Corneal collagen cross-linking in patients with keratoconus from the Dresden protocol to customized solutions:theoretical basis

Keratoconus is an ectatic condition characterized by gradual corneal thinning,corneal protrusion,progressive irregular astigmatism,corneal fibrosis,and visual impairment.The therapeutic options regarding improvement of visual function include glasses or soft contact lenses correction for initial stages,gas-permeable rigid contact lenses,scleral lenses,implantation of intrastromal corneal ring or corneal transplants for most advanced stages.In keratoconus cases showing disease progression corneal collagen crosslinking(CXL)has been proven to be an effective,minimally invasive and safe procedure.CXL consists of a photochemical reaction of corneal collagen by riboflavin stimulation with ultraviolet A radiation,resulting in stromal crosslinks formation.The aim of this review is to carry out an examination of CXL methods based on theoretical basis and mathematical models,from the original Dresden protocol to the most recent developments in the technique,reporting the changes proposed in the last 15y and examining the advantages and disadvantages of the various treatment protocols.Finally,the limits of non-standardized methods and the perspectives offered by a customization of the treatment are highlighted.

General laws of funding for scientific citations:how citations change in funded and unfunded research between basic and applied sciences

Purpose:The goal of this study is to analyze the relationship between funded and unfunded papers and their citations in both basic and applied sciences.Design/methodology/approach:A power law model analyzes the relationship between research funding and citations of papers using 831,337 documents recorded in the Web of Science database.Findings:The original results reveal general characteristics of the diffusion of science in research fields:a)Funded articles receive higher citations compared to unfunded papers in journals;b)Funded articles exhibit a super-linear growth in citations,surpassing the increase seen in unfunded articles.This finding reveals a higher diffusion of scientific knowledge in funded articles.Moreover,c)funded articles in both basic and applied sciences demonstrate a similar expected change in citations,equivalent to about 1.23%,when the number of funded papers increases by 1%in journals.This result suggests,for the first time,that funding effect of scientific research is an invariant driver,irrespective of the nature of the basic or applied sciences.Originality/value:This evidence suggests empirical laws of funding for scientific citations that explain the importance of robust funding mechanisms for achieving impactful research outcomes in science and society.These findings here also highlight that funding for scientific research is a critical driving force in supporting citations and the dissemination of scientific knowledge in recorded documents in both basic and applied sciences.Practical implications:This comprehensive result provides a holistic view of the relationship between funding and citation performance in science to guide policymakers and R&D managers with science policies by directing funding to research in promoting the scientific development and higher diffusion of results for the progress of human society.

基于多尺度Laws纹理能量和低秩分解的织物疵点检测算法

为提高织物疵点检测算法对简单纹理织物、模式纹理织物及条纹纹理织物检测时的普适性和准确性,提出了一种基于多尺度Laws纹理能量和低秩分解的织物疵点检测算法。首先,对织物图像进行直方图均衡化并将处理后的图像均匀划分为子图像块;其次,对每个子图像块提取28个纹理能量特征(利用7个Laws滤波模板在4个尺度上提取),计算所有子图像块提取到的特征均值并组成特征矩阵;然后,利用特征矩阵构建低秩分解模型,通过方向交替方法(ADM)优化求解,得到低秩部分和稀疏部分;最后,由稀疏部分生成疵点显著图,采用迭代阈值分割法对其进行分割,得到织物疵点检测结果。为验证该算法的有效性,在织物图像数据集选取了包含错纬、断经、跳花、破洞等常见疵点的织物图像,并将实验结果与已有3种算法进行了对比。实验结果表明,该算法在简单纹理织物、模式纹理织物及条纹纹理织物检测上具有更好的普适性和准确性,且检测效率具有一定优势。

Scaling Laws Behind Penetrative Turbulence:History and Perspectives

An unstably stratified flow entering into a stably stratified flow is referred to as penetrative convection,which is crucial to many physical processes and has been thought of as a key factor for extreme weather conditions.Past theoretical,numerical,and experimental studies on penetrative convection are reviewed,along with field studies providing insights into turbulence modeling.The physical factors that initiate penetrative convection,including internal heat sources,nonlinear constitutive relationships,centrifugal forces and other complicated factors are summarized.Cutting-edge methods for understanding transport mechanisms and statistical properties of penetrative turbulence are also documented,e.g.,the variational approach and quasilinear approach,which derive scaling laws embedded in penetrative turbulence.Exploring these scaling laws in penetrative convection can improve our understanding of large-scale geophysical and astrophysical motions.To better the model of penetrative turbulence towards a practical situation,new directions,e.g.,penetrative convection in spheres,and radiation-forced convection,are proposed.

Nonuniform Dependence on the Initial Data for Solutions of Conservation Laws

In this paper,we study systems of conservation laws in one space dimension.We prove that for classical solutions in Sobolev spaces H^(s),with s>3/2,the data-to-solution map is not uniformly continuous.Our results apply to all nonlinear scalar conservation laws and to nonlinear hyperbolic systems of two equations.

Literature overview of basic characteristics and flotation laws of flocs

Flocculation flotation is the most efficient method for recovering fine-grained minerals,and its essence lies in flotation and recovery of flocs.Fundamental physical characteristics of flocs are mainly determined by their apparent particle size and structure(density and morphology).Substantial researches have been conducted regarding the effect of floc characteristics on particle settling and water treatment.However,the influence of floc characteristics on flotation has not been widely studied.Based on the floc formation and flocculation flotation,this study reviews the fundamental physical characteristics of flocs from the perspectives of floc particle size and structure,summarizing the interaction between floc particle size and structure.Moreover,it thoroughly discusses the effect of floc particle size and structure on floc floatability,further revealing the influence of floc characteristics on bubble collision and adhesion and elucidating the mechanisms of interaction between flocs and bubbles.Thus,it is observed that floc particle size is not the only factor influencing flocculation flotation.Within the appropriate apparent particle size range,flocs with a compact structure exhibit higher efficiency in bubble collision and adhesion during flotation,thereby resulting in enhanced flotation performance.This study aims to provide a reference for flocculation flotation,targeting the development of more efficient and refined flocculation flotation processes in the future.

Dimension by Dimension Finite Volume HWENO Method for Hyperbolic Conservation Laws

In this paper,we propose a finite volume Hermite weighted essentially non-oscillatory(HWENO)method based on the dimension by dimension framework to solve hyperbolic conservation laws.It can maintain the high accuracy in the smooth region and obtain the high resolution solution when the discontinuity appears,and it is compact which will be good for giving the numerical boundary conditions.Furthermore,it avoids complicated least square procedure when we implement the genuine two dimensional(2D)finite volume HWENO reconstruction,and it can be regarded as a generalization of the one dimensional(1D)HWENO method.Extensive numerical tests are performed to verify the high resolution and high accuracy of the scheme.

On the Use of Monotonicity-Preserving Interpolatory Techniques in Multilevel Schemes for Balance Laws

Cost-effective multilevel techniques for homogeneous hyperbolic conservation laws are very successful in reducing the computational cost associated to high resolution shock capturing numerical schemes.Because they do not involve any special data structure,and do not induce savings in memory requirements,they are easily implemented on existing codes and are recommended for 1D and 2D simulations when intensive testing is required.The multilevel technique can also be applied to balance laws,but in this case,numerical errors may be induced by the technique.We present a series of numerical tests that point out that the use of monotonicity-preserving interpolatory techniques eliminates the numerical errors observed when using the usual 4-point centered Lagrange interpolation,and leads to a more robust multilevel code for balance laws,while maintaining the efficiency rates observed forhyperbolic conservation laws.

SHEL:a semantically enhanced hardware-friendly entity linking method

With the help of pre-trained language models,the accuracy of the entity linking task has made great strides in recent years.However,most models with excellent performance require fine-tuning on a large amount of training data using large pre-trained language models,which is a hardware threshold to accomplish this task.Some researchers have achieved competitive results with less training data through ingenious methods,such as utilizing information provided by the named entity recognition model.This paper presents a novel semantic-enhancement-based entity linking approach,named semantically enhanced hardware-friendly entity linking(SHEL),which is designed to be hardware friendly and efficient while maintaining good performance.Specifically,SHEL's semantic enhancement approach consists of three aspects:(1)semantic compression of entity descriptions using a text summarization model;(2)maximizing the capture of mention contexts using asymmetric heuristics;(3)calculating a fixed size mention representation through pooling operations.These series of semantic enhancement methods effectively improve the model's ability to capture semantic information while taking into account the hardware constraints,and significantly improve the model's convergence speed by more than 50%compared with the strong baseline model proposed in this paper.In terms of performance,SHEL is comparable to the previous method,with superior performance on six well-established datasets,even though SHEL is trained using a smaller pre-trained language model as the encoder.

基于Laws与Gabor滤波的田间西兰花花球识别技术

正确识别西兰花田间位置是实现西兰花自动化采收的基础,西兰花花球颜色与植株的叶片、茎秆相似,仅通过颜色特征无法对西兰花进行识别,本文以成熟期的田间西兰花为研究对象,提出了一种基于纹理特征与颜色特征的西兰花识别算法。首先通过预处理以及Laws滤波对图像进行边界纹理强化,再通过Gabor滤波对图像进行纹理特征向量提取,并对提取后的纹理特征向量进行z⁃score标准化,随后对标准化后的纹理特征向量进行K⁃means聚类与开运算,获取花球潜在存在区域。同时对RGB图像进行HSV转换,通过对图像的H分量进行阈值分割达到滤除地面像素的效果。最终对纹理特征识别与颜色特征识别的结果进行融合,实现对田间西兰花的识别。算法通过结合纹理与颜色特征,对田间西兰花进行了识别,解决了西兰花的花球与茎叶等背景颜色相近难以识别的问题。本文共使用792幅图像进行试验,试验结果表明,本方法可以准确地对西兰花田间图像进行识别,其精确率为96.96%,召回率为94.41%,F1值为95.67%。通过对3组不同拍摄环境的数据集进行算法识别,3组数据集的F1值始终保持在94%以上,具有良好的拍摄环境适应性,为农业机器人进行西兰花自动化采收奠定了基础。

基于小波变换的Laws纹理测度在植被分割中的应用

针对从全色航空影像中进行植被区域提取的随机性和复杂性,阐述了一种基于小波的Laws纹理测度进行植被提取的新算法,它的特点是先用小波变换将图像变换到不同的尺度层上,然后再在多尺度层上提取Laws纹理测度,形成植被区域的特征.与传统的植被提取方法比,它用到了不同频率上纹理的Laws信息,从而更准确的刻画了植被区域的纹理特征,试验结果表明:基于小波变换的Laws纹理测度对植被有较好的分割效果.

基于Laws能量和变化频次的伪装色移动目标检测

动态背景下的移动目标检测是视频监控的研究热点之一,具有伪装色的移动目标检测是其中的一个难点。传统的高斯混合模型不适合检测这类移动目标。通过分析动态背景下具有伪装色移动目标的颜色变化规律,提出了利用Laws能量和一种称为变化频次的特殊统计量的检测方法。实验表明,该方法能够有效地检测某些动态背景下一些具有伪装色的移动目标,即在摄像头固定情况下,对于平缓变化的动态背景中颜色变化幅度较大或者表面纹理复杂的具有伪装色的移动目标,该方法具有良好的检测效果。

Laws纹理能量结合灰度共生矩阵的遥感影像面状地物提取

针对遥感影像中纹理较复杂的面状地物提取问题,提出一种Laws纹理能量结合灰度共生矩阵的遥感影像面状地物提取方法。该方法首先利用数学形态学膨胀、腐蚀对影像进行预处理;然后,分别对影像进行直方图均衡化,利用4个微观滤波算子滤波生成4幅微纹理影像;计算影像4个方向灰度共生矩阵及每个共生矩阵的4个纹理测度,生成4幅纹理影像;最后,结合8幅纹理影像进行区域生长跟踪轮廓。

Primary Research on WSeveral Theorems,Laws and Corollaries of Hydrology

The conceptions of theorems, laws and corollaries of hydrology were put forward. Combining with hydrology practice, several theo- rems, laws as well as corollaries of hydrology were summarized. The study provided some references for accelerating the development of hydrology theory in these aspects and promoting the improvement of its production technology.

Regional epidemic laws of poplar Ice Nucleation Active bacterial canker

Through the methods of correlation analysis and main factor analysis, the relationship between the poplar INA bacte-rial canker and circumstances was analyzed and 9 main factors for affecting the disease were selected. Based on the compre-hensive analysis of main factors and induced factors, the standard for risk grades of this disease was promoted and northeast region of China was divided into 4 districts with different risk grades: seriously occurring district, commonly occurring district, occasionally occurring district, and un-occurring district. Nonlinear regression analysis for six model curves showed that the Richard growth model was suitable for describing the temporal dynamics of poplar INA bacterial canker. By stepwise variable selection method, the multi-variable linear regression forecasting equation was set up to predict the next year抯 disease index, and the GM (1,1) model was also set up by grey method to submit middle or long period forecast.

用无需选取参数的Unit-linking PCNN进行自动图像分割

脉冲耦合神经网络(PCNN—Pulse Coupled Neural Network)是一种有生物学依据的人工神经网络,它可有效地用于图像分割。基于PCNN的图像分割效果取决于PCNN中各参数的选择。然而,图像分割时,各种不同的图像对应的PCNN参数是不同的,而PCNN参数的选择是困难的。本文提出了一种基于Unit-linking PCNN的图像分割新方法,解决了PCNN图像分割参数选择的难题。用本文提出的新方法可有效地自动分割各种图像,而无需考虑PCNN参数的选择,这对于PCNN的理论研究和实际应用有重要的意义。

基于Unit-Linking PCNN和图像熵的图像分割新方法

基于单位链接脉冲耦合神经网络(Unit-Linking PCNN)模型,在图像方差准则基础上将最大香农熵准则,最小交叉熵准则相结合,再组合图像分块策略与图像加权预处理策略,提出了不同准则和策略组合的8种图像分割方案。分析了各种准则和策略的优势和不足,比较了各种分割方案条件下的图像分割效果,部分方案的分割结果体现了图像的更多的细节。与已有文献结果比较,具有使用神经元模型参数少的特点,与PCNN模型相比,该模型参数对图像分割结果的影响较不敏感。计算机仿真结果表明,该方法具有较好的图像分割效果和实验仿真速度性能,具有较强适用性。

Classification and Development Laws of Karst Landform in Suzhou Area, North Anhui Province of China

Suzhou area in north Anhui Province is a low hilly area on the Huaibei Plain where carbonate rocks and karstification are widely distributed, and karst landscapes form major physical contours of the bedrock outcrops. Through field investigation, karst landscapes of Suzhou area were divided into two categories based on their morphological characteristics: macro-geomorphologic landscapes including normal hills, dry valleys, karst springs and caves, and micro-corrosion landscapes including corrosion pits, dissolved pores, dissolution traces, corrosion cracks, clints and karrens. Distribution, development and scale of karst landscapes in this region are controlled by climate, rock type, structure, topography and other factors. It was suggested that karst landscapes in the study area could be used as a representative of karst landforms in North China.

Unit-Linking PCNN和图像熵的彩色图像分割与边缘检测

在RGB空间中,将最大香农熵准则和最小交叉熵准则两种评价准则与大概率合并和小概率合并两种合并策略相结合,提出基于Unit-Linking PCNN的四种彩色图像分割方案,并在各分量分割结果基础上利用Unit-Linking PCNN实施边缘检测,合并得到彩色图像的边缘检测结果。分析了各评价准则和合并策略的优劣,比较了各分割方案条件下的图像分割和边缘检测效果。与HSV空间中得到的相关结果进行分析比较,该文分割和边缘检测结果体现了图像的更多的细节,说明了在RGB空间中进行彩色图像分割和边缘检测的合理性。与相关文献结果相比,该方法的模型参数对图像分割结果的影响较不敏感。计算机仿真结果表明,该方法具有较好的彩色图像分割和边缘检测效果,具有较强适用性。

基于Laws模板滤波的车标定位算法

针对车标受天气变化的影响而导致无法准确定位的问题,本文提出了基于Laws模板滤波的车标定位方法,根据车牌与车标的先验知识进行车标粗定位,再根据车标周围散热网的纹理信息,并利用Laws模板滤波除去车标周围散热网的干扰,实现车标的精确定位。试验结果表明,本文方法与Sobel边缘检测方法相比,可更好的保留车标纹理信息。该方法提高了车标定位的光照鲁棒性,定位结果更准确,而且对于较暗的车标也有很好的定位效果。