可读性测试在编制大学英语阅读理解试题中的应用——以Flesch/Flesch-Kincaid Readability Tests为例

英语国家广泛使用的可读性测试工具,尤其是以Flesch/Flesch-Kincaid Readability Tests为代表的测试工具的开发,为文件撰写者、语言教学工作者和教学辅助材料开发者提供了直观的参考值,而这一成熟的工具在国内英语教学中却少人关注。文章在分析了近四年(2007-2010)大学英语四级考试阅读理解材料的可读性值的基础上,拟定了适合日常教学测试使用的阅读理解材料的可读性指数区间:40-60。

The Readability of Online Patient Education Materials from Major Anesthesiology Associations and the American Society of Anesthesiologists

Background: As much as 80% of US adults search online for health related information. The value of the information is limited by the patients’ ability to comprehend it. Despite the recommendation by the American Medical Association (AMA) to provide all patient education materials (PEMs) at a 6th grade reading level, many online sources do not conform. This study aims to evaluate the readability of PEMs from major online sources for anesthesiology. Methods: We determined the readability of PEMs from five major anesthesiology organizations and twelve brochures from the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) using ten validated readability scales. PEMs from the various anesthesiology websites were compiled into a single word document for analysis. The twelve patient education brochures from the ASA were downloaded and analyzed separately. We then grouped the twelve documents into one sample and compared it to the other anesthesiology association websites. Results: All of the PEMs provided by the ASA were determined to be higher than a 6th grade reading level with nine being at a 12th grade reading level or above. The PEMs of the five major anesthesiology association websites were beyond the 6th grade reading level with four out of five at greater than the 12th grade reading level. Conclusion: The results showed that the readability of PEMs provided by five major anesthesiology associations and the ASA was beyond the 6th grade. Therefore, the PEMs with improved readability in anesthesiology are needed.

Non-Native English Speaker Readability Metric: Reading Speed and Comprehension

This paper presents an investigation to evaluate the reading speed and reading comprehension of non-native English speaking students by presenting a simple analytical model. For this purpose, various readability softwares were used to estimate the average grade level of the given texts. The relationship between the score obtained by the students and their reading speed under average grade level 9 and 14 using font size 12 and 14 is presented. The experimental results show that the reading speed and the score versus the students may be explained by a linear regression. Reading speed decreases as the score decreases. The students with a higher magnitude of reading speed scored better marks. More importantly, we find that the reading speed of our students is lower than the native English speakers. This approach of modeling the readability in linear form significantly simplifies the readability analysis.

Revision total hip arthroplasty: An analysis of the quality and readability of information on the internet

The demand for revision total hip arthroplasty(THA)is increasing.Information quality on the internet has been extensively analysed in relation to primary THA but no such analysis has ever been performed for revision THA.Our aim was to assess the quality and readability of this information.Three major internet search engines were searched for information on revision THA.All websites were assessed for quality of information using the DISCERN score,the Journal of the American Medical Association benchmark criteria and a novel scoring system specific to revision THA[Vancouver Revision Arthroplasty Information(VRAI)score].Website readability was assessed,as was presence of the Health On the Net Foundation(HON)seal.The majority of websites(52%)were academic with a post-graduate reading level.Only 6.5%of websites had the HON seal.Twentyeight percent of websites had a‘good’DISCERN score and only 28%had a‘good’score with the novel VRAI scoring system.Health information websites had significantly higher rates of‘good’VRAI scores(P=0.008).Websites with the HON seal had significantly higher DISCERN scores(P=0.01).All governmental websites were at a reading level suitable for patient review.Information on the internet relating to revision THA is of low quality,much lower than the quality of information on primary THA.We recommend governmental websites for their readability and health information websites for their quality of information specific to revision THA.Websites with the HON seal provide higher quality information and should be recommended to patients as reading material regarding revision THA.

Leveraging Readability and Sentiment in Spam Review Filtering Using Transformer Models

Online reviews significantly influence decision-making in many aspects of society.The integrity of internet evaluations is crucial for both consumers and vendors.This concern necessitates the development of effective fake review detection techniques.The goal of this study is to identify fraudulent text reviews.A comparison is made on shill reviews vs.genuine reviews over sentiment and readability features using semi-supervised language processing methods with a labeled and balanced Deceptive Opinion dataset.We analyze textual features accessible in internet reviews by merging sentiment mining approaches with readability.Overall,the research improves fake review screening by using various transformer models such as Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers(BERT),Robustly Optimized BERT(Roberta),XLNET(Transformer-XL)and XLM-Roberta(Cross-lingual Language model–Roberta).This proposed research extracts and classifies features from product reviews to increase the effectiveness of review filtering.As evidenced by the investigation,the application of transformer models improves the performance of spam review filtering when related to existing machine learning and deep learning models.

Readability Assessment of Textbooks in Low Resource Languages

Readability is a fundamental problem in textbooks assessment.For low resources languages(LRL),however,little investigation has been done on the readability of textbook.In this paper,we proposed a readability assessment method for Tibetan textbook(a low resource language).We extract features based on the information that are gotten by Tibetan segmentation and named entity recognition.Then,we calculate the correlation of different features using Pearson Correlation Coefficient and select some feature sets to design the readability formula.Fit detection,F test and T test are applied on these selected features to generate a new readability assessment formula.Experiment shows that this new formula is capable of assessing the readability of Tibetan textbooks.

Blind and readable image watermarking using wavelet tree quantization

A blind and readable image watermarking scheme using wavelet tree quantization is proposed. In order to increase the algorithm robustness and ensure the watermark integrity,error correction coding techniques are used to encode the embedded watermark. In the watermark embedding process, the wavelet coefficients of the host image are grouped into wavelet trees and each watermark bit is embedded by using two trees. The trees are so quantized that they exhibit a large enough statistical difference, which will later be used for watermark extraction. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is effective and robust to common image processing operations and some geometric operations such as JPEG compression, JPEG2000 compression, filtering, Gaussian noise attack, and row-column removal. It is demonstrated that the proposed technique is practical.

创新对企业MD&A叙述性信息披露策略的影响

研发和创新具有投入高、周期长和不确定性高的特征,这使得高创新企业面临较低的透明度和较高的专有成本。一方面为了满足投资者决策需要,防止信息不对称所导致的价值低估,企业有动机提供更多信息;另一方面创新所伴有的专有成本,又使得企业存在专有信息被现有和潜在竞争对手获取的顾虑,从而选择提供模糊信息的披露策略。本文利用2001—2019年A股上市公司数据,检验了企业创新对MD&A叙述性信息披露策略的影响。研究结果表明,随着企业创新的增加,企业叙述性信息披露的信息含量上升(文本相似度显著下降),但是披露的信息质量下降(文本可读性显著降低)。该结果说明管理层既希望向投资者传递更多信息,又担心来自竞争对手的威胁,即管理层会选择释放更多的叙述性信息并模糊表达。上述结果存在于行业竞争更激烈、融资约束程度较高和高管持股比例较高的情况下。本文结论对知识产权信息披露与管理层披露策略选择具有一定的借鉴意义。

A Survey on Readability

The readability means the extent to which the readers can read and understand the text without obstacles. With the review of research on readability both at home and abroad, the thesis finds the research on the readability mainly includes three aspects, the definition, the readability formula, and the application of readability formulas to test some written texts.. Then, the author points out the deficiencies of the present study, such as the limited research on the readability of non-profit organizations' documents and the ignorance of the effect of the reader and environment on the readability.

保险条款通俗化规制的法律意义:基于美国经验

保险条款通俗化是降低保险人与被保险人之间信息不对称的重要手段。如果将保险条款通俗化作为一项强制性要求来进行监管,那么,就需要明确其标准。从美国的经验和汉语特点来看,采取主观标准与客观标准相结合的方式比较适宜。由于我国目前关于汉语文本易读性测试标准的研究尚不成熟,在一定程度上影响到了我国保险监管机构对保险条款通俗化的规制。如果某一保险条款未达到保险监管机构制定的保险条款通俗化的要求,保险监管机构可以拒绝批准、责令更改或进行行政处罚,但是,保险合同在当事人之间的效力不受影响。

生成式人工智能应用于商务英语教学内容设计的研究

以ChatGPT为代表的生成式人工智能为解决商务英语专业教学缺乏语言环境、反馈效率低和教学内容陈旧等困境提供了新的思路,亟需验证人工智能生成内容的易读性问题。易读性评估立足于商务英语专业课程开展,通过设计教学主题和提示语,输入ChatGPT生成教学语料后使用Python语言和Pycharm软件进行Flesch、Dale-Chall和McAlpine EFLAW易读性分析,可评估ChatGPT应用于教学内容设计的可行性。研究表明,ChatGPT生成内容难度略高于目标读者水平,符合规范语言的要求。学生反馈实验平均分趋近常模,实际应用难度适中,生成式人工智能应用于商务英语教学内容设计具有较高的可行性,但仍需克服内容重复率高、模型训练和人工审阅投入高等问题。

我国药品说明书可读性评价体系的构建

目的构建符合我国患者需求的药品说明书可读性评价体系,为提高我国药品说明书可读性提供科学依据。方法运用文献研究法、专家咨询法构建药品说明书可读性的评价指标集,通过层次分析法确定评价体系的指标权重,构建药品说明书可读性评价体系,并以醋酸地塞米松乳膏的药品说明书为例,运用问卷调查法和模糊综合评价法对评价体系进行实证检验。结果建立的药品说明书可读性评价体系包含文字表达、数值应用、内容设计、行为建议、排版设计5个一级指标,以及通俗易懂的词语、长度合适的句子等17个二级指标。该体系的信效度检验均符合要求。100位受访者对醋酸地塞米松乳膏的药品说明书可读性的评分为4.24分,为良好。结论本研究建立的说明书可读性评价体系可用于评估我国药品说明书的质量和可读性。

机器学习在网络健康资料质量评估中的研究进展

随着互联网技术的发展,涌现了大量网络健康资料,但这些资料质量参差不齐,可靠性和可读性有待提高。如何评估网络健康资料质量,成为困扰医护人员和患者的现实问题。机器学习在海量数据分析中的优势作用,为高效评估网络健康资料质量提供了可能。本文将从机器学习在网络健康资料可靠性、可读性等方面的研究进展进行综述,为编写精准可读的健康教育资料提供参考。

“双减”语境中学校美育的价值可读性与实践探索

从美育观念的流变入手,探索“双减”语境对学校美育形成的可读性存在,并以“大美育观”作为观照来对应学校美育价值理念可读性进行阐释,并提出通过可行性实践路径的建议与价值理论互为验证,从而完成“双减”语境中关于学校美育的价值可读性与实践探索。

《诗经》英译复译者的副文本行为模式——以理雅各与汪榕培为例

世纪之交,译本副文本成为翻译批评的新视角、新内容,尤其对译者研究起到了在场的、以示正听的作用。在译者行为批评理论观照下,本文比鉴《诗经》英译者理雅各与汪榕培的副文本操作,分析各自翻译“求真”与“务实”方法的意图、形式与功能,甄别解读式与可读型《诗经》译介的动态演化。

电子药品说明书的国际实践及经验启示

目的分析欧盟、美国、日本的电子药品说明书实践情况,为推进我国现有法律法规体系下电子药品说明书的实施提供建议。方法通过检索美国FDA官网、欧洲药品管理局(EMA)官网、日本医药品医疗器械综合机构(PMDA)官网及相关文献,比较分析上述国家/地区的电子药品说明书实践情况及制度特点;同时,分析我国电子药品说明书法律基础、可访问形式、监管体系方面存在的问题,并提出建议。结果与结论欧盟、美国、日本为推行实施电子药品说明书设立了相关法律,并发布指导原则细化管理要求、工作进程,搭建信息平台,规范数据要求,丰富检索途径。相比之下,我国正初步开展电子药品说明书实践,其推行实施仍缺少立法支持,可访问形式和未来监管体系的构建方式也有待进一步探索。建议我国以开展药品说明书适老化及无障碍改革试点工作为契机,完善电子药品说明书法律法规体系,分阶段探索其可访问形式以提高药品说明书可读性,建立健全电子药品说明书监管体系,积极搭建药品说明书信息化平台,推进电子药品说明书的开发与实施。

电力标准数字化:概念、核心挑战、治理路线图及发展趋势

标准数字化是关乎国家标准化高质量发展的重要因素,也是推进数字化转型发展的重要手段。电力标准数字化是面向电力标准的数字化转型研究,是标准数字化发展的重点内容与重点方向,对促进我国能源电力数字化转型具有重要意义。当前标准数字化相关研究集中在航空、智能制造等领域,缺乏电力标准数字化的概念、核心挑战、治理路线图等方面探索。该文首先综述了国内外标准数字化发展现状,并分析了不同行业开展标准数字化的发展需求,对比了电力同其他领域开展标准数字化的差异性需求。其次,围绕标准数字化内涵及外延2个方面,进一步阐述了电力标准数字化基本概念。并深入阐述了电力标准数字化核心能力、核心技术与核心挑战。同时,从电力标准数字化治理对象、治理模型、实施路径3个方面,提出了电力标准数字化治理路线图。最后,研判了未来电力标准数字化发展趋势,提出了电力标准数字化发展建议,可为开展电力标准数字化研究提供经验参考。

粤西庞西垌地区非结构化地质信息机器可读表达与致矿异常区域智能预测

大数据挖掘与机器学习算法应用已成为成矿预测研究的重要趋势,但如何使非结构化地质数据进行机器可读表达成为需要克服的难点。本研究针对粤西庞西垌矿集区开展地层、岩性、断裂等非结构化地质信息面向机器可读的转换处理,并进而应用机器学习算法对水系沉积物地球化学测试数据和构造、地层等综合地质信息进行挖掘,提取致矿异常特征,最终实现智能圈定致矿异常找矿靶区。独热编码算法与空间加权主成分分析中的权重变量方法组合应用,实现了地层、岩性和断裂构造等非结构化地质信息的结构化转化,并最大限度地保留其所包含的地质信息。单分类支持向量机和自编码网络异常检测算法的应用,解决了研究区已知矿点与非矿点数据不平衡问题。对多源地质数据的集成和综合生成的预测结果与研究区铅锌矿床的空间分布和实际的地质构造情况相对一致,表明上述算法能够有效识别找矿潜力区并寻找潜在的矿床。与传统的勘查地球化学方法相比,本研究中的分析方法能够处理和集成多源的地质致矿信息,可应用于尚未发现矿床的找矿潜力区,提高发现矿床的可能性和找矿工作的效率。

结核病健康教育文本材料的可读性评估

目的 评估结核病健康教育文本材料的可读性,为相关机构的材料内容制作、材料传播方向等方面提供改进依据。方法 于2021年1—3月,采用分层抽样方法,选取我国部分省/市的疾病预防控制中心、结核病防治所/中心以及高校、中小学等机构使用的结核病健康教育文本材料作为评估对象。采用SAM量表评估其可读性。结果 共收集38份结核病健康教育文本材料,SAM量表适用及适用很好的材料数量为31份(81.57%)。其中,折页、小册子形式在读写能力需求、布局和排版维度上的得分率均高于其他形式,分别为[87.50(75.00,100.00)]%、[100.00(100.00,100.00)]%(P<0.05);疾病预防控制中心、结核病防治所/中心的材料在材料内容、读写能力需求维度上的得分率均高于高校、中小学的材料,分别为[82.41(75.00,100.00)]%、[60.52(50.00,87.50)]%(P<0.05)。结论 结核病健康教育文本材料整体可读性较好,但在材料内容、与读者的互动性、图文搭配、字体字号等方面仍存在短板,亟须改进。

中国糖尿病网络健康信息的可读性评价

目的 评价我国糖尿病网络健康信息的可读性水平,为推荐、修订和开发高可读性的糖尿病网络健康信息提供参考依据。方法 2021年11月,以“糖尿病”为检索词在百度、360和搜狗3大搜索引擎中检索,筛选包含糖尿病健康信息的网页。8名评价者使用《网络健康信息可读性评价工具》评价网页可读性。采用R4.1软件计算Fleiss'kappa系数以评定评价者间信度,Microsoft Excel 2016分析评价结果。结果 共纳入74个糖尿病健康信息网页,可读性得分范围为0.25~0.72分,均值为(0.49±0.16)分,其中15个(20.27%)网页的可读性得分>0.70分。不同搜索引擎及不同网站的“可读性较好”网页的比例差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 糖尿病网络健康信息可读性不佳,网络健康信息制作者可通过分解行为步骤,提供行为实施工具,采用漫画式或问答式风格,注重总结回顾以及与读者的互动,必要时应用视觉强调、视频辅助等措施,增强糖尿病网络健康信息的可读性。