Syntheses and properties of associative acrylamide copolymers containing short hydrophobic chains used in a friction reducer for slick-water fracturing

Two allyldimethylalkyl quaternary ammonium salt(AQAS)monomers,N,N-dimethylallylphenylpropylammonium bromide(AQAS1)and N,N-dimethylallylnonylammonium bromide(AQAS2),were synthesized and used to prepare modified polyacrylamide materials.Two new drag reducers were synthesized from acrylamide(AM),sodium acrylate(Na AA)and a cationic modified monomer(AQAS1 or AQAS2)via aqueous solution polymerization,and the copolymers were named P(AM/Na AA/AQAS1)and P(AM/Na AA/AQAS2),respectively.The structures of the drag reduction agents were confirmed by IR and1H NMR spectroscopies.The molecular weight(Mw)of P(AM/Na AA/AQAS1)was 1.79×10^(6)g/mol.When the copolymer concentration was 1000 mg/L and the flow rate was 45 L/min,in fresh water the highest drag reduction rate was 75.8%,in 10,000 mg/L Na Cl solution the drag reduction rate decreased to 72.9%.The molecular weight of P(AM/Na AA/AQAS2)was 3.17×10^(6)g/mol.When the copolymer concentration was500 mg/L and the flow rate was 45 L/min,the drag reduction rate reached 75.2%,and in 10,000 mg/L Na Cl solution the drag reduction rate was 73.3%,decreased by approximately 1.9%.The drag reduction rate for partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide(HPAM)was also investigated,and the results showed that the drag reduction rates for 500 and 1000 mg/L HPAM solutions were merely 43.2%and 49.0%in brine,respectively.Compared with HPAM,both of the above copolymers presented better drag reduction capacities.

An oil slick spectral experiment of nearshore sea water in the East China Sea

Along with the rapid advance in global industrialization, oil spill events caused by offshore operations, trans- portation and accidents are increasing. Compared with ship surveys, monitoring oil spills through remote sensing has real-time, comprehensive, low-cost advantages, which can effectively guide cleaning and evalu- ation, and reduce the marine ecological destruction resulting from oil spills. Therefore, studying the remote sensing mechanism used to monitor marine oil spills is of great significance for ecological environmen- tal protection. This paper describes an experiment and corresponding analysis based on the above-water method, using the East China Sea coastal turbid water. The analysis shows that ＂upward short-wave＂ in ultraviolet and blue-purple bands and its displacement, along with the changing thickness, are important characteristics for distinguishing between the oil slick and the sea water, and also to differentiate oil slicks of different thicknesses. From blue to near-infrared bands, the spectrum of lube oil is flatter than that of diesel, and the diesel spectrum rises faster than the lube spectrum on the right side of the trough at 400 nm. These two features form an important basis for differentiating diesel from lube oil. These analyses will further the development of oil spill remote sensing in the East China Sea.

某slick4300磁电机排故与分析

某型号教练飞机的磁电机出现故障,点火异常,导致飞机发动机出现抖动,本文通过对此磁电机进行逐步分析、排故,最终找出故障点和故障原因,并根据此故障原因对维修工作提出相应要求。

Research and Application of an Environmental-Friendly Low-Damage and High Salt-Resistance Slick Water Fracturing Fluid System

The Sulige gas field is a typical low-pressure low-permeability tight sandstone gas reservoir. The reservoir has poor seepage capacity, strong heterogeneity, high mineralization of formation water and extremely scarce water resources on the site. These unfavorable factors have brought great difficulties to the on-site mining process. Now, a nano-composite green environmental protection slick water fracturing fluid system CQFR can be quickly dissolved because of the larger specific surface area, and the small molecular size makes the damage to the reservoir less than 5%, and the average drag reduction effect can reach more than 73%. It can quickly and well dissolve and maintain performance under high salinity conditions and fracturing flowback fluids. It responds well to the complex reservoir conditions on the construction site and makes the flowback fluid recyable, which greatly reduces the consumption of water resources on the construction site and effectively improves the construction efficiency and economic benefits.

DYNAMIC MODEL FOR OIL SLICK DISPERSION INTO A WATER COLUMN- A WINDDRIVEN WAVETANK EXPERIMENT

A dynamic experiment for oil dispersion into a water column was performed with a 21 m long, 0.5 m wide, and 1 m high wind-driven wave tank. At wind velocity between 6-12 m/s and with the oil slide kept constant (about 1 um), the rate of the oil content increase in the water column could be approximated from the difference between the dispersion rate (R) of the oil slick and the coagulation rate (R’) of the dispersed oil slick. Assuming the coagulation rate is directly proportional to the concentration of the water dispersed oil slick (i. e. R’ =KC),, the integral form of the dynamic model can be expressed as C=R*[1-exp(-K*t)]/K and parameters R and K can be regressed with a computer. The relative deviation of model results from the experimental data was mainly less than 10%. The oil slick dispersion rate (R) had exponential relationship with the wind velocity (V), and can be fitted with a formula R=A*(U+1)B.The fitted constant of the coagulation rate, K(0.8-3.0* 10-3 min-1) did not have significant

Adsorption damage and control measures of slick-water fracturing fluid in shale reservoirs

The slick-water polymer adsorption damage and control measures in shale were examined using a shale pack model of the Ordovician Wufeng Formation–Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Changning block of the Sichuan Basin. The adsorption law of slick water under different displacement time, concentrations, p H values and temperatures of polymer were tested by traditional displacement experiment and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The adsorption equilibrium time was 150 min, the amount of adsorption was proportional to the concentration of the polymer, and the maximum adsorption concentration was 1 800 mg/L. With the increase of p H value, the adsorption capacity decreased gradually, the adsorption capacity increased first and then decreased with the increase of temperature, and the adsorption capacity was the largest at 45 ?C. The adsorption patterns of polymers on shale were described by scanning electron microscopy and magnetic resonance imaging. It is proved that the adsorption of polymer on shale led to the destruction of the network structure of anionic polyacrylamide molecules, and the shale adsorption conformation was characterized qualitatively. Finally, according to the adsorption law and adsorption mechanism, it is proposed to reduce the adsorption quantity of polymer on shale surface by using hydrogen bond destruction agent. The effects of hydrogen bond destruction on four kinds of strong electronegative small molecules were compared, the hydrogen bond destroyer c was the best, which lowered the adsorption capacity by 5.49 mg/g and recovered permeability to 73.2%. The research results provide a reference for the optimization of construction parameters and the improvement of slickwater liquid system.

The Numerical Investigation on Oil Slick Behavior behind the Oil Boom

The dynamics of contained oil spills is investigated based on multiphase CFD (Computational Fluid Mechanics) model. The oil slick shape behind the oil boom under water current is studied. The velocity field in the oil slick is compared with the velocity field in pure water flow. The thickness of the oil slick is studied quantitatively. It is found that there is a fixed linear relationship between the oil slick relative thickness and the Froude number for different oil, different current velocity, different boom draft and different volume of oil.

L-Band Analysis of the Effects of Oil Slicks on Sea Wave Characteristics

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of sea surface waves as they pass through oil slicks.The parameterized first-guess spectrum method(PFSM)theory-based wave retrieval algorithm was applied to 20 images of horizontal-horizontal(HH)polarization obtained using the phased-array L-band synthetic aperture radar(SAR)(PALSAR)on the Advanced Land Observing Satellite(ALOS-1).The images were collocated with simulations from the WAVEWATCH-Ⅲ(WW3)model in a 0.1°grid using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)reanalysis(ERA-5)winds data as the forcing field.The validation of the model-simulated significant wave height(SWH)against the measurements from the Jason-2 altimeter produced a 0.66m root mean square error(RMSE)for the SWH,with a coefficient(COR)0.74.In this sense,the WW3-simulated waves were reliable for our work.A comparison between the SAR retrieval results and the WW3 simulations was performed using the dataset for the regions without oil slicks,which produced a 0.34m RMSE for the SWH,with a COR of 0.79,which is less than a the RMSE of 0.52 m and the COR of 0.70 for the regions with oil slicks.Moreover,it was found that the SAR-derived SWHs were significantly underestimated by about 0.2m in the areas with oil slicks.This difference is probably due to the underestimation of the SAR-derived wind speeds at moderate wind speeds(i.e.,at wind speeds of greater than 5ms^(-1)).An additional analysis compared the SAR-derived wave spectra with those from the WW3 model as waves passed through the oil slicks.The interesting finding is that the wave energy at short wave lengths(about 30m)is reduced by the oil slicks,causing the movement of the dominant wave spectrum to shift to longer wave lengths(about 80 m).

压裂复杂裂缝中支撑剂输送数值模拟研究

在非常规储层水力压裂施工过程中,水力裂缝容易与天然裂缝交汇形成复杂裂缝,支撑剂的运移和铺置形态直接决定了储层的增产效果。为了研究支撑剂在复杂裂缝中的铺置规律,基于欧拉-欧拉方法建立了支撑剂-压裂液两相流数学模型,并利用复杂裂缝室内实验装置与数值模拟的砂堤铺置形态对比的方式进行了模型验证,结果表明,选取的模型可用于研究滑溜水在复杂裂缝内的携带支撑剂的运移铺置规律。以相似准则为基础,建立了简化的复杂裂缝平板模型,并将砂堤形态参数、砂堤面积进行归一化处理,获得了压裂液排量、黏度、支撑剂粒径、裂缝宽度以及裂缝形态对支撑剂在复杂裂缝中铺置的影响规律。结果表明:增大排量、黏度和减小粒径均有利于支撑剂向裂缝深处运移,并且排量对支缝中的砂堤形态影响最明显,但增大排量不利于支撑剂填充近井地带。缝宽的影响体现在壁面效应,在注入时间相同的情况下,当压裂液黏度从1 mPa·s增加到5 mPa·s时,主缝砂堤的归一化长度平均增加了37.9%,归一化高度平均降低了61.4%。裂缝结构越复杂,所有支缝中的支撑剂铺置面积占比越高,分流作用越大。随着复杂裂缝的支缝数量、级数以及支缝延伸长度的增大,支缝中的砂堤高度与长度均有所降低;相对于T1型裂缝,T3和T5型裂缝中的砂堤长度、高度减小最多。

一种具有超长侧链的疏水缔合型聚合物的合成及减阻性能评价

采用曲拉通和丙烯酰氯醇解合成一种水溶性可聚合单体,仅使用水作为溶剂合成一种具有超长侧链的疏水缔合型聚丙烯酰胺(HAPAM)作为减阻剂,通过分子动力学模拟方法对比了聚丙烯酰胺、部分水解聚丙烯酰胺和合成的具有超长侧链的HAPAM与水的相互作用,并分别以去离子水和盐水配液改变HAPAM含量,测量不同HAPAM含量的滑溜水在不同流速下的摩阻,并计算相应的减阻率。实验结果表明,具有超长侧链的HAPAM与水的相互作用最强;减阻率随流速的增加而增大,HAPAM含量越高,减阻率达到70%所需的流速越高,减阻率最高可达80%以上;盐对滑溜水的减阻率和黏度有显著负面影响,需提高HAPAM含量才能获得理想的减阻率;SEM表征结果显示,HAPAM在清水和盐水中的分布形态均为网状结构。

深部煤层气水平井大规模极限体积压裂技术--以鄂尔多斯盆地东缘临兴区块为例

针对深煤层渗透性差、弹性模量较低、泊松比较高、塑性强、破裂压力高、裂缝扩展难度大、加砂困难等特点,提出缝网改造规模化、缝网扩展均衡化、缝网支撑有效化的压裂设计理念,形成以高排量大规模注入、高强度加砂、等孔径限流射孔、暂堵转向、一体化可变黏滑溜水、多粒径组合支撑剂为核心的深煤层水平井大规模极限体积压裂技术。将该技术应用于鄂尔多斯盆地东缘临兴区块首口深煤层多级压裂水平井先导性试验,施工排量18 m^(3)/min、加砂强度2.1 m^(3)/m、用液强度16.5 m^(3)/m,压裂后形成了复杂裂缝网络,平均缝长为205 m,储层改造体积为1987×10^(4)m^(3),最高产气量达6×10^(4)m^(3)/d,实现了深部煤层气的高效开发。

Extreme massive hydraulic fracturing in deep coalbed methane horizontal wells:A case study of the Linxing Block,eastern Ordos Basin,NW China

Deep coal seams show low permeability,low elastic modulus,high Poisson’s ratio,strong plasticity,high fracture initiation pressure,difficulty in fracture extension,and difficulty in proppants addition.We proposed the concept of large-scale stimulation by fracture network,balanced propagation and effective support of fracture network in fracturing design and developed the extreme massive hydraulic fracturing technique for deep coalbed methane(CBM)horizontal wells.This technique involves massive injection with high pumping rate+high-intensity proppant injection+perforation with equal apertures and limited flow+temporary plugging and diverting fractures+slick water with integrated variable viscosity+graded proppants with multiple sizes.The technique was applied in the pioneering test of a multi-stage fracturing horizontal well in deep CBM of Linxing Block,eastern margin of the Ordos Basin.The injection flow rate is 18 m^(3)/min,proppant intensity is 2.1 m^(3)/m,and fracturing fluid intensity is 16.5 m^(3)/m.After fracturing,a complex fracture network was formed,with an average fracture length of 205 m.The stimulated reservoir volume was 1987×10^(4)m^(3),and the peak gas production rate reached 6.0×10^(4)m^(3)/d,which achieved efficient development of deep CBM.

低渗页岩储层压裂及一体化压裂液研究现状

常规石油气资源日益减产,能源资源争夺越发激烈,分布广泛、储量丰富的页岩油气等非常规油气藏成为了化石能源开发的焦点。页岩储层具有低孔、低渗、难以造缝的特征,需采用大规模压裂沟通天然微裂缝,扩宽油气通道,方能形成稳定工业气流实现增产。传统现场粉剂配液模式逐渐无法满足压裂作业要求。因此,本文围绕一体化滑溜水压裂液的优缺点、运用等结合页岩油气开采,概述了国内外一体化悬浮体系压裂液使用状况及相关特点,并综合讨论了在低伤害、环境友好等热点趋势下非常规压裂液的发展方向和特点。

解吸附可降解乳液型降阻剂研究

针对浅层常压页岩气吸附气含量高,难以提高产量实现有效开采及常规聚合物降阻剂难以实现自然降解的问题,通过水相分散聚合合成无油相乳液型降阻剂。通过摩阻仪、磁悬浮天平等对降阻剂及其形成的降阻水体系进行性能评价,实验结果表明,利用该降阻剂配制的0.6%~1.0%降阻水体系实验室降阻率均达到70%以上,现场降阻率84%,解吸附实验结果表明产品解吸率达到85%,远超常规乳液降阻剂产品,具有较高的工程实用性,可以满足施工的要求;使用特性黏数法评价了降阻剂的自然降解能力,其在95℃下330 h能够实现自然降解,降解率达到86%,岩心伤害率远低于胍胶体系,IC50测试结果表明该降阻剂在使用浓度下无毒环保。为开发浅层常压页岩气提供了技术借鉴和新的产品思路。

烘烤过程中烤烟细胞壁生理变化研究

采用电热式温湿自控密集烤烟箱对烤烟上部烟叶在烘烤中细胞壁水解酶和主要组分随温湿度的变化进行了研究。结果表明:果胶甲酯酶(PME)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和纤维素酶在38～48℃酶活性较高。相关性分析表明:PME与纤维素酶呈极显著正相关。烘烤中可溶性果胶含量不断增加,原果胶、总果胶和纤维素含量不断降低,其中果胶(总果胶、原果胶及可溶性果胶)与PG的关系比果胶与PME的关系更密切。

海面甚薄油膜光谱响应研究与分析

海面甚薄油膜存在着特定的光谱响应,文章通过模拟海面甚薄油膜随其厚度的变化过程,研究其高光谱响应特征与产生机理。甚薄油膜随着厚度从大到小的逐渐变化,表现为六种目视特征:彩虹亮油膜、品色亮油膜、黄绿亮油膜、浅绿亮油膜、银色亮油膜与几乎不可见油膜。分析六种状态下海面甚薄油膜的光谱反射率表明:350～540nm甚薄油膜的反射差异明显,甚至可以影响到440nm处叶绿素的吸收峰;350～900nm范围内,甚薄油膜的反射光谱普遍高于海水的反射光谱,但540～900nm范围内缺乏明显的吸收反射特征;在近红外920～2500nm范围内没有明显的光谱响应。结合海面甚薄油膜光谱响应特征分析,指出海面甚薄油膜存在平行多光束干涉现象,入射到薄膜内的光由于多次反射和折射导致了海面可见光/近红外光谱反射率的增加,为海面甚薄油膜遥感探测提供了理论依据。

海上溢油数学模型的研究与应用

海上溢油,对海洋环境影响很大,通过对油膜扩散理论的研究,提出了考虑油膜蒸发、油膜乳化影响的油膜扩展、扩散、迁移和衰减的海上溢油模式,结合水动力数学模型,建立了在潮汐、风浪作用下油膜运动的海上溢油数学模型.应用此模型对大亚湾海区油码头瞬时溢油事故后的影响范围进行了模拟,并分析了溢油后油膜运动的几种基本情况,比较了工程控制措施前后溢油的影响范围,给出了溢油污染区域的几个主要特征量,在大亚湾水域的海上溢油模拟中得到室内实验和示踪物扩散实测资料的验证,为应付海上突发溢油事故对海湾的污染治理和环境评价提供了科学依据.

页岩气体积压裂滑溜水的研究及应用

页岩储层需要采用大排量、大液量体积压裂才能获得工业气流,体积压裂要求压裂液具有可连续混配、低摩阻和高返排率性能。根据四川页岩储层特征和实验结果,研制了降阻性能高的聚丙烯酰胺降阻剂、高效复合防膨剂及微乳助排剂,研制了适于四川页岩气体积压裂的滑溜水。该配方在四川W、C区块直井8井次现场试验表明,降阻率为65.5%～68.3%;W区块平均返排率为46.19%,C区块返排率27.93%;累计增加井口测试产量6.24×104～11.35×104 m3/d。

海面油膜高光谱遥感信息提取

针对辽东湾海域的Hyperion高光谱遥感数据特点,结合海面油膜光谱与Hyperion影像特征,对该数据进行水陆分离与最小噪声分离(minimum noise fraction,MNF)变换处理,在辽东湾海域MNF波段影像的2D散点图中,海面油膜的出现会在其边缘形成一个异常散点区域,可区分油膜与干扰信息,结合提取的海面油膜端元的MNF波谱,通过混合调制匹配滤波(mixture tuned matched filtering,MTMF)技术,成功地提取研究区海面油膜信息,有效监测海面油膜信息,为海洋环境监测提供新的技术手段。

滑溜水压裂主裂缝内支撑剂输送规律实验及数值模拟

滑溜水压裂时通过泵送大排量压裂液在储层中形成主裂缝为主干的裂缝网络,主裂缝内支撑剂的铺置状况直接影响油气井的产能。采用自主设计的大型可视化平板裂缝装置来研究大排量泵送时主裂缝内支撑剂的输送规律,建立了相应的数值模型模拟了砂堤在不同时刻的铺置形态,并分析了湍流对支撑剂铺置的影响规律,为滑溜水压裂时主裂缝内支撑剂的有效铺置提供一定的理论指导。研究表明,滑溜水压裂时支撑剂在主裂缝内的铺置规律与小排量压裂时不同:支撑剂首先在主裂缝入口处形成一个较低的砂堤,而在距入口较远处形成一个较高的砂堤,之后才一层一层周期性的覆盖在两处砂堤之上,直到达到最终的平衡高度;大排量压裂时易引起湍流,将主裂缝进口端暂时沉降的支撑剂重新卷入裂缝深处,形成类似"卷云状"的沉降结构;数值模拟与物理实验模拟得到的支撑剂铺置结果相似,证明了研究的数值模型具有一定的实用性。