Cover story: Neuromodulation Brings Sunshine to Diseased Brains

Various invasive and non-invasive brain modulation methods are widely used to regulate sensory,cognitive,and motor functions both within local and large brain networks.This special issue provides innovative studies to optimize relevant methods and understand their neural mechanisms,paving the way for personalized neuromodulation of cognitive function.The cover of this issue uses the image of the four heavenly Kings in Chinese culture who are in charge of good weather.It compares the process of neuroregulation technology that integrates the principles of sound,light electricity or magnetism in treating the diseased brain,to the moment when these gods cast their spells to bring sunshine and peace to the human brain in the midst of lightning and thunder.

Spatiotemporal changes in sunshine duration and its influential factors in Chongqing,China from 1961 to 2020

The surface solar radiation in most parts of the world has undergone a phenomenon known as global dimming and brightening,characterized by an initial decrease followed by an increase.As a result,the sunshine duration(SD)has decreased in the past 60 years.Against the backdrop of global dimming and brightening,SD has decreased to varying degrees in many regions of China.Using the observed data of SD,cloud amount(total cloud amount and low cloud amount,abbreviated as TCA and LCA),precipitation,and relative humidity(RH)from 34 meteorological stations in Chongqing during the period of 1961-2020,along with a digital elevation model(DEM)with a resolution of 90 m,this study analyzed the spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of SD.The analysis employed methods such as linear regression,Mann-Kendall test,wavelet transformation,and DEM-based possible SD distributed model.The results showed that the annual SD in Chongqing has significantly decreased over the last 60 years,with a decreasing interannual trend rate(ITR)of 40.4 h/10a.Except for no obvious trend in spring,SD decreased significantly in summer,autumn and winter at the ITR of 21.1 h/10a,8.5 h/10a and 7.5 h/10a,respectively.An abrupt decrease in the annual SD was found in 1979.The difference before and after the abrupt decrease was 177.7 h.The difference before and after the abrupt decrease was 177.7 h.The annual SD possessed the oscillation period of 11a.The spatial heterogeneity of the mean annual SD during the last 60 years was obvious.The distribution of SD in Chongqing is high in the northeast and low in the southeast.In addition,about 73%of the total area in Chongqing showed a significant and very significant decreasing trend.The regions with significant changes are mainly concentrated in the regions with altitudes of 200~1000 m.The increasing LCA was the main cause of the decrease of the annual SD in the regions with 200-400 m altitude decreased the most and changed the most.Increasing LCA is the primary cause of the reduction in annual SD,showing a strong negative correlation coefficient of-0.7292.In Chongqing,PM2.5 concentration showed a significant decrease trend in annual,spring,autumn and winter during 2000-2020,but the significant correlation between PM2.5 concentration and SD was only in autumn and reached an extremely significant level.

“严肃”抑或“深度”——理论隐喻视角下的serious leisure译名辨析

Serious leisure作为“严肃休闲”理论中的核心概念,在华语圈已被使用了近二十年,并衍生出“严肃”“深度”等通行译名。然而迄今为止,罕有学者对该概念各种译名使用恰当与否做深入辨析。从与原始理论隐喻相契合的角度来看,serious两种较为通用的译名“严肃”与“深度”各有优劣:“严肃”从主观方面反映了严肃休闲活动者的矛盾意愿与抗争能动性,却难以体现活动本身的纵深发展倾向;“深度”则自客观方面揭示了严肃休闲活动的动态过程与生涯持续性,却忽视了活动者的主体意志。如果以斯特宾斯原始理论为基点,综合考虑词源考证与原始词义、隐喻契合、语境使用三方面要素的话,“严肃”或为更适用译名,但某些语境之下可考虑替换为“深度”。

Estimation of Daily Global Solar Radiation with Different Sunshine-Based Models for Some Burundian Stations

Sunshine duration (S) based empirical equations have been employed in this study to estimate the daily global solar radiation on a horizontal surface (G) for six meteorological stations in Burundi. Those equations include the Ångström-Prescott linear model and four amongst its derivatives, i.e. logarithmic, exponential, power and quadratic functions. Monthly mean values of daily global solar radiation and sunshine duration data for a period of 20 to 23 years, from the Geographical Institute of Burundi (IGEBU), have been used. For any of the six stations, ten single or double linear regressions have been developed from the above-said five functions, to relate in terms of monthly mean values, the daily clearness index () to each of the next two kinds of relative sunshine duration (RSD): and . In those ratios, G0, S0 and stand for the extraterrestrial daily solar radiation on a horizontal surface, the day length and the modified day length taking into account the natural site’s horizon, respectively. According to the calculated mean values of the clearness index and the RSD, each station experiences a high number of fairly clear (or partially cloudy) days. Estimated values of the dependent variable (y) in each developed linear regression, have been compared to measured values in terms of the coefficients of correlation (R) and of determination (R2), the mean bias error (MBE), the root mean square error (RMSE) and the t-statistics. Mean values of these statistical indicators have been used to rank, according to decreasing performance level, firstly the ten developed equations per station on account of the overall six stations, secondly the six stations on account of the overall ten equations. Nevertheless, the obtained values of those indicators lay in the next ranges for all the developed sixty equations:;;;, with . These results lead to assert that any of the sixty developed linear regressions (and thus equations in terms of and ), fits very adequately measured data, and should be used to estimate monthly average daily global solar radiation with sunshine duration for the relevant station. It is also found that using as RSD, is slightly more advantageous than using for estimating the monthly average daily clearness index, . Moreover, values of statistical indicators of this study match adequately data from other works on the same kinds of empirical equations.

Associations between residence and cognitive function among Chinese older adults: the mediating role of leisure activity

Background:Cognitive function is a current research hotspot,residence may be related to differences in cognitive function,and the mediating role of leisure activities are limited in Chinese research.This study used leisure activities as a mediating variable to investigate the mediating role of leisure activity between place of residence(city-town-rural)and cognitive function among Chinese older,this is where the innovation of the article comes in.Methods:Using cross-sectional data from the 2018 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey,Pearson correlation analyses were employed to examine the relationships among various indicators.Mediation analyses were conducted using the SPSS PROCESS macro program,version 3.5,written by Hayes,to explore the mediating effects of leisure activity between place of residence and cognitive function in older adults.Results:A total of 10955 older adults were included in this study,with a mean age of(84.23±11.57)years.Among them,2739(24.8%)lived in the city,3627(33.1%)in town,and 4615(42.1%)in rural areas;their leisure activity score was(5.34±3.77),and their cognitive function score was(24.69±6.65).Place of residence,leisure activities,and cognitive function were significantly correlated(P<0.01).Using city as a reference,place of residence is negatively associated with cognitive function,and place of residence not only had a direct effect on cognitive function in older adults:town-cognitive function(effect=–0.399;95%confidence interval(CI)=(–0.685,–0.113));rural-cognitive function(effect=–0.42;95%CI=(–0.698,–0.141)).There were also indirect effects on cognitive function through the pathway of leisure activity:town-leisure activity-cognitive function(effect=–0.17;95%CI=(–0.246,–0.1)),rural-leisure activity-cognitive function(effect=–0.199;95%CI=(–0.272,–0.13)).Conclusion:Leisure activities play a partially mediating role between the impact of place of residence and cognitive function in Chinese older adults,and it is vital to pay attention to the impact of place of residence on the cognitive function of older adults in various aspects,and to increase the participation rate of older adults in leisure activities,which is beneficial to the prevention of cognitive decline and the protection of older adult’s physical and mental health.

Research on the Development Strategy of Panxi Sunshine Health and Wellness Homestays and Hotels Based on Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Preservation

This study is the first phase of research results from the student innovation project“Yunqiao Sunshine Health and Wellness Homestay”group at Chengdu Normal University.By analyzing the current state of the Sunshine Health and Wellness Tourism Area economy in the Panxi region of Sichuan,local policies,and the current state of Sunshine Health and Wellness homestays and hotels,this paper proposes the possibility of developing Sunshine Health and Wellness homestays and hotels through traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)health preservation methods.It also proposes development strategies for such hotels through a market survey SWOT analysis.

Integration of the Sunshine Sports Concept in Taekwondo Teaching in Colleges and Universities

Sunshine Sports has played a significant role in promoting the teaching of Taekwondo in colleges and universities.By analyzing the connection between the Sunshine Sports concept and Taekwondo teaching,the characteristics of the Sunshine Sports concept in Taekwondo teaching in colleges and universities are discussed.This article expounds on the influencing factors in implementing the Sunshine Sports concept and discusses how to carry out scientific and reasonable teaching methods.

我院护士人文精神培养Sunshine模式的实践与成效

本文介绍了目前我国护士人文精神现状,论述了Sunshine模式构建背景与具体内涵,继而从该模式的8个方面介绍了我院在实施Sunshine模式时所采取的措施,阐述了每一项措施的意义和具体做法,最后分析了该模式给护士、医院和患者带来的初步成效。

基于多层次复杂概念网络生成方法的Sunshine图发现《伤寒论》小便相关方证知识

目的:通过建立基于多层次复杂概念网络生成方法的Sunshine图,发现《伤寒论》小便相关方证知识。方法:收集《伤寒论》小便方证相关的条文39条,进行规范化表达,建立数据库,构建多层次复杂概念网络图,绘制Sunshine图,并从图中进行模式发现,从而总结《伤寒论》小便相关方证的内涵规律。结果:生成的小便相关方剂-证候Sunshine图集合了44个对象(即方剂)和191个属性(即证候),并能可视化表达小便相关的方剂-证候关系。结论:基于多层次复杂概念网络生成方法的Sunshine图应用于方证知识发现,对传统中医经典传承知识发现有一定的借鉴意义。

国外休闲制约研究的特征与展望——基于《Journal of Leisure Research》、《Leisure Sciences》、《Journal of Park and Recreation Administration》期刊

选取国外三大休闲权威期刊《Journal of Leisure Research》(1992—2014年)、《Leisure Sciences》(1998—2014年)、《Journal of Park and Recreation Administration》(2001—2014年)共130篇休闲制约研究论文,通过文献统计和文献分析法,从研究方法、研究内容及发展趋势三方面,分析国外休闲制约研究的基本特征。研究认为:国外休闲制约研究方法以定量研究方法为主,定性研究方法日益受到重视;国外学者重点关注休闲制约因素、休闲制约协商、女性休闲制约、种族人群休闲制约和青少年休闲制约等内容,同时强调内在机制研究和模型构建。此外,关注社会文化制约因素,加强跨学科研究和时间纵向研究,重视中国文化背景下的休闲制约研究对世界休闲制约研究的独特贡献以及跨文化合作的必要性是未来研究的重要方向。

英语歌曲You Are My Sunshine为什么那么成功?--基于经验功能分析的一-种解读

由吉米.戴维斯和查尔斯.米切尔合作谱曲填词、吉米.戴维斯在1940年2月4日录制的英语歌曲You Are My Sunshine在当时非常流行,甚至成了英国国王乔治六世的最爱。它为什么那么成功?目前,歌曲的语言学研究有一些,但尚无对这首歌词的分析。本文运用系统功能语法的经验功能对它进行分析后发现,与现有研究发现的歌曲以物质过程为主不同,这首歌词的过程类型以心理过程和关系过程为主,所有过程都是表达爱意的心理活动和双方关系的典型动词,令人倍感亲切和难忘,这是这首歌曲成功的语言因素之一。此外,文章还就分析结论及其不足等方面进行了一些简单的讨论。

余暇体育?还是休闲体育?关于Leisure Sport概念和定义的批判性回顾

用哲学方法论 ,从意义和价值的角度分析 L eisure Sport的概念内涵。认为社会学角度的“余暇体育”定义未能揭示出概念的深层含义 ,从其哲学含义上讲 ,L eisure Sport的概念应是一个体育行为方式。同时根据汉语的习惯 ,在用词上也应以“休闲体育”

A Warm Reading of Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town

Stephen Leacock(1869-1944) is one of the founding parents of Canadian letters and literature. In the early 20thcentury, his reputation as a humorist and a political economist was not limited by the boundaries of Canada but spread around the world. As one of his works, Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town has attracted world-wide admiration. It is a series of vignettes dramatizing the comedy of day-to-day life in Mariposa. It is bathed in the warm sunshine for all of us to laugh at as one of us remembers the little towns we might have known or come from. As a matter of fact, Leacock employs several techniques in his writing for humorous effect. This paper elaborates on the auther and the work, and makes an analysis on the character—Smith.

国际休闲研究综述——基于Journal of Leisure Research、Leisure Sciences、Leisure Studies的统计分析

西方国家对休闲的研究已有长达百余年的历史,而中国休闲研究历程至今不过20余年,且对国外休闲相关研究缺乏全面的认识。文章在回溯国外主流休闲概念的前提下,以Web of Science数据库收录的2005—2018年国外休闲研究领域中3大权威期刊的1149篇文献为基础,借助Citespace软件对该领域的知识基础、研究热点和趋势进行可视化分析,进而系统梳理和总结国外休闲研究的理论进展和主要研究内容。研究发现,国外休闲研究具有研究内容广泛、研究范式和方法综合、基础理论体系完善、研究对象复杂等特征。未来中国休闲研究应注重研究范式和方法的交叉转型和多元融合,加快本土休闲研究的理论支撑体系构建,强调从休闲的人本价值视角展开研究,加强休闲与旅游相互关系研究等。

“Sunshine”女团走红:励志or炒作?

辩话题2016年春节期间,一个名叫＂Sunshine＂的女生团体在微博上宣布＂出道＂,并迅速走红。她们的首支单曲《甜蜜具现式》被网友顶上了酷狗新歌榜第一位,其官方微博更是在短时间内吸粉34万人。然而,与其他高颜值的女团不同的是,＂Sunshine＂由五位来自安徽的、长相十分普通的高一女生组成,＂Sunshine＂也因此被网友吐槽为＂史上最丑女团＂。对于＂Sunshine＂女团的走红,网友褒贬不一。

Similarities in Terms of Humor in Characterization as Seen in Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town andThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

This thesis attempts to investigate the humor in characterization in two novels,Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town by a Canadian writer Stephen Leacock and The Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn by an American writer Mark Twain.Through comparison of characterization inthese two great works,the lively and funny appearances,psychological development and humorousconducts of the characters come to life.It does help readers have a thorough understanding of thehumor created by these two masters of realism in the worldwide literature.

Deriving the slope-mean shielded astronomical solar radiation spectrum and slope-mean possible sunshine duration spectrum over the Loess Plateau

Solar radiation is often shielded by terrain relief, especially in mountainous areas, before reaching the surface of the Earth. The objective of this paper is to study the spatial structures of the shielded astronomical solar radiation(SASR) and the possible sunshine duration(PSD) over the Loess Plateau. To this end, we chose six test areas representing different landforms over the Loess Plateau and the software package of Matlab was used as the main computing platform. In each test area, 5-m-resolution digital elevation model established from 1:10,000 scale topographic maps was used to compute the corresponding slope, SASR and PSD. Then, we defined the concepts of the slope-mean SASR spectrum and the slope-mean PSD spectrum, and proposed a method to extract them from the computed slope, SASR and PSD over rectangular analysis windows. Using this method, we found both spectrums in a year or in a season for each of the four seasons in the six test areas. Each spectrum was found only when the area of the corresponding rectangular analysis window was greater than the corresponding stable area of the spectrum. The values of the two spectrums decreased when the slope increased.Furthermore, the values of the stable areas of the spectrums in a year or in a season were positively correlated with the variable coefficients of the slope or the profile curvature. The values of the stable areas of the two spectrums in a year or in a season may represent the minimum value of test areas for corresponding future research on the spatial structures of the SASR or PSD. All the findings herein suggest that the spatial structures of the PSD and the SASR are caused by the interactions between solar radiation and terrain relief and that the method for extracting either spectrum is effective for detecting their spatial structures. This study may deepen our understanding of the spatial structure of solar radiation and help us further explore the distribution of solar energy in mountainous regions.

The Impacts of Physical Exercise on Stress Coping and Well-Being in University Students in the Context of Leisure

This study aims at investigating the in-depth information regarding impacts of physical exercise on psychological well-being in university students with an emphasis on coping with stress in the context of leisure. A qualitative research, based on interview to draw findings in an inductive way, was conducted. Nine university students (N = 9) in a large mid-west university took part in a face- to face, semi-structured interviews using ten open-ended questions with respect to benefits of leisure time physical exercise. The interview on the basis of phenomenological research examined what the participants experienced with leisure time physical exercise in conjunction with stress coping and mental health. Meaningful units of themes were induced with 24 initially drawn themes. These themes were reduced to 8 comprehensive constituent themes: self-efficacy, positive emotion, mind and body, health-behaviors, self-esteem, leisure, problem-focused coping, and positive expectancy. These reduced themes were finally boiled down to 6 integrated themes: positive emotion, unity of mind and body, heightened self-esteem, leisure, problem-focused coping, and self-regulation of health behavior. This research may shed a light in illuminating potential mechanism of how regular physical exercise is conducive to enhanced health behavior as well as effective stress coping in university students in the context of leisure. In particular, this research appears to be meaningful in suggesting that regular leisure-time physical exercise can lead to an effective problem-focused coping through elicitation of positive emotion.

The Development of Leisure Agriculture Based on Characteristics of Land Resource Utilization

Based on analysis of geographical and location advantages of Qiaocheng District,we discussed characteristics of land utilization and local industry. In accordance with these characteristics,it is proposed to explore potential of farming land,speed up transfer of farming land in Qiaocheng District,and develop the leisure agriculture.

Trends in sunshine duration and atmospheric visibility in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau,1961-2005

Using the observed data from 184 stations over the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau （YGP） from 1961 to 2005, the long-term trends in sunshine duration, cloud amount, dry visibility （Vd）, dry extinction, and water vapor over the YGP are analyzed. The results show that 85% of the stations recorded shortening annual sunshine duration, with the decrease rates between -12.2 and -173.7 h/10yr. Results of Mann-Kendall tests indicate that, among the stations with decreasing sunshine duration, 63.7% of them experienced an abrupt change that started in the 1970s and peaked in the 1980s. This decreasing trend has reversed in the early years of the 21st century. The cloud cover and water vapor content in the mid and lower levels over the YGP had no obvious changes during the study period. The annual averages of Vd declined from 34 km in the 1960s to 27 km at present. The annual mean dry extinction coefficient trended upward, from 0.176 to 0.190, on the YGP from 1980 to 2005. Analyses of cloud cover, water vapor, atmospheric visibility, and dry extinction coefficient revealed that emitted tropospheric aerosols （including air pollutants） resulting from increased energy consumption over the YGP could be a major Factor influencing the reductions of sunshine duration and atmospheric visibility.