A wide-angle wave control method of reducing torque ripple for brushless DC motor

In order to deal with torque pulsation problem caused by traditional control method for brushless DC （BLDC） motor and to achieve high precision and good stability, a novel control strategy is proposed. Compared with the traditional control scheme, by using phase voltage as a control objective and making waveform of phase current approximately quasi-sinusoidal, torque ripple of BLDC motor is reduced from the original 14% to 3.4%, while toque is increased by 3.8%. Furthermore, by detecting zero-crossings of back electromotive force （BEMF） with non-conducting phases, sensorless control is realized. The new control strategy is simple. It can minimize torque ripple, increase torque, and realize sensorless control for BLDC motor. Simulation and experiments show good performance of BLDC motor by using the new control method.

Research on Torque-Angle Characteristic of Large Gap Magnetic Drive System

The principle and design method of the large gap magnetic drive system is studied in this work. The calculation model of the torque-angle characteristic in the large gap magnetic drive system driven by traveling wave magnetic field is established. The calculation model is computed by using MATLAB software, and the pattern of the system’s torque-angle characteristic is obtained by analyzing study results. These results indicate that: torque-angle characteristic and the driving torque of the system can be adjusted by changing the electric current of coil, the magnetization of permanent magnetic gear, the inner diameter of permanent magnetic gear, the coupling distance between electromagnet and permanent magnetic gear, the outer diameter of permanent magnetic gear, and the axial length of permanent magnetic gear.

Evaluation of Nasal and Temporal Anterior Chamber Angle with Four Different Techniques

Background: Anterior chamber angle (ACA) can be measured by many different techniques. In order for a technique to be a part of the routine eye examination, it has to be quick and easy in good agreement with gonioscopy both nasally and temporally. Aim: To investigate variation in ACA measurement between gonioscopy, van Herick technique, anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and Sirius Scheimpflug-Camera both nasally and temporally. Method: The ACA of 50 eyes of 25 healthy subjects was measured with gonioscopy, van Herick technique, AS-OCT and Sirius Scheimpflug-Camera. The angle was measured both nasally and temporally. Results: No statistically significant difference could be found between gonioscopy, van Herick technique and AS-OCT either nasally or temporally. The Sirius Scheimpflug-Camera on the other hand showed statistically significant difference to gonioscopy (p < 0.0001) both nasally (p = 0.03, p = 0.001, p < 0.0001) and temporally (p = 0.0002, p = 0.001, p Conclusion: This study showed good agreement between three of the four techniques. ACA measurements obtained by the Sirius Scheimpflug-Camera should therefore not be considered interchangeable with those obtained by the remaining three methods.

STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION FOR HIGH-SPEED TORQUE ENHANCEMENT OF BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR

Serious commutation lag occurs when a Brushless DC Motor(BLDCM) operates at high speeds,and this leads to torque decline with ripple.In this paper,an advanced conduction control scheme is proposed which can accelerate the commutation and enhance the torque production remarkably.Besides,an on line adjusting algorithm based on the Golden Section Method is adopted to search the optimal advanced conduction angle.Simulation and experimental results verify the feasibility and effectivity of the scheme proposed.

导板与直丝弓矫治器相结合治疗AngleⅡ类低角型错

目的:探讨平面导板或斜面导板在直丝弓矫治技术治疗AngleⅡ低角型错中的应用。方法:选取AngleⅡ低角型错畸形患者20例为研究对象,采用上颌平面导板或斜面导板与直丝弓矫治技术相结合的治疗方法,比较治疗前后X线头影测量的变化。结果:矢状方向上,下颌骨位置前移,SNB、ANB、L6-Ptm明显改善;垂直方向上,MP-SN、MP-FH、L6-MP明显增加,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:AngleⅡ低角型错畸形治疗中,采用上颌平面导板或斜面导板与直丝弓矫治技术相结合的治疗方法,可获得满意的面部下1/3外形,有利合关系纠正,并缩短矫治疗程。

Analytical calculation of electromagnetic, torque for surface mounted permanent magnet brushless motors

With the air gap magnetic field distribution of surface mounted permanent magnet （PM） motors obtained using an analytical technique, the instantaneous electromagnetic torque and its corresponding components are investigated with the Maxwell stress tensor method. Accurate results can easily be achieved using the proposed method without using the tedious finite element analysis （FEA）. In this paper, the electromagnetic torque of a surface mounted PM motor with two phases energized is decomposed into four torque components. This technique is useful not only for the design and optimization of the permanent magnet motor, but also for the choice of control strategy.

Frequency domain polarization weighted ESPRIT method for bearing angle

The signal to noise ratio （SNR） of seismic waves is usually very low after long distance transmission. For this condition, to improve the bearing estimation capability in the low SNR, a frequency domain polarization weighted ESPRIT method using a single vector device is proposed. The frequency domain polari- zation parameters extracted from the signals are used to design the weighted function which is applied to the received signals. The bearing angle and the target frequency are estimated through ESPRIT using the weighted signals. The simulation and experiment results show that the presented method can obtain accurate estimation values under the low SNR with little prior information.

Application of Different Image Processing Techniques on Aster and ETM+ Images for Exploration of Hydrothermal Alteration Associated with Copper Mineralizations Mapping Kehdolan Area (Eastern Azarbaijan Province-Iran)

The Kehdolan area is located at 20 kilometers to the?south-east of Dozdozan Town (Eastern Azarbaijan Province). According to structural geology, volconic rocks are situated in Alborz-Azarbyjan zone, and faults?are?observed?in?the?same direction to this system with SE-NW trend. The results show that kaolinite alteration trend with Argilic and propylitic veins?is the?same direction with SW-NE faults in this area. Therefore, these faults with these trends can be considered as the mineralization control for determination of the alterations. Different image processing techniques,?such as false color composite?(FCC), band ratios, color ratio composite?(CRC), principal component?analysis?(PCA), Crosta technique, supervised spectral angle mapping?(SAM), are used for?identification of the alteration zones associated with copper mineralization. In this project ASTER?data are process and spectral analysis to fit for recognizing intensity and kind of argillic, propylitic,?philic, and ETM+ data?which?are process and to fit for iron oxide and relation to metal mineralization of the area. For recognizing different alterations of the study area, some chemical and mineralogical analysis data from the samples showed that ASTER data and ETM+ data were?capable of hydrothermal alteration mapping with copper mineralization.?Copper mineralization in the region is in agreement with argillic alteration. SW-NE trending faults controlled the mineralization process.

Direct Torque and Adaptive Flux Sensorless Control of Novel Transverse Flux Permanent Magnet Motors

横向磁通永磁电机在开环无刷直流驱动模式下不可避免存在转矩脉动,但可以通过采用直接转矩控制加以改善。首先分析无刷直流驱动中＂花瓣＂状定子磁链轨迹的形成机理,然后针对传统转矩和磁链双闭环直接转矩控制中的定子磁链给定难的问题,提出了无位置传感器磁链自适应直接转矩控制方案。该方案仅利用定子磁链位置和转矩滞环比较器决定电压矢量,并配合换相补偿以修正定、转子磁链夹角与最佳提前换相角之间的偏差以兼顾高转矩电流比和低转矩脉动。仿真和实验结果证实了该方案的有效性和可行性。

Mathematical Model of Drag Torque with Surface Tension in Single-Plate Wet Clutch

Reduction of drag torque in disengaged wet clutches is essential for transmission research because it is one of the potentials of e ciency improvement. Aeration of oil film between two closely rotating plates promotes the decrease of drag torque at high speed region. The e ects of surface tension and static contact angles during aeration are nonnegligible showed by test results. The traditional lubrication model does not adequately predict the experimental results with di erent surface tension and contact angles during aeration. Hence, in this present paper, contact angles between Aluminum and Teflon materials were firstly measured, and the drag torques under two di erent contact angles were examined experimentally. An improved lubrication model of drag torque based on Navier–Stokes equations at the gas-liquid interface was built. The lubrication boundary condition was modified to introduce the e ects of surface tension and contact angle. The model shows that the e ects at the beginning of aeration of oil film are significant. These e ects almost occur at stationary plate due to low Reynolds number and Weber number. The model shows that an increase in the surface tension promotes aeration, but does not a ect the peak drag torque. Increasing contact angle also promotes the aeration, and accelerates the decrease of drag torque. The larger contact angle is, the smaller the peak drag torque will be. A computational fluid dynamics(CFD) model based on volume of fluid(VOF) method was presented to validate the interface shape when aeration occurs. The model prediction has a good agreement with experimental observations for Aluminum plates and Teflon plates. The modified lubrication model of drag torque gives a convenient description of the e ects of surface tension and contact angel, and lays down a frame to understand the beginning of aeration.

Control of Hall angle of Skyrmion driven by electric current

Skyrmions are very promising for applications in spintronics and magnetic memory.It is desired to manipulate and operate a single skyrmion.Here we report on the thermal effect on the motion of current-driven magnetic Skyrmions in magnetic metal.The results show that the magnon current induced by the thermal gradient acts on Skyrmions via magnonic spin-transfer torque,an effect of the transverse and longitudinal Skyrmions drift velocities,thus leading to the effective manipulation of the Hall angle through the ratio of thermal gradient to electric current density,which can be used as a Skyrmion valve.

Performance Assessment of a Calm Flapping Wind Turbine with Small Attack Angle

The objective of this research is mainly focused on environment-friendly and moderately slow flapping wind turbine which can easily operate in or near urban areas or rooftops owing to scale merit with low-frequency turbine noise, installation cost, avian mortality rate and safety consideration etc. The authors are focusing on lift based (LB) slow flapping wind turbine operated within a small attack angle amplitude whereas the previous research treated a lift and drag based (LDB) flapping turbine. Here, a unique trajectory for the wing motion was yet designed by using the Chebyshev dyad linkage mechanism as well as the previous report. The wind energy transferred to the mechanical rotation, adopting a single symmetric wing NACA0012. To obtain a smooth flapping motion for the blade, we optimize all fundamental parameters with our simulation model for optimum performance of the turbine. Both static and dynamic analysis has been conducted to confirm the feasibility of the present design. In addition, wind turbine performance was studied for a suitable range of free stream wind velocities. This report confirms that the developed flapping wind turbine can drive at slow speed with suitable energy extraction rate at different wind velocities. Moreover, we made a simple comparative study of the outcomes obtained from our previous lift and drag based flapping wind turbine with present one, i.e., lift based flapping turbine.

An Improved DITC Control Method Based on Turn-on Angle Optimization

Switched reluctance motor(SRM)usually adopts Direct Instantaneous Torque Control(DITC)to suppress torque ripple.However,due to the fixed turn-on angle and the control mode of the two-phase exchange region,the conventional DITC control method has low adaptability in different working conditions,which will lead to large torque ripple.For this problem,an improved DITC control method based on turn-on angle optimization is proposed in this paper.Firstly,the improved BP neural network is used to construct a nonlinear torque model,so that the torque can be accurately fed back in real time.Secondly,the turn-on angle optimization algorithm based on improved GRNN neural network is established,so that the turn-on angle can be adjusted adaptively online.Then,according to the magnitude of inductance change rate,the two-phase exchange region is divided into two regions,and the phase with larger inductance change rate and current is selected to provide torque in the sub-regions.Finally,taking a 3-phase 6/20 SRM as example,simulation and experimental verification are carried out to verify the effectiveness of this method.

Detection of tracheal branching with computerized tomography:The relationship between the angles and age-gender

BACKGROUND The data obtained on the anatomical knowledge of the tracheobronchial system can be used for diagnosis,treatment and interventional interventions in areas such as anesthesia,thoracic surgery,pulmonary physiology.AIM To determine the tracheobronchial branching angles in pediatric and adult populations by using the multislice computed tomography(CT)and minimum intensity projection(MinIP)technique,which is a non-invasive method.METHODS Our study was carried out retrospectively.Patients who underwent contrast and non-contrast CT examination,whose anatomically and pathophysiologically good tracheobronchial system and lung parenchyma images were obtained,were included in the study.Measurements were made in the coronal plane of the lung parenchyma.In the coronal plane,right main bronchus-left main bronchus angle,right upper lobe bronchus-intermedius bronchus angle,right middle lobe bronchus-right lower lobe bronchus angle,left upper lobe bronchus-left lower lobe bronchus angle were measured.RESULTS The study population consisted of 1511 patients,753 pediatric(mean age:13.4±4.3;range:1-18 years)and 758 adults(mean age:54.3±17.3;range:19-94 years).In our study,tracheal bifurcation angle was found to be 73.3°±13.7°(59.6°-87°)in the whole population.In the pediatric group,the right-left main coronal level was found to be higher in boys compared to girls(74.6°±12.9°vs 71.2°±13.9°,P=0.001).In the adult group,the right-left main coronal level was found to be lower in males compared to females(71.9°±12.9°vs 75.8°±14.7°,P<0.001).CONCLUSIONS Our study,with the number of 1511 patients,is the first study in the literature with the largest number of patient populations including pediatric and adult demographic data,measuring the angle values of the tracheobronchial system using multislice CT and MinIP technique.Study data will not only be a guide during invasive procedures,but it can also guide studies to be done with imaging methods.

一种开关磁阻电机转矩分配优化控制策略

针对开关磁阻电机存在转矩脉动较大的问题,通过对传统余弦型转矩分配函数进行改进,提出一种开关磁阻电机补偿型余弦转矩分配优化控制策略。根据实际总转矩与期望转矩的稳态偏差,引入傅里叶逼近曲线,对分配转矩进行补偿,并采用双关断角的功率变换电路驱动控制,进行零电压续流,提高实际转矩对分配转矩的跟踪能力。为获得更好的控制性能,进一步采用遗传算法,以降低转矩脉动和铜损为目标,对控制参数进行了全局寻优。以1台四相8/6极开关磁阻电机为控制对象进行建模仿真,来验证所提策略的有效性。结果表明:与传统余弦型转矩分配控制相比,所提改进控制策略提升了电机在不同转速下的性能,转矩脉动降低最高达68.89%,均方根电流减小最高达11.74%。

Bio-signal based elbow angle and torque simultaneous predictionduring isokinetic contraction

It is of great importance to decode motion dynamics of the human limbs such as the joint angle and torque in order to improve the functionality and provide more intuitive control in human-machine collaborative systems. In order to achieve feasible prediction,both the surface electromyography(sEMG) and A-mode ultrasound were applied to detect muscle deformation and motor intent.Six abled subjects were recruited to perform five trails elbow isokinetic flexion and extension, and each trail contained five repetitions, with muscle deformation and s EMG signals recorded simultaneously. The experimental datasets were categorized as:the ultrasound-EMG combined datasets, ultrasound-only datasets and EMG-only datasets. The support vector machine(SVM)regression model was developed for both elbow joint angle and torque prediction, based on the above three kinds of datasets. The root-mean-square error(RMSE) and the correlation coefficients(R) were applied to evaluate the prediction accuracy. The results across all the subjects for different datasets indicated that the combined datasets and the ultrasound datasets were superior to the sEMG datasets both on elbow joint angle and torque prediction, and there were no significant differences between the combined datasets and the ultrasound datasets. It turns out that elbow angle and torque can be reconstructed by A-mode ultrasound, and the significant findings pave the way towards the application of musculature-driven human-machine collaborative systems.

Detecting Intensity Evolution of the Western North Pacific Super Typhoons in 2016 Using the Deviation Angle Variance Technique with FY Data

This paper analyzes the complete lifecycle of super typhoons in 2016 in the western North Pacific(WNP) using the deviation angle variance technique(DAV-T). Based on the infrared images from Fengyun(FY) satellites, the DAV-T enables quantification of the axisymmetry of tropical cyclones(TCs) by using the DAV values; and thus, it helps improve the capability of TC intensity estimation. Case analyses of Super Typhoons Lionrock and Meranti were performed to explore the distribution characteristics of the DAV values at the various stages of TC evolution. The results show that the minimum DAV values(i.e., map minimum values: MMVs) gradually decreased and their locations constantly approached the circulation center with enhancement of the TC organization; however, when a ring or disk structure was formed around a TC, significant changes in MMV locations were no longer observed. Nonetheless,when large-scale non-closed deep convective cloud clusters appeared at the early stage or the dissipation stage of the typhoon, the axisymmetry of the TC was poor and the MMV locations tended to lie in the most convective region rather than in the TC circulation center. Overall, the MMVs and their locations, respectively, exhibited a strong correlation with the TC intensity and circulation center, and the correlation increased as the TCs became stronger. Combined with the China Meteorological Administration BestTrack dataset(CMA-BestTrack), statistical analysis of all research samples reveals that the correlation coefficient between the MMVs and maximum surface wind speeds(Vmax) was –0.80; the root mean square error(RMSE) of relative distance between the MMV locations and TC centers was 140.3 km; and especially, when the samples below the tropical depression(TD) intensity were removed, the RMSE of the relative distance decreased dramatically to 95.0 km. The value and location of the MMVs could be used as important indicators for estimating TC intensity and center.

Multi-Factor Intensity Estimation for Tropical Cyclones in the Western North Pacific Based on the Deviation Angle Variance Technique

In this paper, the infrared cloud images from Fengyun series geostationary satellites and the best track data from the China Meteorological Administration(CMA-BST) in 2015–2017 are used to investigate the effects of two multifactor models, generalized linear model(GLM) and long short-term memory(LSTM) model, for tropical cyclone(TC) intensity estimation based on the deviation angle variance(DAV) technique. For comparison, the typical singlefactor Sigmoid function model(SFM) with the map minimum value of DAV is also used to produce TC intensity estimation. Sensitivity experiments regarding the DAV calculation radius and different training data groups are conducted, and the estimation precision and optimum calculation radius for DAV in the western North Pacific(WNP) are analyzed. The results show that the root-mean-square-error(RMSE) of the single-factor SFM is 8.79–13.91 m s^-1 by using the individual years as test sets and the remaining two years as training sets with the optimum calculation radius of 550 km. However, after selecting and using the high-correlation multiple factors from the same test and training data, the RMSEs of GLM and LSTM models decrease to 5.93–8.68 and 4.99–7.00 m s^-1 respectively, with their own optimum calculation radii of 350 and 400 km. All the sensitivity experiments indicate that the SFM results are significantly influenced by the DAV calculation radius and characteristics of the training set data, while the results of multi-factor models appear more stable. Furthermore, the multi-factor models reduce the optimum radius within the process of DAV calculation and improve the precision of TC intensity estimation in the WNP, which can be chosen as an effective approach for TC intensity estimation in marine areas.

舌侧活动翼不同翼拉伸长度内收下前牙的生物力学特征

背景:舌侧活动翼矫治技术是一种新型舌侧矫治技术,不同翼的拉伸长度影响前牙转矩控制效果,目前尚无相关的生物力学研究。目的:探讨舌侧活动翼矫治技术内收下前牙时牙列的位移趋势以及不同翼拉伸长度对下颌前牙生物力学效应的影响。方法:利用锥形束CT采集患者下颌骨以及下牙列数据信息,通过Mimics软件进行三维重建,建立舌侧活动翼内收下前牙的三维有限元模型。在ANSYS软件中分别分析工况A(2 mm拉伸长度)、工况B(2.5 mm拉伸长度)、工况C(3 mm拉伸长度)和工况D(3.5 mm拉伸长度)时下颌前牙的初始位移。结果与结论:①下牙列初始位移趋势:中切牙舌向倾斜移动伴有压低,侧切牙、尖牙轻度舌侧移动伴近中舌向扭转,第二前磨牙远中倾斜并伴有明显舌倾,第一磨牙整体表现为近中倾斜并伴有近中牙冠外翻。因此在下颌拔牙内收病例中,对第二前磨牙的舌向移动应给予重视,临床中可以通过相应的技术予以抵消。②前牙各方向位移趋势:从工况A到工况D,矢状方向:中切牙冠根位移差值由-11.891μm变为-5.7574μm,表示中切牙由倾斜移动向整体移动转变;侧切牙冠根位移差值由-11.8281μm变为-6.71145μm,尖牙冠根位移差值由-7.5723μm变为-4.6955μm,表示侧切牙及尖牙的倾斜移动也在向整体移动转变。垂直方向:从工况A到工况D,切牙的压低量逐渐增大,尖牙的压低量逐渐减小。结果表明,翼的拉伸长度会影响前牙的倾斜移动趋势;随着翼的不断拉伸,下前牙的转矩控制效果越好。

A technique of reconstructing field for measuring sound reflection coefficients at arbitrary angles of incidence

An improved reconstructing field method for measuring sound reflection coefficient of a large impedance surface at arbitrary incident angles is proposed in this paper. In order to get the reflection coefficient by the Spatial Transformation of Sound Fields (STSF), the complex pressure on two parallel planes near by the material surface or the reflection surface must be measured. By the acoustic intensity measurement, the phases of complex pressure on two parallel planes are given. The results of the numerical simulations are shown that the error due to the finite size of the measurement area, and it may be reduced by using a dipole sound source.