From the Subjectivity of Human Rights to the Universality of Human Rights——A Preliminary Interpretation of the Theory on the Subjectivity of Human Rights

Universality is one of the essential characteristics of human rights, but there is a substantive difference between idealism and realism in understanding the concept of universality of human rights. The concepts of radical universality and strong universality based on the concept of natural human rights are too idealistic and thus have a high risk of being alienated into a tool of international re-pression in practice. On the contrary, the theory on the subjectivity of human rights can effectively defuse this risk brought about by radical universality and strong universality. Advocating a transition from the universality of human rights to the subjectivity of human rights not only keeps in line with the actual construction process of international human rights, but can also effectively interpret the practical difficul-ties in the realization process of international human rights. Therefore, it can be used as another alternative theory on human rights beyond the theory of natural human rights.

An In-depth Interpretation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights With the Common Values of Humanity As the Research Paradigm

Interpreting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights from political,juridical and philosophical perspectives is es-sential for promoting the guiding principles of the Declaration,build-ing consensus on human rights,and advancing human rights practice in the new historical context.To conduct an academic,systematic in-terpretation of the Declaration that conforms to the trends of the times and answers the fundamental questions of the world,it is necessary to find a new research paradigm.The common values of humanity,namely peace,development,equity,justice,democracy and freedom,put forward by Xi Jinping,general secretary of the Communist Party of China(CPC)Central Committee,provide the most explanatory and penetrating scientific paradigm for reaching the issue.This paper an-alyzes and reflects on the views,value foundation and principled(con-tractual)consensus of human rights in the Declaration,and narrates and foresees the far-reaching significance of the three global initia-tives(namely,the Global Development Initiative,the Global Security Initiative,and the Global Civilization Initiative)with the common val-ues of humanity as the soul in advancing the modernization of global human rights governance and building a new form of human rights civilization.

Revisiting the Spirit of the UDHR and Discussing Human Rights Development——Summary of Views from the Seminar Commemorating the 75th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

On December 4,2023,the China Society for Human Rights Studies hosted a seminar in Beijing commemorating the 75^(th) Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.Participants discussed topics such as the significance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,China’s theories and practices in respecting and safeguarding human rights,the three global initiatives and global human rights governance,human rights protection in the digital age,and telling Chinese stories of human rights in the new era.The discussions led to a broad consensus and achieved positive results.

The Impact of Human Resource Management on University Development

As competition in the education industry intensifies and the knowledge economy evolves,the significance of Human Resource Management(HRM)in university institutions.This study aims to explore how HRM affects the sustainable development and competitiveness improvement of universities.This article begins with a theoretical analysis to define the concept of HRM and its particular relevance within university education.The subsequent analysis examines the multi-dimensional framework of university development,encompassing its connotation,goals,and key influencing factors.The article further elaborates on the positive effects of HRM on university teaching quality,scientific research capabilities,organizational culture,and social services.On this basis,the main challenges currently faced by university HRM are discussed,such as talent mobility,institutional constraints,resource limitations,and internationalization pressure.Finally,optimization strategies are proposed,including building a scientific human resources system,enhancing talent training and development,fostering diversity among teaching staff,and improving decision-making efficiency and transparency.The conclusions of this study aim to provide strategic insights for university education managers to better utilize human resource advantages and promote the comprehensive and sustainable development of universities.

Optimization Analysis of Human Resource Management Strategies of Nantong University,a Local Comprehensive University in China

This study analyzes the current situation and challenges of Nantong University amid the rapid development of higher education,addressing aspects such as faculty structure,administrative management efficiency,and promotion mechanisms.Through questionnaire surveys and field research,coupled with SWOT analysis and various theoretical methods,a comprehensive analysis was conducted on Nantong University’s internal and external environment.The study proposes an improved comprehensive development strategy and implementation measures,which include updating management concepts,strengthening professional training,optimizing employment conditions,and improving salary systems.Ultimately,this study provides practical strategies for human resource management and the transformational development of Nantong University and other local comprehensive universities.

On the Effectiveness of“Cross-cultural Consensus”on Human Rights--Reflecting on Zhang Pengchun’s Contributions to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

In the example of formulating the Universal Declara-tion of Human Rights in 1948,which involved international human rights discourse,the“cross-cultural consensus”put forward based on Confucian culture by Zhang pengchun,the Chinese representative at that time,is widely considered an empirical reference for resolving confrontations and conflicts in the practice of human rights discourse.However,the effectiveness of this kind of cross-cultural consensus in addressing confrontations and conflicts is worth considering.Under the presumption of cultural differences,any attempt to resolve confrontations and conflicts in the human rights discourse must address the inherently controversial issues.the settlement of disputes and differences depends on how deep the consensus involves the values.Based on this,it reveals that the effectiveness of Zhang pengchun’s so-called contribution is limited.therefore,we should not overstate its relevance to the current human rights discourse.

Research on the Incentive System of Human Resource Management in Universities

Based on the actual situation of the establishment of the incentive system for human resource management in universities,the constituent elements and relevant principles of the incentive system for human resources in universities are expounded on,the current situation of the actual needs of the faculty and staff in universities is studied and analyzed,and practical plans for establishing the concept and implementing the incentive system in universities are proposed,with relevant incentive mechanisms for human resource management focusing on differentiated needs developed for reference.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the “Spirits” of Confucian Ethics

At present, the value revealed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is under attack, and the consensus on human rights value is experiencing division globally,which asserts that "human rights can only be provided by paradox". The root of this is that" reason ",the metaphysical nature of human rights proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,is infinitely magnified while the " spirit " is ignored. History and philosophy show that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights entails the Confucian ethical " spirit ".At this time,this potential factor is gradually emerging in the course of world history and became a force to bridge the global division of human rights values. The significance of Confucian ethics " spirit " to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights lies in: from the perspective of " spirit ", its holistic view, bridging individual rights and collective rights; its relational view focuses on the realization of human rights and transcends the " paradox of human right; progressing from the value consensus to common action, so that in the process of judging the progress of human rights in the world, we consider not only the value consensus, but also the common action.

On Significance of the Birth of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Introduction The Universal Declaration of Human Rights （UDHR or Declaration） adopted by the UN General Assembly is not a legally binding treaty per se. As early as the Drafting Committee was making out a draft, heated discussions and debates had been carried out for many times with regard to the nature of the UDHR. At last, the present form of UDHR was taken according to chairperson of the Commission on Human Rights Eleanor Roosevelt＇s view of pragmatism in order to provide moral guidance for UN Member States.

On the Making and Significance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was the first common commitment of the international community to human rights. It demonstrated the belief and determination of humanity to maintain peace, democracy and human dignity. The process of formulating the Declaration was difficult. But in the spirit of cooperation,countries finally succeeded in reaching a consensus on human rights.The making of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights had great value and significance for promoting world peace and development,and it has had a far-reaching impact on the rule of law in international human rights and the development of the human rights legal systems in various countries. A re-examination and analysis of the process of formulating the Universal Declaration of Human Rights will help us understand the purposes and objectives of the Declaration and review the great value of the spirit of the Declaration to the world today.

From the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to Building a Community with a Shared Future for Human Beings--The Past, Present, and Future of International Human Rights Protection

The UN Charter first of all affirmed the basic concept of international protection of human rights and opened up a broad space for international protection of human rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is an important document in the development of the international human rights cause. It established a set of international standards for basic human rights, represents the world’s most important consensus on human rights, and contributes greatly to the creation of an international human rights legal system. The important theory put forward by President Xi Jinping to build a Community with a Shared Future for Human Beings, as a Chinese program for today s global major issues, also outlines a new blueprint for national human rights protection and will play a major role in promoting the development of China’s human rights and international human rights protection.

On the Parliament Participation in the Universal Periodic Review of the United Nations Human Rights

Whether, and if so how, parliaments should participate in the Universal Periodic Review mechanism of the UN Human Rights Council is emerging. Due to their unique contributions to human rights protection and promotion, parliaments should participate in the process. Furthermore, some parliaments are already involved in this mechanism, including drafting national reports, engaging in interactive dialogues, and the implementation of review recommendations. In the past two rounds of reviews, China’s National People’s Congress has a positive record in this regard, but it should play a more active role in ratifying or acceding to international human rights conventions.

The Neutralization of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to the Concept of Human Rights and Its Historical Significance

The concept of human rights was put forward by european and american countries in modern times, which bears a strong european and american cultural influence? but human rights have since experienced a slow process of neutralization? During the drafting process of the universal Declaration of Human Rights from 1947 to 1948, the concept of human rights experienced the neutralization of multiculturalism, making it the Declaration a matrix accepted by various cultures, which thus laid a foundation of consensus for its continued expansion and wide adoption?

Dignity:the Overlap of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Traditional Chinese Culture

Human dignity is the fundamental concept of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and serves as the theoretical backbone for the international human rights system. Chinese culture has an excellent tradition of treasuring the dignity and value of people. The provisions on dignity in the Declaration can find their historical origins in traditional Chinese culture. The dignity of people has a supreme status and value in traditional Chinese culture. Chinese "etiquette" culture has a long tradition of respecting the dignity of people.Achieving benevolence through etiquette is the basic way to protect human dignity. Etiquette in ancient China was constrained by inequality and historical limitations, but it also had the elements of respecting or honoring others, and had the practical function of respecting, maintaining and achieving human dignity. The effective implementation of etiquette requires the fulfillment of people’s basic needs. Progressing from xiao kang(moderate prosperity) to da tong(great harmony) is the process of approaching the human rights standards of human dignity and equal rights that all nations and all peoples should strive to achieve.

Confucian Liberalism:Convergence Between the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Chinese Traditional Culture

As early as the 18th century,Confucian liberalism of considering others in one s own place was integrated into the provisions of freedom of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.In 1948,the Confucian idea of benevolence and other liberalism had an important influence on the drafting and content of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.The fulcrum of Confucian liberalism is self-discipline based on benevolence.The code of conduct created by Confucianism of"What you do not want done to yourself,do not do to others"has the social effect of safeguarding people’s negative freedom;the code of conduct of"while establishing himself and pursuing success,also works to establish others and enable them to succeed as well"has the social effect of safeguarding people s positive freedom.Confucian liberalism is social-oriented,which adheres to the unity of everyone’s freedom with the freedom of others,and the idea that individual freedom lies in the overall freedom of the social community.It is based on the conscience(benevolence)of the way of considering others in one’s own place and the practical path from the obligation to rights and freedoms are prominent features of traditional Chinese culture.It is consistent with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights’provision that everyone has duties to the community,and is similar to Marx’s philosophy that"the free development of every human being is the condition of the free development of all human beings",and is a unique system of liberal discourse that is different from Western liberalism.

From Country-specific Review to Universal Periodic Review:A Fairer International Human Rights Mechanism

In the Country-specific by the Commission on Human Rights,developed countries lead selective supervision and review the human rights conditions in developing countries,contributing to the inequality in the roles of developed and developing countries and highlighting the unfairness and unreasonableness of the international human rights mechanism.In the Universal Periodic Review by the Human Rights Council,developed countries and developing countries are procedurally equal when evaluating the human rights conditions of other countries,and the evaluation of human rights conditions has transitioned from selective to universal.The development from the Country-specific Review to the Universal Periodic Review system is the result of China and other developing countries working together to optimize the internal governance structure of the Human Rights Council to rationalize its operational logic.Although the Universal Periodic Review system cannot immediately change the predominant status of the Western human rights discourse,it provides a mechanism for all countries to express their human rights values on an equal footing.It is an important manifestation of a fairer and more reasonable international human rights mechanism.

Relative Universality of Human Rights: Theory and Practice

Introduction After the birth of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights （UDHR）, ＂universal human rights＂ became a novel formal legal term both in the field of jurisprudence and in the international community. The notion of ＂universal human rights＂ indicates the ideal of ＂all human rights for all.＂ As the provision in Article 2 of the UDHR stated： ＂Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, politi cal or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.＂ However, some nonWestern govern ment officials and intellectuals have expressed doubts about the justifi ability of the term, which seems only to be a reflection of unique Western culture rather than Asian or Arabian ones. At the Vienna World Human Rights Conference, many heads of state said that universal human rights cannot be compatible with nonWest em culture. Even Lee Kuan Yew, the former leader of Singapore, declared in 1996： ＂Asian values are universal values. European values are European values.＇＇~ This statement is obviously a rejection of the idea that human rights are universal. In contrast, universal rights extremists and human rights activists and NGOs, such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, try to propagandize unified international human rights standards and international human rights re gimes. The debate continues from the diplomatic field to the academic field. But, in the foreseeable future,

Human Rights and Cultural Diversity: Evolving Dynamics of Universality and Relativism——Safeguarding the rights of others is the most noble and beautiful end of a human being～Khalil Gibran

1. Introduction Culture is a defining feature of an individual＇s identity. It embraces everything from the traditions, beliefs and values of an individual＇s family and community. It is also the language one speaks, and place of worship. Culture is all of these elements and the way they connect to make up one＇s way of life. It is often the source for serf-definition, expression, and sense of group belonging.

Human Rights NGOs and the United Nations Human Rights Council——Participation by the China Society for Human Rights Studies in the Universal Periodic Review Mechanism

Since its founding in 1993, the China Society for Human Rights Studies （CSHRS） has extensively participated inthe human rights work of the United Nations （UN） and has actively carried out international exchange and cooperation. In May 2012, the UN Human Rights Council （UNHRC） initiated the second round of country reviews on human rights.

Latest Results on Studying the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Irecently read Studies on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by Prof. Sun Pinghua. With the support ofgovernmental social science fund ing, Prof. Sun wrote the book on the basis of his doctoral thesis. I would like to share my thoughts after read ing this book. After the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was published on Dec. 10, 1948, Chinese scholars and media studied the document and introduced it to China. Since the adoption of the reform and opening up policy three decades ago, and with the building of the socialist legal system with Chinese charac teristics and the deepening of human rights dialogue between China and other countries and international organizations, the academic com munity has shown more interest in studying the document. Examples of such research include Universal Declaration of Human Rights： An Important Milestone of International Human Rights History, by Dong Yunhu （People＇s Daily, Dec. 10, 1998）, Role and Function of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in International Human Rights Law, by Bai Guimei （Peking University Law Journal, vol. 6, 1998）,Cornerstone of International Human Rights Law, by Zhao Jianwen （Legal Research, vol. 2, 1999）, On the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, by Fan Guoxiang （Human Rights, vol.