First record of abnormal body coloration in a rockfish Sebastes koreanus(Scorpaenoidei:Sebastidae)from coastal water of China based on morphological characteristics and DNA barcoding

The first record of abnormal body coloration in Sebastes koreanus Kim and Lee,1994,from the Yellow Sea of China,was documented based on morphological characteristics and DNA barcoding.The two rockfish specimens were collected from the coastal waters of Qingdao,China,and the whole body and all fins of them were red.Of the two red-colored rockfish,there were tiny deep red spots on each fin,2 red radial stripes behind and below the eyes and 1 large deep red blotch on the opercula,while the similar stripe and spot patterns are also present in the S.koreanus specimens with normal body coloration.The countable characteristics of the two specimens are in the range of the morphometry of S.koreanus.To further clarify the species identity and taxonomic status of the two specimens,DNA barcode analysis was carried out.The genetic distance between the red-colored rockfish and S.koreanus was 0,and the minimum net genetic distances between the red-colored rockfish and other Sebastes species except for S.koreanus were 3.0%,which exceeds the threshold of species delimitation.The phylogenetic analysis showed that the DNA barcoding sequences of the two red-colored rockfish clustered with the S.koreanus sequences.The above results of DNA barcode analysis also support that the two red-colored rockfish could be identified as the species of S.koreanus.The mechanism of color variation in S.koreanus is desirable for further research and the species could be an ideal model to study the color-driven speciation of the rockfishes.

Modeling Method of Automotive Body CAN/LIN Nets Application Protocol Based on Object-oriented Colored Petri Net

Recently automotive nets are adopted to solve increasing problems in automotive electronic systems.Technologies of automotive local area network from CAN and LIN can solve the problems of the increasing of wire bunch weight and lack in module installation space.However,the multilayer automotive nets software becomes more and more complex,and the development expense is difficult to predict and to keep in check.In this paper,the modeling method of hierarchical automotive nets and the substitution operation based on object-oriented colored Petri net(OOCPN) are proposed.The OOCPN model which analyzes the software structure and validates the collision mechanism of CAN/LIN bus can speed the automobile system development.First,the subsystems are divided and modeled by object-oriented Petri net(OOPN).According to the sets of message sharing relations,the message ports among them are set and the communication gate transitions are defined.Second,the OOPN model is substituted step by step until the inner objects in the automotive body control modules(BCM) are indivisible and colored by colored Petri net(CPN).And the color subsets mark the node messages for the collision mechanism.Third,the OOCPN model of the automotive body CAN/LIN nets is assembled,which keeps the message sets and the system can be expanded.The proposed model is used to analyze features of information sharing among the objects,and it is also used to describe each subsystem real-time behavior of processing messages and implemental device controllers operating,and puts forward a reasonable software framework for the automotive body control subsystem.The research can help to design the communication model in the automotive body system effectively and provide a convenient and rapid way for developing the logical hierarchy software.

Effects of water depth and substrate color on the growth and body color of the red sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

Three color variants of the sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus are recognized,the red one is highly valued in the market. When the red variant is cultured in ponds in China,its body color changes from red to celadon in 3–6 months. The effects of water depth and substrate color on the growth and body color of this animal were investigated. Juveniles of red A. japonicus were cultured in cages suspended at a range of water depths(20,50,100,150 and 200 cm). The specific growth rate of red sea cucumbers was significantly higher in animals cultured at deeper water layers compared with those grown at shallowers. Body weights were greatest for sea cucumbers cultured at a depth of 150 cm and their survival rates were highest at a depth of 200 cm. A scale to evaluate the color of red sea cucumbers(R value) was developed using a Pantone standard color card. All stocked animals in the 9-month trial retained a red color,however the red body color was much more intense in sea cucumbers cultured at shallower depths,while animals suspended in deeper layers became pale. In a separate trial,A. japonicus were cultured in suspended cages with seven different colored substrates. Substrate color had a significant effect on the growth and body-color of red A. japonicus. The yield were greatest for A. japonicus cultured on a yellow substrate,followed by green > white > orange > red > black and blue. All sea cucumbers in the 7-month trial retained a red color,although the red was most intense(highest R value) in animals cultured on a blue substrate and pale(lowest R value) for animals cultured on a green substrate.

Deer Body Adaptive Threshold Segmentation Algorithm Based on Color Space

In large-scale deer farming image analysis,K-means or maximum between-class variance(Otsu)algorithms can be used to distinguish the deer from the background.However,in an actual breeding environment,the barbed wire or chain-link fencing has a certain isolating effect on the deer which greatly interferes with the identification of the individual deer.Also,when the target and background grey values are similar,the multiple background targets cannot be completely separated.To better identify the posture and behaviour of deer in a deer shed,we used digital image processing to separate the deer from the background.To address the problems mentioned above,this paper proposes an adaptive threshold segmentation algorithm based on color space.First,the original image is pre-processed and optimized.On this basis,the data are enhanced and contrasted.Next,color space is used to extract the several backgrounds through various color channels,then the adaptive space segmentation of the extracted part of the color space is performed.Based on the segmentation effect of the traditional Otsu algorithm,we designed a comparative experiment that divided the four postures of turning,getting up,lying,and standing,and successfully separated multiple target deer from the background.Experimental results show that compared with K-means,Otsu and hue saturation value(HSV)+K-means,this method is better in performance and accuracy for adaptive segmentation of deer in artificial breeding scenes and can be used to separate artificially cultivated deer from their backgrounds.Both the subjective and objective aspects achieved good segmentation results.This article lays a foundation for the effective identification of abnormal behaviour in sika deer.

Effects of Biomineral Liquid from Spartina alterniflora on Growth,Body Color and Nutritional Components of Ricefield Eels,Monopterus albus

[Objective]The paper was to develop new fodder additives and to strengthen comprehensive utilization of Spartina alterniflora resources.[Method]The effects of biomineral liquid from S.alterniflora on growth,nutritional components of ricefield eels were studied.[Result]（1）0.5%of biomineral liquid had significant effect on weight gain rate,which was 8.37%higher than that in control group（P〈0.01）.Further supply of biomineral liquid could not increase the weight gain rate.Furthermore,biomineral liquid had no effect on the survival rate of ricefield eels.（2）Ricefield eels had certain changes in body color in the0.5%biomineral liquid group,and some ricefield eels were yellowing.（3）The contents of Cr,Fe,Zn in body of ricefield eels in treatment group were significantly higher than that in control group,but was lower than that in wild eel group,and the content of Se in treatment group was lower than that in control group and wild group（P〈0.01）.（4）The contents of K,Mg in muscle of ricefield eels in treatment group were higher than those in control group and wild eel group.The contents of ash and Ca in treatment group were close to that in control group but were higher than that in wild eel group.The content of crude fat in treatment group was close to that in wild eel group but was lower than that in control group.The contents of Zn,Se,Ni in treatment group were higher than that in control group and wild eel group,and the contents of Cr,Fe,Cu were close to that in control group and were higher than that in wild eel group（P〈0.01）.No significant differences were observed in the contents of moisture,crude fat and P among the three groups（P〉0.05）.[Conclusion]Addition of biomineral liquid from S.alterniflora could speed up the growth of ricefield eels and significantly improve their flesh quality,but had no significant effect on survival rate of ricefield eels.

Genome-wide identification of the MATE gene family and functional characterization of PbrMATE9 related to anthocyanin in pear

Plant multidrug and toxic compound extrusion(MATE) genes play an important role in the process of detoxification, plant morphogenesis, and anthocyanin accumulation. However, whether the MATE gene family functions in pear peel coloration is still unknown. To evaluate and identify the MATE gene family members which are involving in anthocyanin accumulation and coloration in pear. In this study, 85 MATE genes were identified in the reference pear genome of ‘Dangshansuli’ through genome-wide identification. Based on gene structure and phylogenetic tree analysis, the MATE family was divided into five subfamilies. RNA sequencing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRTPCR) indicated that the expression patterns of PbrMATEs were tissue-specific. 28.24%(24) of PbrMATE genes were expressed in the fruits, and44.71%(38) of PbrMATE genes were expressed in the leaves. Additionally, we found that the expression levels of PbrMATE9, PbrMATE26,PbrMATE50, and PbrMATE69 in debagged fruits with red peel were significantly higher than those in bagged fruits without red peel, according to our bagging/debagging treatment of ‘Mantianhong’. The expression pattern of PbrMATE9 was consistent with the variation trend in anthocyanin content, suggesting that it might play an important role in anthocyanin accumulation in response to light exposure. Subcellular localization showed that PbrMATE9 was a membrane protein. More strikingly, the transient overexpression of PbrMATE9 promoted anthocyanin accumulation in the peel of pear, and the expression of structural genes(PbrCHI, PbrANS, PbrDFR, and PbrUFGT) in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway also increased significantly. Through co-expression network analysis, the transcription factors were identified, such as WRKY, COL,GATA, and BBX, which might be involved in the regulation of PbrMATE9. The study has enriched the genetic resources and improved the understanding of the regulation network of anthocyanin accumulation in pear.

Body Salvation and Celie's Rite of New Life in The Color Purple

The novel conveys important, political messages exploring the idea of feminism and women's emancipation. Alice Walker demonstrates her views on civil rights and commitment to feminism through Celie. From a womanist's point of view,this essay examines the traumatic journeys and body salvation that Celie goes through, her spiritual and emotional growth, till finally she find her rite of new life.

眼斑双锯鱼(Amphiprion ocellaris)发育中体色花纹时序发生的色素细胞变化和控制基因表达的分析Ⅱ.仔稚幼鱼时期

眼斑双锯鱼(Amphiprion ocellaris)属于鲈形目、雀鲷科、双锯鱼属,是热带珊瑚礁观赏鱼类的首选品种,其不同发育时期各种色素细胞的动态变化及其控制基因表达情况有待深入研究。记录了眼斑双锯鱼仔稚幼鱼体色花纹模式建成的发育过程,对比不同发育时期体色变化的特点,筛选出仔稚幼鱼时期体色花纹变化较为明显的9个发育时期,并利用荧光定量PCR检测了眼斑双锯鱼各发育时期的10个体色控制基因的表达情况。结果显示:眼斑双锯鱼的体色发生存在明显的时序性,仔鱼时期鱼体呈现半透明状,黑色素细胞排列在身体两侧,随着生长发育数量逐渐增多;稚鱼时期,体表开始出现红色素细胞和黄色素细胞,身体慢慢变得不透明,9 dph开始出现第一道条纹,虹彩色素细胞数量逐渐增多,10 dph时期观察到第二道条纹出现;幼鱼时期,三道白色条纹完全形成,体表的橙红色和白色条纹被黑色素细胞分隔开来,界线逐渐清晰,长成完整的花纹。结合荧光定量PCR结果分析发现:在仔稚幼鱼阶段,10个体色控制基因在各发育时期均有表达,不同功能分类的基因在不同发育时期的表达变化趋势差异较大,在仔稚幼鱼前期表达量变化较大的基因主要为TYR、Dct、Ednrb、Sox10等与黑色素细胞迁移、分化、合成相关的基因;随着幼鱼不断的生长发育,白色条纹逐条出现,与虹彩色素细胞相关的Fms、Foxd3等基因也开始出现表达量显著上升的趋势。

天子蓝盘丽鱼皮肤组织的单细胞转录组测序

【目的】通过单细胞转录组测序比较天子蓝盘丽鱼和野生阿莲卡盘丽鱼皮肤组织中与体色形成相关的基因表达模式,为深入研究鱼类体色及良种选育提供数据基础,也为盘丽鱼或其他水产鱼类进行单细胞转录组研究提供技术借鉴。【方法】利用单细胞转录组测序技术对天子蓝(人工选育)和阿莲卡(野生型)2种盘丽鱼的皮肤组织进行转录组测序,经fastp质控过滤后,通过Cell Ranger比对参考基因组生成单细胞表达矩阵文件,使用Seurat进行降维聚类后构建转录组图谱,筛选出细胞类型识别与鉴定的标记基因;同时以阿莲卡盘丽鱼为对照,通过DEGseq筛选出2个样本间的差异表达基因(DEGs),并进行GO功能注释分析和KEGG信号通路富集分析。【结果】经单细胞转录组测序,从天子蓝、阿莲卡盘丽鱼样本中获得的原始序列(Raw reads)分别为815237286和728886552条;将2个样本整合后共捕获17035个细胞,经过滤及降维聚类后得到18个细胞簇(C0~C17),参考已知和潜在的标记基因,被注释为13种细胞类型及其亚型,基本涵盖了鱼类皮肤组织中的大部分细胞类型。基于伪批量(Pseudo-bulk)处理,从2个样本间筛选出20个DEGs(8个在天子蓝盘丽鱼皮肤组织中高表达,12个在阿莲卡盘丽鱼皮肤组织中高表达),主要注释到与气体传递、氧化代谢相关的GO功能条目。在单细胞维度,选择黑色素细胞和虹彩细胞2个细胞集群进行样本间差异分析,结果显示:在黑色素细胞中存在8个DEGs,主要富集于热应答、未折叠蛋白结合、生长因子活性、金属离子结合等信号通路。在虹彩细胞中存在25个DEGs,KEGG信号通路富集分析发现主要富集于凋亡、沙门氏菌感染和MAPK等信号通路,涉及细胞生存、应激响应和信号传导等功能。【结论】TSPAN3A、PTGES、ATF3、JUNK、GADD45GA、HSP70L、FOSAB等基因在调节天子蓝盘丽鱼皮肤体色、色素合成与沉着等方面发挥重要作用,而黑色素合成不活跃可能是导致天子蓝盘丽鱼体色较阿莲卡盘丽色更加鲜艳和绚丽的主要原因之一。

3个红梨品种在湖南的引种观察

对引入湖南省浏阳的3个红梨品种美人酥、红酥脆与满天红进行了生长结果习性、适应性以及果实品质的观察比较。结果表明,3个红梨品种在浏阳地区均能正常完成年生长周期,美人酥与满天红生长旺,坐果稳,盛果期树666.7 m 2产量1400 kg,红酥脆长势稍弱,产量1200 kg。3个红梨品种着色均不稳定,果皮锈斑较严重,对着色影响大,以满天红着色相对较好,美人酥次之,红酥脆较差。3个红梨品种均在9月中旬前后成熟,单果重300 g以上,肉质细,石细胞少。可溶性固形物含量13.0%~13.8%,可溶性糖含量9.05%~9.36%,均以美人酥含量最高,其次为满天红、红酥脆。总酸含量1.13~1.42 g/kg,以满天红最高,美人酥与红酥脆相近。综合分析认为,3个品种均不适宜在湖南地区大面积发展。

眼斑双锯鱼(Amphiprion ocellaris)发育中体色花纹时序发生的色素细胞变化和控制基因表达的分析Ⅰ.胚胎时期

眼斑双锯鱼(Amphiprion ocellaris)属于鲈形目、雀鲷科、双锯鱼属,是热带珊瑚礁观赏鱼类的首选品种。不同体色和花纹与色素细胞相关基因的表达直接相关,在其胚胎发育的过程中,色素细胞的形态和数量一直在变化,但不同发育时期各种色素细胞的动态变化及其控制基因表达情况等仍需明确研究。记录了眼斑双锯鱼胚胎时期色素细胞变化较为明显的6个发育时期,观察了不同时期的体色及色素细胞的变化特点,并利用荧光定量PCR检测了各发育时期的10个体色控制基因的表达情况。结果显示:在胚胎发育阶段,整个胚胎的颜色从橙黄逐渐转变为暗红、黑红、黑色到最终透明,观察到卵黄囊表面幼体黑色素细胞到成体黑色素细胞的转变过程,鱼体表面在翻转期出现成体黑色素细胞、在器官形成期出现红色素细胞,眼睛及腹部在孵化期出现虹彩色素细胞。结合荧光定量PCR结果分析发现:卵黄囊表面幼体黑色素细胞推测是外胚层中的神经嵴细胞直接发育而成,不需要迁移过程;Ednrb、TYR、Tbx2b基因对幼体黑色素细胞的形成和发育有重要作用,Pax3、Dct、Aim1基因与成体黑色素细胞的分化、迁移、形成过程密切相关;其中TYR基因的相对表达量在体节期出现显著增加,说明TYR基因在胚胎发育初期就参与黑色素细胞的形成;Tbx2b基因不仅对黑色素细胞形成有影响,对眼斑双锯鱼心脏的形成也有一定作用;Fms基因对红色素细胞形成有重要作用;Ltk基因的表达要早于虹彩色素细胞的出现;相关性分析发现各基因之间存在相互作用。

黄鳝csf1r基因的克隆及时空表达特征分析

【目的】克隆黄鳝csf1r基因,并对其时空表达特性进行分析,为探明csf1r基因在黄鳝不同体色形成中的作用奠定基础。【方法】采用RACEs(Rapid-amplification of cDNA ends)技术从黄鳝皮肤cDNAs中克隆得到csf1r基因的全长cDNA序列,对其编码蛋白进行生物信息学分析。采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)方法检测csf1r基因在黄鳝不同组织、不同发育时期胚胎或个体及3种体色黄鳝(黄黑斑鳝、碎花斑鳝和隐花斑鳝)皮肤和肾脏中的相对表达量,分析该基因的表达特征。测定3种体色黄鳝肝脏中的碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)。【结果】黄鳝csf1r cDNA序列全长为4430 bp(GenBank收录号:OP589303),其编码区长度为2937 bp,编码978个氨基酸,存在免疫球蛋白结构域和蛋白激酶催化结构域2个保守结构域。荧光定量PCR结果表明,csf1r基因在黄鳝脑、精巢、卵巢、肠、心脏、肾脏、肝脏、肌肉、皮肤和脾脏等组织中均有表达,在脾脏和心脏中表达量较高,其次是肾脏、皮肤和肌肉,卵巢中表达量最低;csf1r在胚胎眼晶体形成期开始大量表达,显微观察发现该时期胚胎的躯干上开始有色素颗粒出现。在3种体色黄鳝皮肤和肾脏中,csf1r基因在黄黑斑鳝的皮肤中表达量最低,而在其肾脏中表达量最高。3种体色黄鳝肝脏氧化应激指标测定结果发现,黄黑斑鳝肝脏中的碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和总抗氧化能力比其他2种体色黄鳝高,但是差异未达显著水平。【结论】csf1r基因可能不仅参与了黄鳝体色的形成,还与黄鳝非特异性免疫相关。

Body color plasticity of Diaphorina citri reflects a response to environmental stress

Body color polyphenism is common in Diaphorina citri.Previous studies compared physiological characteristics in D.citri,but the ecological and biological significance of its body color polyphenism remains poorly understood.We studied the ecological and molecular effects of stressors related to body color in D.citri.Crowding or low temperature induced a high proportion of gray morphs,which had smaller bodies,lower body weight,and greater susceptibility to the insecticide dinotefuran.We performed transcriptomic and metabolomics analysis of 2 color morphs in D.citri.Gene expression dynamics revealed that the differentially expressed genes were predominantly involved in energy metabolism,including fatty acid metabolism,amino acid metabolism,and carbohydrate metabolism.Among these genes,plexin,glycosidase,phospholipase,take out,trypsin,and triacylglycerol lipase were differentially expressed in 2 color morphs,and 6 hsps(3 hsp70,hsp83,hsp90,hsp68)were upregulated in gray morphs.The metabolome data showed that blue morphs exhibited a higher abundance of fatty acid and amino acid,whereas the content of carbohydrates was elevated in gray morphs.This study partly explains the body color polyphenism of D.citri and provides insights into the molecular changes of stress response of D.citri.

水丝蚓及人工饲料对草金鱼生长和体色的影响

为评价水丝蚓或人工饲料对草金鱼生长和体色的影响,选择初始体质量(7.82±1.84)g、体长(5.73±0.45)cm的草金鱼,分别投喂水丝蚓(SY组)和人工饲料(SL组),定期测定体质量和体色色度。结果显示,SY组试验鱼增质量率、特定生长率显著高于SL组(P<0.05),肥满度差异不显著(P>0.05);两组试验鱼体质量直线斜率差异不显著(P>0.05)。两组草金鱼体色L*(亮度)值与投喂时间呈正相关趋势,a*(+a*红,-a*绿)、b*(+b*黄,-b*蓝)值均呈负相关趋势;两组试验鱼色度值直线斜率(K)差异不显著(P>0.05);试验结束时,SY组试验鱼体表a*和b*值均显著高于SL组(P<0.05)。研究表明,草金鱼体质量与生长时间的线性相关性较强,投喂水丝蚓更容易被草金鱼接受,更能稳定促进其生长,但无论投喂水丝蚓或是人工饲料,其体表红色均会逐渐变淡。

不同体色锦鲤体色观察、基因表达以及过表达pnp4a对体色发育的影响

锦鲤色彩鲜艳,游姿飘逸,观赏价值高,被称作“会游泳的艺术品”。鱼类体色主要是由皮肤或鳞片上的色素细胞的种类和分布决定的。本文对黑色、白色、黄色和红色4种不同体色锦鲤的鳞片和皮肤的色素细胞组成、分布及形态结构等进行了比较观察,结果显示,鳞片和皮肤的色素细胞组成一致,4种锦鲤均存在着丰富的虹彩细胞,在黑色锦鲤中还观察到了黑色素细胞,黄色锦鲤和红色锦鲤还分布着黄/红色素细胞,在白色锦鲤中只观察到虹彩细胞。利用透射显微镜观察了4种体色锦鲤的虹彩细胞的超微结构,虹彩细胞主要有3种不同形态:梭形、短棒状和空泡状;采用实时荧光定量PCR检测了8个虹彩细胞发育相关基因在4种不同体色锦鲤皮肤中的表达情况,结果显示,8个虹彩细胞发育相关基因在不同体色锦鲤皮肤中均有表达,但表达存在差异,其中alk、pka、sox10、pax3、foxd3和pnp4a基因在红色和黄色锦鲤中相对表达量较高,ltk和alx4a基因在白色锦鲤中相对表达量最高。为进一步证实pnp4a基因在虹彩细胞中的作用,构建了pnp4a过表达重组质粒,并将其显微注射至AB斑马鱼受精卵中,过表达斑马鱼中虹彩细胞明显多于对照组,进一步证实了pnp4a在鱼类体色形成尤其是在虹彩细胞发生方面发挥着重要作用。

沿黑体辐射线类太阳光LED调光系统调配及优化

为了使发光二极管(LED)光源光谱在可见光波段更接近太阳光光谱,且相关色温实现沿黑体辐射线连续可调,选取不同峰值波长LED芯片及荧光粉,覆盖可见光波段;采用相应LED芯片激发相应荧光粉,获得多个调光光源并记录色点及相对光谱;根据光谱叠加性原理,混合光源色点位于调光光源在CIE 1931色坐标图中围成的区域内。对四色光源混合调光进行了系统的调配优化,基于脉宽调制(PWM)调光模式,使用LED驱动模块控制各调光LED的光通量,实现了光源沿黑体辐射线色温可连续调节。模拟与实测结果显示,在常用照明色温2700~6500 K时,LED光源的一般显色指数大于98,且各特殊显色指数均大于90。光谱特性与太阳光类似,填补了LED白光中青光波段的凹陷,去除了短波长蓝光危害。

虾青素对赤点石斑鱼生长、体色、皮肤色素和抗氧化性的影响

【目的】探究虾青素对赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelus akaara)生长、体色、皮肤色素和抗氧化性的影响,为虾青素在赤斑石斑鱼饲料中的应用及功效评价提供科学依据。【方法】在赤斑石斑鱼基础饲料中分别添加虾青素0、100、200、400和800 mg/kg,制成5种等氮等脂饲料,分别记为AST0(对照)、AST100、AST200、AST400和AST800组,饲喂初始体质量(6.17±0.26)g、全长(7.84±0.54)cm的赤点石斑鱼90 d,测定石斑鱼生长性能指标,用色差仪测定石斑鱼体色参数,通过双抗体一步夹心法酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)测定石斑鱼皮肤中类胡萝卜素和黑色素,用试剂盒测定石斑鱼肝脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)等抗氧化性能。【结果】与对照组比较,各实验组赤点石斑鱼的体质量、增重率、特定生长率、存活率、饲料系数和肥满度均无显著差异(P> 0.05),AST800组的肝体指数显著降低(P <0.05)。随着饲料中虾青素添加量的增加,赤点石斑鱼的头部、体侧和尾部的皮肤斑点变橙黄色,腹鳍基部变深红色;鱼鳍上的色素团分布均呈背鳍、臀鳍和尾鳍色素细胞密度较高,胸鳍和腹鳍色素细胞密度较低的规律;虾青素添加组腹鳍中黄色素细胞和红色素细胞的数量增加。各虾青素添加组鳃盖、背部和尾柄皮肤与胸鳍、背鳍的亮度(L^(*))较对照组显著升高(P <0.05),鳃盖皮肤和背鳍的红度(a^(*))较对照组显著升高(P <0.05),鳃盖、背部、腹部和尾柄皮肤与胸鳍、背鳍和尾鳍的黄度(b^(*))较对照组显著升高(P <0.05)。饲料中添加虾青素显著增加赤点石斑鱼背部和腹部皮肤的类胡萝卜素浓度(P <0.05),以及腹部皮肤黑色素浓度(P <0.05)。赤点石斑鱼肝脏T-AOC、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性随饲料中虾青素添加量的增加而显著升高(P <0.05),丙二醛含量随饲料中虾青素添加量的升高而显著降低(P <0.05)。【结论】饲料中添加虾青素未显著影响体质量、增重率和特定生长率,显著改善赤点石斑鱼的体色、内在色素沉着,提高肝脏抗氧化能力。综合生长、体色、皮肤色素含量、抗氧化性数据,赤点石斑鱼饲料中适宜虾青素添加量为200~400 mg/kg。

饲料组合投喂对白神仙幼鱼生长和体色的影响比较

投喂管理是鱼类育苗及养殖的关键技术之一,对种苗的存活、生长和后期发育有着重要影响。为提高白神仙鱼幼鱼阶段的投喂管理及体色变化认知,通过微颗粒饲料(M)、微颗粒饲料+卤虫无节幼体混合饲料(MA)、卤虫无节幼体+鱼粉混合饲料(AF)3种不同饲料组合进行投喂管理,对淡水白神仙幼鱼生长过程的存活率、生长性能和体色特征进行比较分析。结果表明:(1)3种不同饲料组合幼鱼存活率均高于82%,MA组显著高于M组和AF组(P <0.05)。(2)M组和MA组体质量、体长、增重率、特定生长率显著高于AF组(P <0.05)。(3)幼鱼体表不同部位的颜色特征值具有一定规律性:明度值(L^(*))方面,其大小顺序为腹部中央>鳃盖后缘>后背部;红度值(a^(*))方面,其大小顺序为鳃盖后缘>腹部中央>后背部;黄度值(b^(*))方面,其大小顺序为后背部>腹部中央>鳃盖后缘。(4)卤虫无节幼体的投喂会影响幼鱼体表的黄度特征值的变化。上述结果表明,在白神仙鱼幼鱼养殖的适当阶段使用卤虫无节幼体,可提高其生长性能和强化体色。

天然和合成虾青素对红白锦鲤生长性能的影响

开展了饲料中添加天然虾青素和合成虾青素对红白锦鲤生长性能的影响试验。设置基础饲料组作为对照组(DZ0),添加0.4%的合成虾青素组(DH4)和0.4%天然虾青组(DT4)为试验组。结果表明,试验组的特定生长率、质量增加率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),各组间成活率、肝体比无显著差异(P>0.05);2个试验组的脏体比均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);试验组的鳞片、皮肤类胡萝卜素含量均显著高于对照组(P>0.05),其中DH4组的鳞片、皮肤中类胡萝卜素含量显著高于添加DT4组(P<0.05),DH4组的L*值显著低于DT4组和对照组(P<0.05),a*值和b*值显著高于DT4组和对照组(P<0.05);添加天然和合成虾青素后,红白锦鲤肝细胞空泡变性和核偏移数量减少,DT4组的肝脏空泡数量少于DH4组,DH4组和DT4组的溶菌酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性与对照组相比,显著升高(P<0.05),DT4组碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性均高于DH4组。指出,合成虾青素对体色的改善效果更佳,而天然虾青素对机体提高免疫力的效果更为显著。

客车车身油漆色差原因及控制

针对客车涂装中车身油漆的色差问题,从油漆成分、涂装工艺、施工环境等方面分析油漆色差产生的原因,并提出控制措施。