow under a periodic boundary condition. Following the description of an optimal velocity model for two vehicle groups and the derivation of their stability conditions, the feedback signals, which involve information about vehicles from both lanes acting on the two-lane traffic system, are introduced into the optimal velocity model. The control signals play a role in alleviating the traffic jam only if the traffic state is in congestion, and their role will vanish if the traffic state is in the steady state. The numerical simulations show that lane changing behaviours can break the steady state of two-lane traffic flow and aggravate the traffic disturbance, but the control method would successfully suppress the traffic jam eventually, which implies that the conclusions obtained here have certain theoretical and practical significance.
基金supported by Universiti Brunei Darussalam under the University Bursary ScholarshipUniversiti Brunei Darussalam's Research Grants(Nos,UBD/PNC2/2/RG/1(311)and UBD/RSCH/1.11/FICBF/2018/002)。
文摘When the drivers approaching signalized intersections(onset of yellow signal),the drivers would enter into a zone,where they will be in uncertain mode assessing their capabilities to stop or cross the intersection.Therefore,any improper decision might lead to a right-angle or back-end crash.To avoid a right-angle collision,drivers apply the harsh brakes to stop just before the signalized intersection.But this may lead to a back-end crash when the following driver encounters the former's sudden stopping decision.This situation gets multifaceted when the traffic is heterogeneous,containing various types of vehicles.In order to reduce this issue,this study's primary objective is to identify the driving behaviour at signalized intersections based on the driving features(parameters).The secondary objective is to classify the outcome of driving behaviour(safe stopping and unsafe stopping)at the signalized intersection using a support vector machine(SVM)technique.Turning moments are used to identify the zones and label them accordingly for further classification.The classification of 50 instances is identified for training and testing using a 70%-30% rule resulted in an accuracy of 85% and 86%,respectively.Classification performance is further verified by random sampling using five cross-validation and 30 iterations,which gave an accuracy of 97% and 100% for training and testing.These results demonstrate that the proposed approach can help develop a pre-warning system to alert the drivers approaching signalized intersections,thus reducing back-end crash and accidents.
文摘This study explored the use of multi-physiological signals and simultaneously recorded high-density electroencephalography(EEG),electrocardiogram(ECG),and eye movements to better understand pilots’cognitive behaviour during flight simulator manoeuvres.Multimodal physiological signals were collected from 12 experienced pilots with international aviation qualifications under the wide-angle and impressive vision simulation.The data collection spanned two flight strike missions,each with three mission intensities,resulting in a data set of EEG,ECG,and eye movement signals from six subtasks.The multimodal data were analysed using signal processing methods.The results indicated that,when the flight missions were performed,the pilots’physiological characteristics exhibited rhythmic changes in the power spectrum ofθwaves in the EEG,r-MSSD in the ECG,and average gaze duration.Furthermore,the pilots’physiological signals were more sensitive during the target mission than during the empty target mission.The results also showed correlations between different physiological characteristics.We showed that specific multimodal features are useful for advancing neuroscience research into pilots’cognitive behaviour and processes related to brain activity,psychological rhythms,and eye movement.
文摘The unique alpine-living kea parrot Nestor notabilis has been the focus of numerous cognitive studies, but its com- munication system has so far been largely neglected. We examined 2,884 calls recorded in New Zealand＇s Southern Alps. Based on audio and visual spectrographic differences, these calls were categorised into seven distinct call types： the non-oscillating ＇screech＇ contact call and ＇mew＇; and the oscillating ＇trill＇, ＇chatter＇, ＇warble＇ and ＇whistle＇; and a hybrid ＇screech-trill＇. Most of these calls contained aspects that were individually unique, in addition to potentially encoding for an individual＇s sex and age. Additionally, for each recording, the sender＇s previous and next calls were noted, as well as any response given by conspecifics. We found that the previous and next calls made by the sender were most often of the same type, and that the next most likely pre- ceding and/or following call type was the screech call, a contact call which sounds like the ＇kee-ah＇ from which the bird＇s name derives. As a social bird capable of covering large distances over visually obstructive terrain, long distance contact calls may be of considerable importance for social cohesion. Contact calls allow kea to locate conspecifics and congregate in temporary groups for social activities. The most likely response to any given call was a screech, usually followed by the same type of call as the ini- tial call made by the sender, although responses differed depending on the age of the caller. The exception was the warble, the kea＇s play call, to which the most likely response was another warble. Being the most common call type, as well as the default response to another call, it appears that the ＇contagious＇ screech contact call plays a central role in kea vocal communication and social cohesion [Current Zoology 58 （5）： 727-740, 2012].
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51805259)the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Creative Research Groups(Grant No.51921003)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2019M661833)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.KYCX21_0192)。
文摘Counter-rotating electrochemical machining(CRECM)is a novel shaping method with advantages in processing revolving parts,especially engine casings.However,few researchers have studied the anodic behaviour of the counter-rotating state.This paper aims to analyse the anode dissolution behaviour of TA15 and obtain desired surface qualities in CRECM.The anodic characteristics were measured by polarization and cyclic voltammetry curves,and the passive-trans passive behaviour of TA15 was revealed.The electrode surface structures at different stages were analysed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS),and a quantitative dissolution model was established to illustrate the electrochemical dissolution and structural evolution of the revolving surfaces.A series of CRECM experiments were conducted,and three stages(pitting corrosion,pitting expansion,and smoothing)were detected according to the current signals.In the first stage,an oxide film with small pores was formed initially on the metal surface when exposed to air.This air-formed oxide film was broken down locally during the electrochemical reaction process,resulting in the occurrence of pitting.With the increase of electricity,the oxide layer became thinner,and the pitting areas expanded and began to connect with each other.In this stage,the surface quality was poor owing to the uneven material dissolution.When the amount of electricity approximately reached a constant,the oxide layer was completely removed,and a very thin salt film was generated at the metal-electrolyte interface.In this stage,the material was dissolved uniformly,and the surface was smooth without pitting corrosion.Based on the obtained results,anode workpieces with grid-like convex structures were fabricated using CRECM.Both the revolving surface and the sidewalls of the convex structures can be controlled from pitting to smoothness.
