The Relationship between Extreme Precipitation Events in East Africa during the Short Rainy Season and Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperature

The East African short rainy season (October-November-December) is one of the major flood seasons in the East African region. The amount of rainfall during the short rainy season is closely related to the lives of the people and the socio-economic development of the area. By using precipitation data and sea surface temperature data, this study reveals the spatial and temporal variation patterns of extreme precipitation during the East African short rainy season. Key findings include significant rainfall variability, with Tanzania experiencing the highest amounts in December due to the southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), while other regions receive less than 100 mm. Extreme rainfall events (90th percentiles) are evenly distributed, averaging 2 to 10 days annually. Historical data shows maximum seasonal rainfall often peaks at 15 mm, with frequent occurrences of daily rainfall exceeding 10 mm during OND. Additionally, a positive correlation (0.48) between OND precipitation extremes and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) anomalies is statistically significant. These findings highlight the climatic variability and potential trends in extreme rainfall events in East Africa, providing valuable insights for regional climate adaptation strategies.

Diversity of Flower Opening Time and Duration in Rice (Oryza sativa ssp. indica) Landraces of South and Southeast Asia in Different Cultivation Seasons

Different cultivars of rice(Oryza sativa)open at different times of the day,and the overlap of anthesis time in rice between the neighbouring cultivars is of crucial importance to the degree of cross pollination in rice.Nevertheless,none of the past experiments with cross pollination between different rice cultivars ever reported the respective flower opening time(FOT)and flower exposure duration(FED)of the parent cultivars,until recently.The authors present here the first record of FOT and FED of 1114 indica rice landraces of South and Southeast Asia,growing during sum-mer and winter seasons in three consecutive years.The authors also present an analysis of the influences of the grow-ing season on the anthesis behaviour,and present the first records of the FOT and FED variability on sunny and cloudy days of a large number of landraces.The data show that rice florets tend to open later in the morning(that is,take longer time to anthesis after sunrise)on sunny days than on cloudy days,and also significantly later during long day seasons(spring and summer)than during short day season(winter);and that FED is inversely related to both FOT and the length of duration from sunrise to first flower opening.The wide ranges of FOT(8:50 a.m.to 12:40 p.m.)and FED(15 to 194 minutes)also suggest the ample time window for receiving pollen from neighbouring cultivars with differ-ent FOT,enhancing the chances of cross pollination between hundreds of rice landraces with FOT and FED overlaps.

Fluxes of CH4 and N_2O from soil under a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China

CH4 and N2O fluxes from soil under a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China were measured for one year using closed static chamber technique and gas chromatography method. Three treatments were set in the studied field： （A） litter-free, （B） with litter, and （C） with litter and seedling. The results showed that the soil in our study was a sink of atmospheric CH4 and source of atmospheric N2O. The observed mean CH4 fluxes from treatments A, B, and C were -50.0 ± 4.0, -35.9 ± 2.8, -31.6 ± 2.8 μgC/（m^2·h）, respectively, and calculated annual fluxes in 2003 were -4.1, -3.1, and -2.9 kgC/hm^2, respectively. The observed mean N2O fluxes from treatments A, B, and C were 30.9 ± 3.1, 28.2 ± 3.5, 50.2±3.7 μgN/（m^2·h）, respectively, and calculated annual fluxes in 2003 were 2.8, 2.6, and 3.7 kgN/hm^2, respectively. Seasonal variations in CH4 and N2O fluxes were significant among all the three treatments. The presence of litter decreased CH4 uptake during wet season （P 〈 0.05）, but not during dry season. There was a similar increase in seedlings-mediated N2O emissions during wet and dry seasons, indicating that seedlings increased N2O emission in both seasons. A strong positive relationship existed between CH4 fluxes and soil moisture for all the three treatments, and weak relationship between CH4 fluxes and soil temperature for treatment B and treatment C. The N2O fluxes correlated with soil temperature for all the three treatments.

THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT PHYSICAL PROCESSES AND THEIR PARAMETERIZATIONS ON FORECAST OF A HEAVY RAINFALL IN SOUTH CHINA IN ANNUALLY FIRST RAINING SEASON

An ensemble prediction system based on the GRAPES model, using multi-physics, is used to discuss the influence of different physical processes in numerical models on forecast of heavy rainfall in South China in the annually first raining season(AFRS). Pattern, magnitude and area of precipitation, evolution of synoptic situation, as well as apparent heat source and apparent moisture sink between different ensemble members are comparatively analyzed. The choice of parameterization scheme for land-surface processes gives rise to the largest influence on the precipitation prediction. The influences of cumulus-convection and cloud-microphysics processes are mainly focused on heavy rainfall;the use of cumulus-convection parameterization tends to produce large-area and light rainfall. Change in parameterization schemes for land-surface and cumulus-convection processes both will cause prominent change in forecast of both dynamic and thermodynamic variables, while change in cloud-microphysics processes show primary impact on dynamic variables. Comparing simplified Arakawa-Schubert and Kain-Fritsch with Betts-Miller-Janjic schemes, SLAB with NOAH schemes, as well as both WRF single moment 6-class and NCEP 3-class with simplified explicit schemes of phase-mixed cloud and precipitation shows that the former predicts stronger low-level jets and high humidity concentration, more convective rainfall and local heavy rainfall, and have better performance in precipitation forecast. Appropriate parameterization schemes can reasonably describe the physical process related to heavy rainfall in South China in the AFRS, such as low-level convergence, latent heat release, vertical transport of heat and water vapor, thereby depicting the multi-scale interactions of low-level jet and meso-scale convective systems in heavy rainfall suitably, and improving the prediction of heavy rainfall in South China in the AFRS as a result.

Variation in photosynthetic photon flux density within a tropical seasonal rain forest of Xishuangbanna, south-western China

The effects of canopy development, solar angle, and weather conditions on temporal variation in photosynthetic photon flux density（PPFD） at three heights within a tropical rain forest canopy in Xishuangbanna, China, were examined. PPFD was measured every second and stored as 10-min averages from 1 December 2002 to 30 November 2003. PPFD variability was examined at three different temporal scales. Specific days in March, September, and December with clear and overcast sky conditions were selected to separate the effects of leaf area index（LAI） and solar angle on diurnal variability. On both clear and overcast days, mean daily average PPFD was significantly different between March and September at all heights, except 10 m on clear days, suggesting that LAI directly influences PPFD. In contrast, the differences in daily average PPFD among three heights between September and December were likely due to variation in solar angle. In addition, daily average PPFD at all locations were significantly lower under overcast than clear sky conditions in March, September and December. Over the year-long study, the mean daily total PPFD at 2! m, 10 m and 4 m was 2.8, 2.7 and 0.7 mol/（m^2·d）, which accounted for 9.7%, 9.4% and 2.4% of the daily PPFD above the canopy, respectively. Significant differences in mean daily total PPFD occurred at the same heights among different seasons, and diurnal, day-to-day and seasonal PPFD varied at different heights within the canopy. The possible effects of light variability on physiological and morphological responses of plants are discussed.

STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE FROM GMS-5 INFRARED CLOUD IMAGERY AND SURFACE RAIN RATES DURING THE RAINING SEASONS OF FUJIAN PROVINCE

The GMS-5 infrared cloud imagery for two yearly first raining seasons in 1998 and 1999 are used to study the relationship between brightness temperature and surface rain rates. The result shows that it is likely to have large probability of heavy precipitation with the decrease of brightness temperature and the gradual increase of rainfall intensity; for areas of low temperature, the brightness temperature is better determined for atmosphere above rain gauge stations with multiple points sampling than with single point one; for the yearly first raining season, the threshold brightness temperature is set at 4.6℃ for indication of heavy precipitation in the Fujian area.

ANALYSES OF INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOOD-CAUSING RAINSTORMS IN XIJIANG RIVER VALLEY DURING THE ANNUALLY FIRST RAINING SEASON IN THE PAST YEARS

Based on the daily precipitation data of nine stations representing the Xijiang River valley and the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (USA) reanalysis data, this study uses the wavelet analysis and band-pass filter methods to investigate the atmospheric intraseasonal oscillation characteristics of flood-causing rainstorms in the valley during the annually first raining seasons in 1968, 1994, 1998, 2002 and 2005. Results show that the daily precipitation in the valley exhibits significant quasi-biweekly (10 to 20 days) oscillations. The flood-causing rainstorms in the valley were mainly associated with the confluence of low-frequency warm and humid airflow in the lower latitudes and cold and dry airflow in the higher latitudes. The low-frequency vortexes were propagating or in control when this type of rainstorms took place over the valley, being favorable for the convergence of moisture at lower levels and thus vital to the formation of the rainstorms.

ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRECIPITATION ANOMALIES IN THE FIRST RAINING SEASON (APRIL-JUNE) IN SOUTHERN CHINA AND SST OVER OFFSHORE WATERS IN CHINA

Precipitation anomalies in the first raining season of southern China were analyzed,with the suggestion that there are obvious interannual variation of peak values.In the raining season,the general tendency of precipitation is not obvious and the anomalous oscillation is multi-scale.Corresponding to years of more or less precipitation in the raining season,there are sharply opposite distribution across the nation in the simultaneous periods.In addition,by studying the distribution of correlation between anomalous precipitation in southern China in the first raining season and SSTA over offshore waters of China in the preceding period (June ～August of the previous year),a sensitive zone of waters has been found that has steady effect on the precipitation of southern China in the season.Discussions are also made of the sensitive period,its simultaneous SSTA and subsequent anomalous circulation field in relation to precipitation anomalies and simultaneous circulation field in the first raining season of southern China.In the last part of the work,relationship between the SSTA in the sensitive zone and global SSTA is analyzed.A possible mechanism by which SSTA in offshore Chinese waters affects the precipitation anomalies in the first raining season of southern China is put forward.

PRELIMINARY DISCUSSIONS OF BASIC CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PRECIPITATION DURING RAINING SEASONS IN REGIONS SOUTH OF CHANGJIANG RIVER AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SST ANOMALIES

Basic climatic characteristics are analyzed concerning the precipitation anomalies in raining seasons over regions south of the Changjiang River (the Yangtze). It finds that the regions are the earliest in eastern China where raining seasons begin and end. Precipitation there tends to decrease over the past 50 years. Waters bounded by 9(S -1(S, 121(E - 129(E are the key zones of SST anomalies that affect the precipitation in these regions over May ~ July in preceding years. Long-term air-sea interactions make it possible for preceding SST anomalies to affect the general circulation that come afterwards, causing precipitation anomalies in the raining seasons in regions south of the Changjiang River in subsequent years.

Evaluation of Flowering Pattern, Yield and Yield Determinants of Hybrid Tea Rose in Response to Seasonal Variations and Applied Organic Manure Rates

Seasonal variations in environmental conditions can have significant influence on flowering pattern and yield of roses. Evaluation studies were conducted to determine the flowering pattern and yield determinants of two Hybrid Tea rose cultivars in response to seasonal variations under rain-fed conditions. The 2 × 2 × 4 factorial experiment arranged in split plot design at three replications was conducted at two seasons (dry and wet) using two cultivars (cv. “Immaculate” and “P.H. Baby”, white and red flowers respectively) supplied with poultry manure (PM) application rates at 5, 10 and 20 t/ha where the unfertilized (0 t/ha) served as control. The result showed that the year two environmental conditions of both experiment I and II significantly improved plant height, number of leaves, number of buds (CNB) and opened flowers (CNF) and flower yield (FYD). “Immaculate” was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) taller with more leaves but thinner girth. Although generally lower in NF/NB, and not different in FYD, the “P.H. Baby” had more flowers (CNB and CNF) in experiment I. Except for no significant difference in FYD and lower NF/NB recorded by all manure rates compared to control in experiment II, plants treated with 5 t/ha PM recorded more flowers (CNB and CNF). Significant first and second order interaction effects (p ≤ 0.05) showed that “Immaculate” had taller height and more leaves but “P.H. Baby” had more CNB and CNF, although both were not different in FYD. In addition, plants supplied with 5 t/ha PM rates were better in plant height, number of leaves, CNB and CNF compared to other manure rates. In conclusion, year two environmental conditions supported better crop growth and yield, “Immaculate” grew better vegetatively but both were not different in floral yield, while the 5 t/ha PM was considered the optimum manure application rate under the rain-fed condition.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOUTH CHINA SEA SOUTHWEST MONSOON ANOMALIES AND IMPORTANT WEATHER IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE DURING THE RAINING SEASONS

The activity of South China Sea southwest monsoon (SCSSM) has direct impacts on the anomalies of important weather in Guangdong province during the raining seasons. So it is necessary to explore thoroughly the activity pattern of SCSSM and its relationship with important weather anomalies in the province. In this paper, the methods of composite analysis and correlation statistics are used to study the relationship between the onset date and intensity of SCSSM and the important weather, such as precipitation trends in Guangdong province during the annually first and second raining seasons, the timing of the annually first and last typhoon and the number of typhoons landing in Guangdong province. The results show that the rainfall is less than normal during the first raining season, but more than normal during the second one and there are more tropical cyclones landing in Guangdong province in the years of early SCSSM onset. The rainfall is more than normal during the second raining season and there are more tropical cyclones landing in Guangdong province in the years of strong SCSSM. The relationship between the SST of April - June, July - September and previous winter (December - February) and 500 hPa geopotential height and the onset date and intensity of SCSSM is analyzed. Some mechanisms between the onset dates and intensity of SCSSM and the important weather anomalies in Guangdong province are preliminarily explored. The results can be used for reference in short-term climate forecast.

ON STRONG SIGNALS OF MONTHLY PRECIPITATION ANOMALIES IN EARLY RAINING SEASON OF GUANGDONG AND CONCEPTUAL MODELS OF PREDICTION

Reanalysis data from NCEP/NCAR are used to systematically study preceding signals of monthly precipitation anomalies in the early raining season of Guangdong province, from the viewpoints of 500-hPa geopotential height field, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) field, sea surface temperature (SST) and fourteen indexes of general circulation depicting atmosphere activity at high, middle and low latitutes. Being multiple tools of information, a number of conceptual models are formulated that are useful for prediction of the magnitude of monthly precipitation (drought, flood and normal conditionss).

Follow the Flowers

What kind of wild flowers can be found in the hills around Beijing?Let’s follow the flowers to explore a more vivid and colorful spring.Wild flowers to spotApricot Blossom(Around March 20th till middle of April)Apricot Blossom season begins earlier than peach and pear flower season.Apricots undoubtedly convey to us the first messengers of spring.In late March and early April,the

氮磷钾配施对茉莉花产量及花汛期的影响

为了探寻氮磷钾配施最佳方案,为茉莉花科学施肥提供参考,选择立地条件具有区域代表性的地块为试验地,以试验地原有种植的树龄15年的广西壮族自治区横州市主栽品种横州市双瓣茉莉为供试材料,采用“3414”试验设计开展施肥效应试验,研究氮磷钾配施对横州市茉莉花产量及花汛的影响,以明晰横州市茉莉花种植区域环境条件下鲜花产量对氮磷钾的需求差异,为茉莉花科学施肥及鲜花增产提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)广西横州市茉莉花种植试验地的土壤养分对横县双瓣茉莉生产而言,速效氮含量过剩,而有效磷和速效钾处于中等偏低水平;(2)在氮磷钾3种肥料的互作效应中,磷肥和钾肥的互作效应最高,其次为氮磷钾肥和氮钾肥的互作效应;(3)不同的施肥处理的茉莉花日产量消长同步,不同氮磷钾配施对茉莉花花汛期的影响不显著;(4)在茉莉花的稳定花期(6—9月)中,各月均有花汛期出现,其中,7月平均日产量最高,8月平均日产量最稳定;(5)氮磷钾配施对茉莉花产量有显著影响,影响由大到小为磷肥>钾肥>氮肥;(6)本研究中,三元二次方程拟合不成功,一元二次方程方面仅有N的效应方程拟合成功,P、K的效应方程均拟合失败,而在二元二次方程中,NP、NK、PK的3个效应方程均拟合成功;对拟合成功的方程进行求解,排除实际操作中无法达到的施肥量,综合考虑试验地土壤速效氮含量过剩及减少种植户的投资成本等因素,推荐施肥方式及施肥量为磷肥393.64 kg/hm^(2),钾肥381.59 kg/hm^(2)。

单季稻开花结实期高温热害特征及防控对策

近年,长江流域稻区单季稻开花结实期高温频发重发。本文分析了高温年水稻开花结实期高温热害特征及高温对结实率的影响。高温年日最高温度高,持续时间延长;高温年7月上旬至8月上旬日最高温度较常温年高4.3℃~4.8℃;水稻开花结实期遇到高温热害结实率下降28.2~43.4个百分点;品种间耐高温热害特性差异较大。根据开花结实期高温热害特征及高温引起结实率下降的特点,提出高温预警及播期调整、耐热品种选择、高温期间田间灌水、喷施生长调节物质等开花结实期高温热害防控对策。

天目山常绿落叶阔叶混交林种子雨特征及其与群落组成的关系

林木种子是森林更新的重要物质基础,其数量多少与组成会对群落动态和生态系统的结构与功能产生深刻影响。为了更好的了解天目山常绿落叶阔叶混交林动态变化,利用种子收集器对天目山常绿落叶阔叶混交林种子雨进行了一年定位监测,分析了种子雨物种组成、季节动态、空间动态、种子性状以及种子雨与群落树种空间关系。结果表明:(1)天目山常绿落叶阔叶混交林种子雨密度为921.33粒m^(-2) a^(-1),一年中每月都能收集到一定数量种子,月平均种子雨密度为76.78粒/m^(2),种子雨密度最大高峰是在10月份,达到263.78粒/m^(2),种子雨散布具有很大的空间变异,群落种子雨空间分布格局呈聚集分布。(2)一年中共收集到30个物种的种子,单粒种子平均重量为0.065 g,其中小叶青冈重量最大为0.405 g,最小的为柳杉重量为0.003 g,不同散布方式和不同果实类型的物种种子重量差异显著,在散布方式中重力散布的种子重量最大,在果实类型中坚果的种子重量最大。(3)植物群落物种对种子雨组成,特别是优势种的物种丰富度有很大贡献,种子不同的散布方式会影响种子雨与母树组成的相似性,风力散布的相似系数的最高值(R_(max))和距种子雨收集器的距离(d)均最大(风力散布:R_(max)=0.212,d=8 m;动物散布:R_(max)=0.143,d=6 m;重力散布:R_(max)=0.100,d=7 m),种子雨密度与周围母树数量在一定范围内呈显著正相关。综上,天目山常绿落叶阔叶混交林种子物种种类丰富,种子雨具有明显的季节动态和空间变异,符合亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林种子雨时空动态的典型特征,通过风力散布的种子在远距离传播上有更大的优势。

2023年麦收期河南省连阴雨的气候特征和可能成因

2023年麦收期河南省出现了罕见的连阴雨天气,降水和阴雨日数异常偏多,分别为自1961年以来的历史第五位和第二位。分析连阴雨的可能气候成因,主要结论如下:(1)造成连阴雨的环流形势为欧亚中高纬度西高东低,乌拉尔山高压脊持续发展并出现阶段性阻塞,东北冷涡活跃,冷空气能持续南下,西太平洋副热带高压(以下简称副高)偏北、偏强且异常偏西,来自副高西北侧边缘的暖湿气流和冷空气在河南省交汇。(2)副高偏强、偏北、偏西是由偏强、偏北、偏大、偏东的南亚高压和偏强、偏北的东亚副热带西风急流(以下简称西风急流)的引导所致,而东南亚对流层中高层的暖中心偏大、偏北和偏东且呈东西向带状分布,使南亚高压形成了上述的特征。暖中心和东北冷涡的共同作用,使东亚中高层的气温梯度增大,进而加强了西风急流。(3)2023年前期的La Ni1a事件有利于麦收期副高偏北,但不利于副高偏强和明显偏西。麦收期由于台风扰动由泰国湾至菲律宾群岛以东的热带西太平洋对流活跃释放的凝结潜热较多,以及麦收期前期的春季和麦收期伊朗高原至青藏高原的地面感热和潜热较强,使暖中心形成了上述的特征,进而决定了南亚高压和副高的特征。(4)2023年麦收期北大西洋海温偏高,以及北大西洋三极子为负位相,导致了乌拉尔山高压脊持续发展并出现阶段性阻塞,麦收期前期的春季和麦收期伏尔加河至贝加尔湖西北侧地面感热和潜热偏强,而下游贝加尔湖东南侧至鄂霍次克海地面感热和潜热偏弱一定程度上导致上述两区域分别出现了大范围的位势高度正距平和负距平。

中国昼夜降水特征的空间分异规律

降水昼夜分配的时空特征,是干旱半干旱地区降水资源有效性的重要影响因素。我国昼夜降水空间分异复杂,在雨强、高程、季相等方面的规律还有待进一步研究。为此,采用空间分区、高程分带、雨强分级、季相对比等方法,基于全国839个气象站点1951~2019年的降水资料,研究了我国昼夜降水特征的空间分异规律。结果表明,在空间分区上,我国可划分为受夜间冷却和山谷风效应的青藏及周边夜雨典型区、受辐射对流效应的秦-淮以南昼雨典型区、秦-淮以北降水昼夜相对均衡区;在垂直分异方面,青藏高原及周边山地最为明显,年夜间降水量的高程递减率大于昼间,昼夜差异随海拔升高而减弱;降水的雨强特征为中高雨强降水比重大,尤其是青藏东缘中高强度夜雨显著;季相规律为青藏及西南地区月降水均为夜雨大于昼雨,而南方4~10月昼雨典型。我国昼夜降水特征的空间分异规律,可作为农业与生态水资源气候评估的参考,对山洪预警也有重要意义。

三大洋海温异常对2022年2月中国南方持续低温雨雪的影响

2022年2月,中国南方出现持续低温雨雪天气:区域平均降水量126.6 mm,较多年(1981~2020年)平均偏多99.7%;日最低气温5.1℃,较多年平均偏低2.6℃。分析表明,该地区700 hPa到925 hPa异常强的经向风垂直切变是2月持续低温雨雪期间的关键环流特征。经向风垂直切变与三大洋的海温异常均有联系:在赤道中东太平洋海温偏冷的背景下,热带西太平洋和北太平洋中部海温偏暖可导致东亚槽加深和对流层低层到近地面出现偏北风异常;北大西洋中部海温偏暖可通过西欧—东亚沿岸的北支Rossby波列加强乌拉尔山高压脊和东亚槽,使得西伯利亚高压和中国南方低层偏北风增强;东南印度洋海温偏暖有利于南支槽加深和西北太平洋异常反气旋加强,对流层中层偏南风加强。海温对环流的影响有明显的季内变化,北太平洋中部和北大西洋中部海温与西伯利亚高压仅在2月显著相关,有利于2月气温偏低;东南印度洋海温与1月和2月的南支槽显著相关,与2月西北太平洋异常反气旋显著相关,中国南方地区降水从1月中旬起增多可能与该海域海温持续偏暖有关。因此,上述三个海区的海温异常可能与2021/2022年冬季暖干到冷湿的季内转折以及2022年2月持续低温雨雪有关。

中国汛期雨带的客观划分及其相关环流特征

本文利用1961—2016年中国汛期逐候降水的旋转经验正交函数分解(Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function,REOF)方法对中国汛期雨带进行客观划分。根据REOF模态空间分布以及主成分的气候态平均确定了中国汛期6个主要雨带的落区和时间,并揭示了各雨带气候态环流特征。江南春雨雨带主要发生在长江以南地区,对应时间为26—27候;南方雨季的雨带落区主要在两广至福建地区,对应时间为33—34候;江南及中下游梅雨主要落区在长江以南和长江中下游流域,对应时间分别为34—35和36—37候;华北东北雨季落区在华北至东北地区,发生时间为41—42候;华西秋雨落区在秦岭及其周围地区,对应发生时间为49—52候。在雨带划分的基础上,进一步揭示了各个雨带典型的对流层中高低气候态环流特征。可为客观定义汛期雨带及各雨带气候预测提供参考。