Social anxiety (SA) is a prevalent mental health issue among adolescents, and vulnerable narcissism (VN) can exacerbate thiscondition. This study aims to investigate the impact of vulnerable narcissism on social anxie...Social anxiety (SA) is a prevalent mental health issue among adolescents, and vulnerable narcissism (VN) can exacerbate thiscondition. This study aims to investigate the impact of vulnerable narcissism on social anxiety in adolescents, specificallyfocusing on the mediating effects of self-concept clarity (SCC) and self-esteem (SE) in the relationship between vulnerablenarcissism and social anxiety. Through cluster sampling, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 982 students from threesecondary schools in two provinces. The data was analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results revealedthat there was a significant negative correlation between vulnerable narcissism and both self-concept clarity and self-esteem,while there was a significant positive correlation between vulnerable narcissism and social anxiety. Additionally, self-conceptclarity showed a significant positive correlation with self-esteem but had a negative correlation with social anxiety. Both selfconceptclarity and self-esteem played an intermediary role in the chain linking vulnerable narcissism to social anxiety. Thisstudy confirms the mediating role of both self-concept clarity and self-esteem in explaining how vulnerable narcissisminfluences social anxiety, providing valuable insights into its underlying mechanism.展开更多
The objective of this study is to investigate the factors that contribute to brittleness and to identify strategies for mitigating these factors in populations with varying degrees of thermal vulnerability,based on th...The objective of this study is to investigate the factors that contribute to brittleness and to identify strategies for mitigating these factors in populations with varying degrees of thermal vulnerability,based on the potential impact of extreme heat exposure on human survival and habitability.The physiological condition of lower adaptability to high temperature environments and the assessment of individuals who may have higher tolerance time in high temperature environments based on spatial perspectives suggest the need for targeted spatial optimization strategies for commuters and disadvantaged populations.This is demonstrated through a case study.These optimization measures encompass a variety of aspects,including the integration of transportation systems,the expansion of grey space corridors,the improvement of green space layout,and the implantation of green infrastructure.The study aims to reduce the exposure time of thermally vulnerable individuals to high temperature environments through spatial optimization strategies,to enhance the resilience of urban green spaces to heat stress,and to reduce the probability of heat-wave occurrence.展开更多
The Internet is believed to bring more technological dividends to vulnerable farmers during the green agriculture transformation.However,this is different from the theory of skill-biased technological change,which emp...The Internet is believed to bring more technological dividends to vulnerable farmers during the green agriculture transformation.However,this is different from the theory of skill-biased technological change,which emphasizes that individuals with higher levels of human capital and more technological endowments benefit more.This study investigates the effects of Internet use on farmers'adoption of integrated pest management(IPM),theoretically and empirically,based on a dataset containing 1015 farmers in China's Shandong Province.By exploring the perspective of rational inattention,the reasons for the heterogeneity of the effects across farmers with different endowments,i.e.,education and land size,are analyzed.The potential endogeneity issues are addressed using the endogenous switching probit model.The results reveal that:(1)although Internet use significantly positively affects farmers'adoption of IPM,vulnerable farmers do not benefit more from it.Considerable selection bias leads to an overestimation of technological dividends for vulnerable farmers;(2)different sources of technology information lead to the difference in the degree of farmers'rational inattention toward Internet information,which plays a crucial role in the heterogeneous effect of Internet use;and(3)excessive dependence on strong-tie social network information sources entraps vulnerable farmers in information cocoons,hindering their ability to reap the benefits of Internet use fully.Therefore,it is essential to promote services geared towards elderly-oriented Internet agricultural technology information and encourage farmers with strong Internet utilization skills to share technology information with other farmers actively.展开更多
The detection of software vulnerabilities written in C and C++languages takes a lot of attention and interest today.This paper proposes a new framework called DrCSE to improve software vulnerability detection.It uses ...The detection of software vulnerabilities written in C and C++languages takes a lot of attention and interest today.This paper proposes a new framework called DrCSE to improve software vulnerability detection.It uses an intelligent computation technique based on the combination of two methods:Rebalancing data and representation learning to analyze and evaluate the code property graph(CPG)of the source code for detecting abnormal behavior of software vulnerabilities.To do that,DrCSE performs a combination of 3 main processing techniques:(i)building the source code feature profiles,(ii)rebalancing data,and(iii)contrastive learning.In which,the method(i)extracts the source code’s features based on the vertices and edges of the CPG.The method of rebalancing data has the function of supporting the training process by balancing the experimental dataset.Finally,contrastive learning techniques learn the important features of the source code by finding and pulling similar ones together while pushing the outliers away.The experiment part of this paper demonstrates the superiority of the DrCSE Framework for detecting source code security vulnerabilities using the Verum dataset.As a result,the method proposed in the article has brought a pretty good performance in all metrics,especially the Precision and Recall scores of 39.35%and 69.07%,respectively,proving the efficiency of the DrCSE Framework.It performs better than other approaches,with a 5%boost in Precision and a 5%boost in Recall.Overall,this is considered the best research result for the software vulnerability detection problem using the Verum dataset according to our survey to date.展开更多
Jeneberang watershed is vital,particularly for people living in Gowa Regency(South Sulawesi Province,Indonesia),who benefit from its many advantages.Landslides and floods occur every year in the Jeneberang watershed,s...Jeneberang watershed is vital,particularly for people living in Gowa Regency(South Sulawesi Province,Indonesia),who benefit from its many advantages.Landslides and floods occur every year in the Jeneberang watershed,so it is imperative to understand the socio-economic vulnerability of this region.This research aims to identify the vulnerability level of the Jeneberang watershed so that the government can prioritize areas with high vulnerability level and formulate effective strategies to reduce these the vulnerability.Specifically,this study was conducted in 12 districts located in the Jeneberang watershed.The primary data were collected from questionnaires completed by community members,community leaders,and various stakeholders,and the secondary data were from the Landsat satellite imagery in 2020,the Badan Push Statistic of Gowa Regency,and some governmental agencies.The socio-economic vulnerability variables were determined using the Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis(MCDA)method,and each variable was weighted and analyzed using the Geographical Information System(GIS).The study reveals that the levels of socio-economic vulnerability are affected by variables such as population density,vulnerable groups(disabled people,elderly people,and young people),road network and settlement,percentage of poor people,and productive land area in the Jeneberang watershed.Moreover,all of the 12 districts in the Jeneberang watershed are included in the medium vulnerability level,with the mean percentage of socio-economic vulnerability around 50.92%.The socio-economic vulnerability of Bajeng,Pallangga,and Somba Opu districts is categorized at high level,the socio-economic vulnerability of Bungaya,Parangloe,and Tombolo Pao districts is classified as medium level,and the remaining 6 districts(Barombong,Bontolempangan,Bontomarannu,Manuju,Parigi,and Tinggimoncong)are ranked as low socio-economic vulnerability.This study can help policy-makers to formulate strategy that contributes to the protection of biodiversity and sustainable development of the Jeneberang watershed,while improving disaster resilience and preparedness of the watershed.展开更多
This research aims to propose a practical framework designed for the automatic analysis of a product’s comprehensive functionality and security vulnerabilities,generating applicable guidelines based on real-world sof...This research aims to propose a practical framework designed for the automatic analysis of a product’s comprehensive functionality and security vulnerabilities,generating applicable guidelines based on real-world software.The existing analysis of software security vulnerabilities often focuses on specific features or modules.This partial and arbitrary analysis of the security vulnerabilities makes it challenging to comprehend the overall security vulnerabilities of the software.The key novelty lies in overcoming the constraints of partial approaches.The proposed framework utilizes data from various sources to create a comprehensive functionality profile,facilitating the derivation of real-world security guidelines.Security guidelines are dynamically generated by associating functional security vulnerabilities with the latest Common Vulnerabilities and Exposure(CVE)and Common Vulnerability Scoring System(CVSS)scores,resulting in automated guidelines tailored to each product.These guidelines are not only practical but also applicable in real-world software,allowing for prioritized security responses.The proposed framework is applied to virtual private network(VPN)software,wherein a validated Level 2 data flow diagram is generated using the Spoofing,Tampering,Repudiation,Information Disclosure,Denial of Service,and Elevation of privilege(STRIDE)technique with references to various papers and examples from related software.The analysis resulted in the identification of a total of 121 vulnerabilities.The successful implementation and validation demonstrate the framework’s efficacy in generating customized guidelines for entire systems,subsystems,and selected modules.展开更多
To explore the livelihood status and key influencing factors of rural households in the minority areas,we collected flat data from 284 rural households in 32 villages across 12 counties of Western Sichuan from 2021 to...To explore the livelihood status and key influencing factors of rural households in the minority areas,we collected flat data from 284 rural households in 32 villages across 12 counties of Western Sichuan from 2021 to 2022.We conducted participatory household survey on the livelihood status of the rural households and try to identify the key factors to influence their livelihood vulnerability using multiple linear regression.The results showed that:the livelihood situation of the rural households is relatively vulnerable.The vulnerability varies significantly with the income levels,education levels,and income sources.The vulnerability of farm households,categorized from low to high livelihood types,follows the sequence:non-agricultural dominant households,non-agricultural households,agricultural dominant households,and pure agricultural households.The degree of damage to the natural environment,education costs,loan opportunities,the proportion of agricultural income to annual household income,and the presence of sick people in the household have significant positive effects on the livelihood vulnerability index(LVI)of rural households;while help from relatives and friends,net income per capita,household size,household education,agricultural land area,participation in industrial organizations,number of livestock,purchase of commercial houses,drinking water source,and self-supply of food have significant negative effects.Based on the findings,we believe that local rural households operate in a complex livelihood system and recommend continuous interventions targeting key influences to provide empirical research support for areas facing similar situations.展开更多
Laser anti-drone technology is entering the sequence of actual combat,and it is necessary to consider the vulnerability of typical functional parts of UAVs.Since the concept of"vulnerability"was proposed,a v...Laser anti-drone technology is entering the sequence of actual combat,and it is necessary to consider the vulnerability of typical functional parts of UAVs.Since the concept of"vulnerability"was proposed,a variety of analysis programs for battlefield targets to traditional weapons have been developed,but a comprehensive assessment methodology for targets'vulnerability to laser is still missing.Based on the shotline method,this paper proposes a method that equates laser beam to shotline array,an efficient vulnerability analysis program of target to laser is established by this method,and the program includes the circuit board and the wire into the vulnerability analysis category,which improves the precision of the vulnerability analysis.Taking the UAV engine part as the target of vulnerability analysis,combine with the"life-death unit method"to calculate the laser penetration rate of various materials of the UAV,and the influence of laser weapon system parameters and striking orientation on the killing probability is quantified after introducing the penetration rate into the vulnerability analysis program.The quantitative analysis method proposed in this paper has certain general expansibility,which can provide a fresh idea for the vulnerability analysis of other targets to laser.展开更多
In recent years,the number of smart contracts deployed on blockchain has exploded.However,the issue of vulnerability has caused incalculable losses.Due to the irreversible and immutability of smart contracts,vulnerabi...In recent years,the number of smart contracts deployed on blockchain has exploded.However,the issue of vulnerability has caused incalculable losses.Due to the irreversible and immutability of smart contracts,vulnerability detection has become particularly important.With the popular use of neural network model,there has been a growing utilization of deep learning-based methods and tools for the identification of vulnerabilities within smart contracts.This paper commences by providing a succinct overview of prevalent categories of vulnerabilities found in smart contracts.Subsequently,it categorizes and presents an overview of contemporary deep learning-based tools developed for smart contract detection.These tools are categorized based on their open-source status,the data format and the type of feature extraction they employ.Then we conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis of these tools,selecting representative tools for experimental validation and comparing them with traditional tools in terms of detection coverage and accuracy.Finally,Based on the insights gained from the experimental results and the current state of research in the field of smart contract vulnerability detection tools,we suppose to provide a reference standard for developers of contract vulnerability detection tools.Meanwhile,forward-looking research directions are also proposed for deep learning-based smart contract vulnerability detection.展开更多
Software security analysts typically only have access to the executable program and cannot directly access the source code of the program.This poses significant challenges to security analysis.While it is crucial to i...Software security analysts typically only have access to the executable program and cannot directly access the source code of the program.This poses significant challenges to security analysis.While it is crucial to identify vulnerabilities in such non-source code programs,there exists a limited set of generalized tools due to the low versatility of current vulnerability mining methods.However,these tools suffer from some shortcomings.In terms of targeted fuzzing,the path searching for target points is not streamlined enough,and the completely random testing leads to an excessively large search space.Additionally,when it comes to code similarity analysis,there are issues with incomplete code feature extraction,which may result in information loss.In this paper,we propose a cross-platform and cross-architecture approach to exploit vulnerabilities using neural network obfuscation techniques.By leveraging the Angr framework,a deobfuscation technique is introduced,along with the adoption of a VEX-IR-based intermediate language conversion method.This combination allows for the unified handling of binary programs across various architectures,compilers,and compilation options.Subsequently,binary programs are processed to extract multi-level spatial features using a combination of a skip-gram model with self-attention mechanism and a bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)network.Finally,the graph embedding network is utilized to evaluate the similarity of program functionalities.Based on these similarity scores,a target function is determined,and symbolic execution is applied to solve the target function.The solved content serves as the initial seed for targeted fuzzing.The binary program is processed by using the de-obfuscation technique and intermediate language transformation method,and then the similarity of program functions is evaluated by using a graph embedding network,and symbolic execution is performed based on these similarity scores.This approach facilitates cross-architecture analysis of executable programs without their source codes and concurrently reduces the risk of symbolic execution path explosion.展开更多
With the development of intelligent vehicles and autonomous driving technology,the safety of vulnerable road user(VRU)in traffic has been more guaranteed,and many research achievements have been made in the key area o...With the development of intelligent vehicles and autonomous driving technology,the safety of vulnerable road user(VRU)in traffic has been more guaranteed,and many research achievements have been made in the key area of collision avoidance decision-making methods.In this paper,the knowledge mapping method is used to mine the available literature in depth,and it is found that the research focus has shifted from the traditional accident cause analysis to emerging deep learning and virtual reality technology.This paper summarizes research on the three core dimensions of environmental perception,behavior cognition and collision avoidance decision-making in intelligent vehicle systems.In terms of perception,accurate identification of pedestrians and cyclists in complex environments is a major demand for VRU perception;in terms of behavior cognition,the coupling of VRU intention identification and motion trajectory prediction and other multiple factors needs further research;in terms of decision-making,the intention identification and trajectory prediction of collision objects are not included in the risk assessment model,and there is a lack of exploration specifically for cyclists'collision risk.On this basis,this paper provides guidance for the improvement of traffic safety of contemporary VRU under the conditions of intelligent and connected transportation.展开更多
Climate change is an alarming global challenge, particularly affecting the least developed countries (LDCs) including Liberia. These countries, located in regions prone to unpredictable temperature and precipitation c...Climate change is an alarming global challenge, particularly affecting the least developed countries (LDCs) including Liberia. These countries, located in regions prone to unpredictable temperature and precipitation changes, are facing significant challenges, particularly in climate-sensitive sectors such as mining and agriculture. LDCs need more resilience to adverse climate shocks but have limited capacity for adaptation compared to other developed and developing nations. This paper examines Liberia’s susceptibility to climate change as a least developed country, focusing on its exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. It provides an overview of LDCs and outlines the global distribution of carbon dioxide emissions. The paper also evaluates specific challenges that amplify Liberia’s vulnerability and constrain sustainable adaptation, providing insight into climate change’s existing and potential effects. The paper emphasizes the urgency of addressing climate impacts on Liberia and calls for concerted local and international efforts for effective and sustainable mitigation efforts. It provides recommendations for policy decisions and calls for further research on climate change mitigation and adaptation.展开更多
Groundwater vulnerability assessment is a crucial step in the efficient management of groundwater resources,especially in areas with intensive anthropogenic activities and groundwater pollution.In the present study,th...Groundwater vulnerability assessment is a crucial step in the efficient management of groundwater resources,especially in areas with intensive anthropogenic activities and groundwater pollution.In the present study,the DRASTIC method was applied using Geographic Information System(GIS)to delineate groundwater vulnerability zones in the Erbil Dumpsite area,Central Erbil Basin,North Iraq.Results showed that the area was classified into four vulnerability classes:Very low(16.97%),low(27.67%),moderate(36.55%)and high(18.81%).The southern,south-eastern and northern parts of the study area exhibited the highest vulnerability potential,while the central-northern,northern and north-western regions displayed the lowest vulnerability potential.Moreover,results of the single-parameter sensitivity analysis indicated that amongst the seven DRASTIC parameters,the unsaturated zone and the aquifer media were the most influencing parameters.In conclustion,the correlation of 25 nitrate concentration values with the final vulnerability map,assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient,yielded a satisfactory result of R=0.72.展开更多
Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) tasks, becoming an integral part of various applications in society, including text generation, translation, summarization, a...Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) tasks, becoming an integral part of various applications in society, including text generation, translation, summarization, and more. However, their widespread usage emphasizes the critical need to enhance their security posture to ensure the integrity and reliability of their outputs and minimize harmful effects. Prompt injections and training data poisoning attacks are two of the most prominent vulnerabilities in LLMs, which could potentially lead to unpredictable and undesirable behaviors, such as biased outputs, misinformation propagation, and even malicious content generation. The Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) framework provides a standardized approach to capturing the principal characteristics of vulnerabilities, facilitating a deeper understanding of their severity within the security and AI communities. By extending the current CVSS framework, we generate scores for these vulnerabilities such that organizations can prioritize mitigation efforts, allocate resources effectively, and implement targeted security measures to defend against potential risks.展开更多
Objective: To explore the relationship and clinical value of serum phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), d-dimers, and serum galectin-3 (galectin-3) with atherosclerotic vulnerable plaques in coronary artery patients with coron...Objective: To explore the relationship and clinical value of serum phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), d-dimers, and serum galectin-3 (galectin-3) with atherosclerotic vulnerable plaques in coronary artery patients with coronary heart disease. Methods: A total of 248 patients who underwent coronary angiography (CAG) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) in our hospital from June 2017 to September 2018 were selected and divided into vulnerable plaque group (89), stable plaque group (89) and control group (70) according to the examination results. The serum levels of Lp-PLA2, d-dimer and galectin-3 in three groups were compared, as well as their correlation with the detection parameters. To evaluate the clinical value of Lp-PLA2, d-dimer and galectin-3 in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) with atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque. Results: Serum Lp-PLA2, d-dimer and galectin-3 levels were significantly different from the three groups (P<0.05), and the control group < stable plaque group <vulnerable plaque group (P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that Lp-PLA2, d-dimer and galectin-3 were significantly positively correlated with plaque area, plaque load, necrotic core and calcified tissue (P<0.01), and negatively correlated with fibrous lipid and fibrous tissue (P<0.01). ROC curve showed that Lp-PLA2, d-dimer and galectin-3 had certain predictive value for vulnerable coronary atherosclerotic plaques (AUC=0.939, 0.977, 0.920, P<0.01), and the three combinations (AUC=0.986, P<0.01) had higher predictive value. Conclusion: Serum Lp-PLA2, d-dimer and galectin-3 are significantly correlated with coronary atherosclerotic vulnerable plaques in patients with coronary heart disease, with high sensitivity and specificity, which can be used for the diagnosis and treatment of early atherosclerotic vulnerable plaques.展开更多
Objective:To analyze the existing risks in breast milk management at the neonatal department and provide corresponding countermeasures.Methods:22 risk events were identified in 7 risk links in the process of bottle-fe...Objective:To analyze the existing risks in breast milk management at the neonatal department and provide corresponding countermeasures.Methods:22 risk events were identified in 7 risk links in the process of bottle-feeding of breast milk.Hazard Vulnerability Analysis based on the Kaiser model was applied to investigate and evaluate the risk events.Results:High-risk events include breast milk quality inspection,hand hygiene during collection,disinfection of collectors,cold chain management,hand hygiene during the reception,breast milk closed-loop management,and post-collection disposal.Root cause analysis of high-risk events was conducted and breast milk management strategies outside the hospital and within the neonatal department were proposed.Conclusion:Hazard Vulnerability Analysis based on the Kaiser model can identify and assess neonatal breast milk management risks effectively,which helps improve the management of neonatal breast milk.It is conducive to the safe development and promotion of bottle feeding of breast milk for neonates,ensuring the quality of medical services and the safety of children.展开更多
The paper makes a brief introduction to Ernest Hemingway and examines his short story In Another Country to revisit Hemingway's code hero concept. In Hemingway's world, God has gone. The heroes in his stories,...The paper makes a brief introduction to Ernest Hemingway and examines his short story In Another Country to revisit Hemingway's code hero concept. In Hemingway's world, God has gone. The heroes in his stories, however, hold tightly to their own principles, striving for meaning in a meaningless world.展开更多
Hemingway's stature as a writer was confirmed with the publication of A Farewell to Arms. Infact, Hemingway wrote a lot of war stories, but in almost all of his novels, the concept of the"Hemingway Hero"...Hemingway's stature as a writer was confirmed with the publication of A Farewell to Arms. Infact, Hemingway wrote a lot of war stories, but in almost all of his novels, the concept of the"Hemingway Hero"or more popularly the"code hero"is frequently elaborated and vividly exemplified. In the novel"A Farewell to Arms", Frederick Henry and Catherine Barkly are both Hemingway code characters who carry out the code very well and both show their grace under pressure in face of death, misery and disorder.Yet, an indepth study shows that the development levels of the two Hemingway code heroes are not the same.Catherine is the initi-ated, developed, and established code hero while Frederick is a developing code hero who can't be seen as a perfect one until the end of the story. He is to be initiated and tested;we observe his development under the tests.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31960181,32360213 and 82260364).
文摘Social anxiety (SA) is a prevalent mental health issue among adolescents, and vulnerable narcissism (VN) can exacerbate thiscondition. This study aims to investigate the impact of vulnerable narcissism on social anxiety in adolescents, specificallyfocusing on the mediating effects of self-concept clarity (SCC) and self-esteem (SE) in the relationship between vulnerablenarcissism and social anxiety. Through cluster sampling, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 982 students from threesecondary schools in two provinces. The data was analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results revealedthat there was a significant negative correlation between vulnerable narcissism and both self-concept clarity and self-esteem,while there was a significant positive correlation between vulnerable narcissism and social anxiety. Additionally, self-conceptclarity showed a significant positive correlation with self-esteem but had a negative correlation with social anxiety. Both selfconceptclarity and self-esteem played an intermediary role in the chain linking vulnerable narcissism to social anxiety. Thisstudy confirms the mediating role of both self-concept clarity and self-esteem in explaining how vulnerable narcissisminfluences social anxiety, providing valuable insights into its underlying mechanism.
基金by General Project of Natural Science Foundation of Beijing City(8202017)Beijing Urban Governance Research Base of North China University of Technology(2024CSZL07).
文摘The objective of this study is to investigate the factors that contribute to brittleness and to identify strategies for mitigating these factors in populations with varying degrees of thermal vulnerability,based on the potential impact of extreme heat exposure on human survival and habitability.The physiological condition of lower adaptability to high temperature environments and the assessment of individuals who may have higher tolerance time in high temperature environments based on spatial perspectives suggest the need for targeted spatial optimization strategies for commuters and disadvantaged populations.This is demonstrated through a case study.These optimization measures encompass a variety of aspects,including the integration of transportation systems,the expansion of grey space corridors,the improvement of green space layout,and the implantation of green infrastructure.The study aims to reduce the exposure time of thermally vulnerable individuals to high temperature environments through spatial optimization strategies,to enhance the resilience of urban green spaces to heat stress,and to reduce the probability of heat-wave occurrence.
基金the National Social Science Fund of China(20CGL027)。
文摘The Internet is believed to bring more technological dividends to vulnerable farmers during the green agriculture transformation.However,this is different from the theory of skill-biased technological change,which emphasizes that individuals with higher levels of human capital and more technological endowments benefit more.This study investigates the effects of Internet use on farmers'adoption of integrated pest management(IPM),theoretically and empirically,based on a dataset containing 1015 farmers in China's Shandong Province.By exploring the perspective of rational inattention,the reasons for the heterogeneity of the effects across farmers with different endowments,i.e.,education and land size,are analyzed.The potential endogeneity issues are addressed using the endogenous switching probit model.The results reveal that:(1)although Internet use significantly positively affects farmers'adoption of IPM,vulnerable farmers do not benefit more from it.Considerable selection bias leads to an overestimation of technological dividends for vulnerable farmers;(2)different sources of technology information lead to the difference in the degree of farmers'rational inattention toward Internet information,which plays a crucial role in the heterogeneous effect of Internet use;and(3)excessive dependence on strong-tie social network information sources entraps vulnerable farmers in information cocoons,hindering their ability to reap the benefits of Internet use fully.Therefore,it is essential to promote services geared towards elderly-oriented Internet agricultural technology information and encourage farmers with strong Internet utilization skills to share technology information with other farmers actively.
文摘The detection of software vulnerabilities written in C and C++languages takes a lot of attention and interest today.This paper proposes a new framework called DrCSE to improve software vulnerability detection.It uses an intelligent computation technique based on the combination of two methods:Rebalancing data and representation learning to analyze and evaluate the code property graph(CPG)of the source code for detecting abnormal behavior of software vulnerabilities.To do that,DrCSE performs a combination of 3 main processing techniques:(i)building the source code feature profiles,(ii)rebalancing data,and(iii)contrastive learning.In which,the method(i)extracts the source code’s features based on the vertices and edges of the CPG.The method of rebalancing data has the function of supporting the training process by balancing the experimental dataset.Finally,contrastive learning techniques learn the important features of the source code by finding and pulling similar ones together while pushing the outliers away.The experiment part of this paper demonstrates the superiority of the DrCSE Framework for detecting source code security vulnerabilities using the Verum dataset.As a result,the method proposed in the article has brought a pretty good performance in all metrics,especially the Precision and Recall scores of 39.35%and 69.07%,respectively,proving the efficiency of the DrCSE Framework.It performs better than other approaches,with a 5%boost in Precision and a 5%boost in Recall.Overall,this is considered the best research result for the software vulnerability detection problem using the Verum dataset according to our survey to date.
基金supported by the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia that provides Beasiswa Unggulan Dosen Indonesia (BUDI) scholarships through the Financial Fund Management Institution。
文摘Jeneberang watershed is vital,particularly for people living in Gowa Regency(South Sulawesi Province,Indonesia),who benefit from its many advantages.Landslides and floods occur every year in the Jeneberang watershed,so it is imperative to understand the socio-economic vulnerability of this region.This research aims to identify the vulnerability level of the Jeneberang watershed so that the government can prioritize areas with high vulnerability level and formulate effective strategies to reduce these the vulnerability.Specifically,this study was conducted in 12 districts located in the Jeneberang watershed.The primary data were collected from questionnaires completed by community members,community leaders,and various stakeholders,and the secondary data were from the Landsat satellite imagery in 2020,the Badan Push Statistic of Gowa Regency,and some governmental agencies.The socio-economic vulnerability variables were determined using the Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis(MCDA)method,and each variable was weighted and analyzed using the Geographical Information System(GIS).The study reveals that the levels of socio-economic vulnerability are affected by variables such as population density,vulnerable groups(disabled people,elderly people,and young people),road network and settlement,percentage of poor people,and productive land area in the Jeneberang watershed.Moreover,all of the 12 districts in the Jeneberang watershed are included in the medium vulnerability level,with the mean percentage of socio-economic vulnerability around 50.92%.The socio-economic vulnerability of Bajeng,Pallangga,and Somba Opu districts is categorized at high level,the socio-economic vulnerability of Bungaya,Parangloe,and Tombolo Pao districts is classified as medium level,and the remaining 6 districts(Barombong,Bontolempangan,Bontomarannu,Manuju,Parigi,and Tinggimoncong)are ranked as low socio-economic vulnerability.This study can help policy-makers to formulate strategy that contributes to the protection of biodiversity and sustainable development of the Jeneberang watershed,while improving disaster resilience and preparedness of the watershed.
基金This work is the result of commissioned research project supported by the Affiliated Institute of ETRI(2022-086)received by Junho AhnThis research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)Basic Science Research Program funded by the Ministry of Education(No.2020R1A6A1A03040583)this work was supported by Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology(KIAT)Grant funded by the Korea government(MOTIE)(P0008691,HRD Program for Industrial Innovation).
文摘This research aims to propose a practical framework designed for the automatic analysis of a product’s comprehensive functionality and security vulnerabilities,generating applicable guidelines based on real-world software.The existing analysis of software security vulnerabilities often focuses on specific features or modules.This partial and arbitrary analysis of the security vulnerabilities makes it challenging to comprehend the overall security vulnerabilities of the software.The key novelty lies in overcoming the constraints of partial approaches.The proposed framework utilizes data from various sources to create a comprehensive functionality profile,facilitating the derivation of real-world security guidelines.Security guidelines are dynamically generated by associating functional security vulnerabilities with the latest Common Vulnerabilities and Exposure(CVE)and Common Vulnerability Scoring System(CVSS)scores,resulting in automated guidelines tailored to each product.These guidelines are not only practical but also applicable in real-world software,allowing for prioritized security responses.The proposed framework is applied to virtual private network(VPN)software,wherein a validated Level 2 data flow diagram is generated using the Spoofing,Tampering,Repudiation,Information Disclosure,Denial of Service,and Elevation of privilege(STRIDE)technique with references to various papers and examples from related software.The analysis resulted in the identification of a total of 121 vulnerabilities.The successful implementation and validation demonstrate the framework’s efficacy in generating customized guidelines for entire systems,subsystems,and selected modules.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.41901209,42001173,and 41661144038).
文摘To explore the livelihood status and key influencing factors of rural households in the minority areas,we collected flat data from 284 rural households in 32 villages across 12 counties of Western Sichuan from 2021 to 2022.We conducted participatory household survey on the livelihood status of the rural households and try to identify the key factors to influence their livelihood vulnerability using multiple linear regression.The results showed that:the livelihood situation of the rural households is relatively vulnerable.The vulnerability varies significantly with the income levels,education levels,and income sources.The vulnerability of farm households,categorized from low to high livelihood types,follows the sequence:non-agricultural dominant households,non-agricultural households,agricultural dominant households,and pure agricultural households.The degree of damage to the natural environment,education costs,loan opportunities,the proportion of agricultural income to annual household income,and the presence of sick people in the household have significant positive effects on the livelihood vulnerability index(LVI)of rural households;while help from relatives and friends,net income per capita,household size,household education,agricultural land area,participation in industrial organizations,number of livestock,purchase of commercial houses,drinking water source,and self-supply of food have significant negative effects.Based on the findings,we believe that local rural households operate in a complex livelihood system and recommend continuous interventions targeting key influences to provide empirical research support for areas facing similar situations.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62005276,62175234)the Scientific and Technological Development Program of Jilin,China(Grant No.20230508111RC)to provide fund for this research。
文摘Laser anti-drone technology is entering the sequence of actual combat,and it is necessary to consider the vulnerability of typical functional parts of UAVs.Since the concept of"vulnerability"was proposed,a variety of analysis programs for battlefield targets to traditional weapons have been developed,but a comprehensive assessment methodology for targets'vulnerability to laser is still missing.Based on the shotline method,this paper proposes a method that equates laser beam to shotline array,an efficient vulnerability analysis program of target to laser is established by this method,and the program includes the circuit board and the wire into the vulnerability analysis category,which improves the precision of the vulnerability analysis.Taking the UAV engine part as the target of vulnerability analysis,combine with the"life-death unit method"to calculate the laser penetration rate of various materials of the UAV,and the influence of laser weapon system parameters and striking orientation on the killing probability is quantified after introducing the penetration rate into the vulnerability analysis program.The quantitative analysis method proposed in this paper has certain general expansibility,which can provide a fresh idea for the vulnerability analysis of other targets to laser.
基金funded by the Major PublicWelfare Special Fund of Henan Province(No.201300210200)the Major Science and Technology Research Special Fund of Henan Province(No.221100210400).
文摘In recent years,the number of smart contracts deployed on blockchain has exploded.However,the issue of vulnerability has caused incalculable losses.Due to the irreversible and immutability of smart contracts,vulnerability detection has become particularly important.With the popular use of neural network model,there has been a growing utilization of deep learning-based methods and tools for the identification of vulnerabilities within smart contracts.This paper commences by providing a succinct overview of prevalent categories of vulnerabilities found in smart contracts.Subsequently,it categorizes and presents an overview of contemporary deep learning-based tools developed for smart contract detection.These tools are categorized based on their open-source status,the data format and the type of feature extraction they employ.Then we conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis of these tools,selecting representative tools for experimental validation and comparing them with traditional tools in terms of detection coverage and accuracy.Finally,Based on the insights gained from the experimental results and the current state of research in the field of smart contract vulnerability detection tools,we suppose to provide a reference standard for developers of contract vulnerability detection tools.Meanwhile,forward-looking research directions are also proposed for deep learning-based smart contract vulnerability detection.
文摘Software security analysts typically only have access to the executable program and cannot directly access the source code of the program.This poses significant challenges to security analysis.While it is crucial to identify vulnerabilities in such non-source code programs,there exists a limited set of generalized tools due to the low versatility of current vulnerability mining methods.However,these tools suffer from some shortcomings.In terms of targeted fuzzing,the path searching for target points is not streamlined enough,and the completely random testing leads to an excessively large search space.Additionally,when it comes to code similarity analysis,there are issues with incomplete code feature extraction,which may result in information loss.In this paper,we propose a cross-platform and cross-architecture approach to exploit vulnerabilities using neural network obfuscation techniques.By leveraging the Angr framework,a deobfuscation technique is introduced,along with the adoption of a VEX-IR-based intermediate language conversion method.This combination allows for the unified handling of binary programs across various architectures,compilers,and compilation options.Subsequently,binary programs are processed to extract multi-level spatial features using a combination of a skip-gram model with self-attention mechanism and a bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)network.Finally,the graph embedding network is utilized to evaluate the similarity of program functionalities.Based on these similarity scores,a target function is determined,and symbolic execution is applied to solve the target function.The solved content serves as the initial seed for targeted fuzzing.The binary program is processed by using the de-obfuscation technique and intermediate language transformation method,and then the similarity of program functions is evaluated by using a graph embedding network,and symbolic execution is performed based on these similarity scores.This approach facilitates cross-architecture analysis of executable programs without their source codes and concurrently reduces the risk of symbolic execution path explosion.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,grant numbers 52072214 and 52242213.
文摘With the development of intelligent vehicles and autonomous driving technology,the safety of vulnerable road user(VRU)in traffic has been more guaranteed,and many research achievements have been made in the key area of collision avoidance decision-making methods.In this paper,the knowledge mapping method is used to mine the available literature in depth,and it is found that the research focus has shifted from the traditional accident cause analysis to emerging deep learning and virtual reality technology.This paper summarizes research on the three core dimensions of environmental perception,behavior cognition and collision avoidance decision-making in intelligent vehicle systems.In terms of perception,accurate identification of pedestrians and cyclists in complex environments is a major demand for VRU perception;in terms of behavior cognition,the coupling of VRU intention identification and motion trajectory prediction and other multiple factors needs further research;in terms of decision-making,the intention identification and trajectory prediction of collision objects are not included in the risk assessment model,and there is a lack of exploration specifically for cyclists'collision risk.On this basis,this paper provides guidance for the improvement of traffic safety of contemporary VRU under the conditions of intelligent and connected transportation.
文摘Climate change is an alarming global challenge, particularly affecting the least developed countries (LDCs) including Liberia. These countries, located in regions prone to unpredictable temperature and precipitation changes, are facing significant challenges, particularly in climate-sensitive sectors such as mining and agriculture. LDCs need more resilience to adverse climate shocks but have limited capacity for adaptation compared to other developed and developing nations. This paper examines Liberia’s susceptibility to climate change as a least developed country, focusing on its exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. It provides an overview of LDCs and outlines the global distribution of carbon dioxide emissions. The paper also evaluates specific challenges that amplify Liberia’s vulnerability and constrain sustainable adaptation, providing insight into climate change’s existing and potential effects. The paper emphasizes the urgency of addressing climate impacts on Liberia and calls for concerted local and international efforts for effective and sustainable mitigation efforts. It provides recommendations for policy decisions and calls for further research on climate change mitigation and adaptation.
文摘Groundwater vulnerability assessment is a crucial step in the efficient management of groundwater resources,especially in areas with intensive anthropogenic activities and groundwater pollution.In the present study,the DRASTIC method was applied using Geographic Information System(GIS)to delineate groundwater vulnerability zones in the Erbil Dumpsite area,Central Erbil Basin,North Iraq.Results showed that the area was classified into four vulnerability classes:Very low(16.97%),low(27.67%),moderate(36.55%)and high(18.81%).The southern,south-eastern and northern parts of the study area exhibited the highest vulnerability potential,while the central-northern,northern and north-western regions displayed the lowest vulnerability potential.Moreover,results of the single-parameter sensitivity analysis indicated that amongst the seven DRASTIC parameters,the unsaturated zone and the aquifer media were the most influencing parameters.In conclustion,the correlation of 25 nitrate concentration values with the final vulnerability map,assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient,yielded a satisfactory result of R=0.72.
文摘Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) tasks, becoming an integral part of various applications in society, including text generation, translation, summarization, and more. However, their widespread usage emphasizes the critical need to enhance their security posture to ensure the integrity and reliability of their outputs and minimize harmful effects. Prompt injections and training data poisoning attacks are two of the most prominent vulnerabilities in LLMs, which could potentially lead to unpredictable and undesirable behaviors, such as biased outputs, misinformation propagation, and even malicious content generation. The Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) framework provides a standardized approach to capturing the principal characteristics of vulnerabilities, facilitating a deeper understanding of their severity within the security and AI communities. By extending the current CVSS framework, we generate scores for these vulnerabilities such that organizations can prioritize mitigation efforts, allocate resources effectively, and implement targeted security measures to defend against potential risks.
文摘Objective: To explore the relationship and clinical value of serum phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), d-dimers, and serum galectin-3 (galectin-3) with atherosclerotic vulnerable plaques in coronary artery patients with coronary heart disease. Methods: A total of 248 patients who underwent coronary angiography (CAG) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) in our hospital from June 2017 to September 2018 were selected and divided into vulnerable plaque group (89), stable plaque group (89) and control group (70) according to the examination results. The serum levels of Lp-PLA2, d-dimer and galectin-3 in three groups were compared, as well as their correlation with the detection parameters. To evaluate the clinical value of Lp-PLA2, d-dimer and galectin-3 in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) with atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque. Results: Serum Lp-PLA2, d-dimer and galectin-3 levels were significantly different from the three groups (P<0.05), and the control group < stable plaque group <vulnerable plaque group (P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that Lp-PLA2, d-dimer and galectin-3 were significantly positively correlated with plaque area, plaque load, necrotic core and calcified tissue (P<0.01), and negatively correlated with fibrous lipid and fibrous tissue (P<0.01). ROC curve showed that Lp-PLA2, d-dimer and galectin-3 had certain predictive value for vulnerable coronary atherosclerotic plaques (AUC=0.939, 0.977, 0.920, P<0.01), and the three combinations (AUC=0.986, P<0.01) had higher predictive value. Conclusion: Serum Lp-PLA2, d-dimer and galectin-3 are significantly correlated with coronary atherosclerotic vulnerable plaques in patients with coronary heart disease, with high sensitivity and specificity, which can be used for the diagnosis and treatment of early atherosclerotic vulnerable plaques.
文摘Objective:To analyze the existing risks in breast milk management at the neonatal department and provide corresponding countermeasures.Methods:22 risk events were identified in 7 risk links in the process of bottle-feeding of breast milk.Hazard Vulnerability Analysis based on the Kaiser model was applied to investigate and evaluate the risk events.Results:High-risk events include breast milk quality inspection,hand hygiene during collection,disinfection of collectors,cold chain management,hand hygiene during the reception,breast milk closed-loop management,and post-collection disposal.Root cause analysis of high-risk events was conducted and breast milk management strategies outside the hospital and within the neonatal department were proposed.Conclusion:Hazard Vulnerability Analysis based on the Kaiser model can identify and assess neonatal breast milk management risks effectively,which helps improve the management of neonatal breast milk.It is conducive to the safe development and promotion of bottle feeding of breast milk for neonates,ensuring the quality of medical services and the safety of children.
文摘The paper makes a brief introduction to Ernest Hemingway and examines his short story In Another Country to revisit Hemingway's code hero concept. In Hemingway's world, God has gone. The heroes in his stories, however, hold tightly to their own principles, striving for meaning in a meaningless world.
文摘Hemingway's stature as a writer was confirmed with the publication of A Farewell to Arms. Infact, Hemingway wrote a lot of war stories, but in almost all of his novels, the concept of the"Hemingway Hero"or more popularly the"code hero"is frequently elaborated and vividly exemplified. In the novel"A Farewell to Arms", Frederick Henry and Catherine Barkly are both Hemingway code characters who carry out the code very well and both show their grace under pressure in face of death, misery and disorder.Yet, an indepth study shows that the development levels of the two Hemingway code heroes are not the same.Catherine is the initi-ated, developed, and established code hero while Frederick is a developing code hero who can't be seen as a perfect one until the end of the story. He is to be initiated and tested;we observe his development under the tests.