Integrating Virtual Reality and Energy Analysis with BIM to Optimize Window-to-Wall Ratio and Building’s Orientation for Age-in-Place Design at the Conceptual Stage

This study unfolds an innovative approach aiming to address the critical role of building design in global energy consumption, focusing on optimizing the Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR), since buildings account for approximately 30% of total energy consumed worldwide. The greatest contributors to energy expenditure in buildings are internal artificial lighting and heating and cooling systems. The WWR, determined by the proportion of the building’s glazed area to its wall area, is a significant factor influencing energy efficiency and minimizing energy load. This study introduces the development of a semi-automated computer model designed to offer a real-time, interactive simulation environment, fostering improving communication and engagement between designers and owners. The said model serves to optimize both the WWR and building orientation to align with occupants’ needs and expectations, subsequently reducing annual energy consumption and enhancing the overall building energy performance. The integrated model incorporates Building Information Modeling (BIM), Virtual Reality (VR), and Energy Analysis tools deployed at the conceptual design stage, allowing for the amalgamation of owners’ inputs in the design process and facilitating the creation of more realistic and effective design strategies.

Average temperature calculation for straight single-row-piped frozen soil wall

The average temperature of frozen soil wall is an essential parameter in the process of design, construction, and safety manage- ment of artificial ground freezing engineering. It is the basis of calculating frozen soil＇s mechanical parameters, fiarther prediction of bearing capacity and, ultimately, safety evaluation of the frozen soil wall. Regarding the average temperature of sin- gle-row-piped frozen soil wall, this paper summarizes several current calculation methods and their shortcomings. Furthermore, on the basis of Bakholdin＇s analytical solution for the temperature field under straight single-row-piped freezing, two new calcula- tion models, namely, the equivalent trapezoid model and the equivalent triangle model, are proposed. These two approaches are used to calculate the average temperature of a certain cross section which indicates the condition of the whole frozen soil wall. Considering the possible parameter range according to the freezing pipe layout that might be applied in actual construction, this paper compares the average temperatures of frozen soil walls obtained by the equivalent trapezoid method and the equivalent tri- angle method with that obtained by numerical integration of Bakholdin＇s analytical solution. The results show that the discrepancies are extremely small and these two new approaches are better than currently prevailing methods. However, the equivalent triangle method boasts higher accuracy and a simpler formula compared with the equivalent trapezoid method.

The protective performance of a molten salt frozen wall in the process of fluoride volatility of uranium

The fluoride volatility method (FVM) is a technique tailored to separate uranium from fuel salt of molten salt reactors. A key challenge in R&D of the FVM is corrosion due to the presence of molten salt and corrosive gases at high temperature. In this work, a frozen-wall technique was proposed to produce a physical barrier between construction materials and corrosive reactants. The protective performance of the frozen wall against molten salt was assessed using FLiNaK molten salt with introduced fluorine gas, which was regarded as a simulation of the FVM process. SS304, SS316L, Inconel 600 and graphite were chosen as the test samples. The extent of corrosion was characterized by an analysis of weight loss and scanning electron microscope studies. All four test samples suffered severe corrosion in the molten salt phase with the corrosion resistance as: Inconel 600>SS316L>graphite>SS304. The presence of the frozen wall could protect materials against corrosion by molten salt and corrosive gases, and compared with materials exposed to molten salt, the corrosion rates of materials protected by the frozen wall were decreased by at least one order of magnitude.

Revision of thickness design of cylindrical frozen walls considering frost heave

This paper outlines development of the thickness design of cylindrical frozen walls in artificial ground freezing （AFG）. A plain strain mechanical model coupled with infinite surrounding soil and rock takes into account the frost heave ratio to investigate the influence of frost heave on the thickness design of frozen wall, and superposition method is used to solve the complicated problem of frozen wall swelling. A revised formula referred to as ＂Baoshen＂ formula has been proposed. This formula provides a convenient analytic solution for any AGF problem involving not only frost heave but also the action of surrounding soil.

ELASTO-PLASTIC BACK ANALYSIS OF FROZEN SOIL WALL

The paper briefly describes the range and methods of the research on the stability of frozen wall. Using the Back Analysis Method combining with the model test of frozen wall, the comprebensive study on the stability of frozen wail is firstly carried out by the authors. Finally, a new viewpoint of adopting limited strain as the major eriteria of stability in frozen soil engineering is proposed.

Windows驱动程序技术的研究及在DFW中的应用

W indows传输驱动程序接口(Transport D river Interface,TD I)技术是实现分布式防火墙的主要技术之一。由于W indows系统不是一个开放系统,因此在TD I上实现封包截获的驱动程序存在较大困难。研究了W indows的TD I技术,包括输入输出请求包的结构和处理过程、几种重要的内核模式驱动对象及它们之间的联系,介绍了如何在TD I上设计驱动程序及其调试方法。在设计基于W in-dows平台的分布式防火墙系统中,采用TD I技术实现了数据包的截获,为今后对数据包进行分析、过滤和加解密打下了基础。

Frozen curtain characteristics during excavation of submerged shallow tunnel using Freeze-Sealing Pipe-Roof method

The Freeze-Sealing Pipe-Roof(FSPR)method,which has been applied for the first time in the Gongbei Tunnel of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge,is a new approach of tunnel pre-support that allows flexible adjustment of freeze tube arrangement and can be adapted to different environmental conditions.When the FSPR method is used to construct shallow burial submerged tunnels,the frozen wall to hold back groundwater during excavation will be weakened by air and water flows inside and outside the tunnel,and its waterproof performance needs to be further investigated.In this paper,a two-dimensional numerical model of the temperature field considering excavation and moving water boundary is established based on the preliminary design scheme and in-situ conditions and is used to analyze the variation in frozen curtain properties with various active freezing times during excavation.The results show that excavation has a weakening effect on both sides of the frozen wall,with a greater effect on the inner side,and a positive temperature appears in the local area inside the jacked pipe.The concrete fill in the jacked pipe obviously improves the freezing efficiency,and the tunnel excavation after 60 days of active freezing in the interval filling mode can ensure that the frozen soil thickness at the thinnest segment exceeds 2 m,i.e.,the design requirement.In practice,the active freezing time can be extended appropriately to reduce the influence of river water flow above the tunnel.The study serves as a technical reference for the design and implementation of similar projects.

STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF THE KULU-RAMPUR AND LARJI WINDOW ZONES, WESTERN HIMALAYA, INDIA

The Kulu\|Rampur and Larji windows in the western Himalaya make a window in window structure in the Lesser Himalaya between the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Main Central Thrust (MCT). The former constituted of late Archean Rampur Group with middle Proterozoic intrusive Bandal Granite Complex has been thrusted on to the younger Larji Group (Riphean) along a splay thrust making the latter a window in window structure. Both the sequences have recorded multiple deformation during the Himalayan orogeny. Five sets of Himalayan structures have been recognised. The first deformation event (D 1) was responsible for large isoclinal, (recumbent) folds (F 1) which are older than the onset of Himalayan thrusting. Presently, the Rampur Group constitutes the antiform and the Larji Group occupies a synformal position of F 1 folds. The parautochthons of the window zone has been covered by the Chail and Jutogh nappes along the Chail and Jutogh thrusts during D 2. Thrusting was followed by F 3 folding during D 3 deformation. This fold can be recognised in form of Rampur Antiform and corresponding Nirath\|Pandoh Synform with NW—SE axial trend. The Chail and Jutogh nappes are folded along with the parautochthonous rocks of window zone by this folding event. The out\|of\|sequence imbrication and the splay thrusts in the hanging wall of the MBT were initiated during D 3. The F 3 are overprinted by cross folding (F 4) of D 4 deformation, which is responsible for the doubly plunging character of the window zones. Cross folding was followed by D 5 extensional faulting and collapse of the hanging wall in out\|of\|sequence shear zones. The D 5 extensional fabrics are attributed to gravity collapse in the hanging wall of the MBT.

Windows系统应对黑客攻击的安全策略

在Windows环境下,网络安全防范方法的正确使用十分重要,着重介绍各种黑客软件对Windows系统造成的危害以及安全防范的对策,包括常见的黑客攻击、Windows系统的漏洞,杀毒软件的使用,防火墙软件的使用,注册表文件的维护。

Prevention and Control Measures for Vertical Spread of Fire along the External Wall of High-rise Buildings

In the analysis and research of few cases on the characteristics of vertical"burning"and spreading of fire in high-rise buildings in China and overseas,the mechanism of vertical spreading of fire along external wall is caused by hot pressing and wind pressure existing in high-rise buildings.The use of external wall combustible materials and near-window combustible items resulted in the formation of high temperature pyrotechnics and the burning of the external wall.Besides,due to the lack of fire-fighting measurements in high-rise building,it is recommended that the external wall of the high-rise building should be equipped with vertical fire-proof partitioning and non-combustible materials by setting up an automatic fire-fighting water curtain system along the vertical section of the external wall and above the indoor window.Therefore,the automatic sprinkler can be set up to prevent the fire from spreading vertically along the external wall of the building effectively.

地铁联络通道冻结壁冻融灾害效应及其平均温度预测

冻结法因具有施工方便、强度高、防水效果好及对土体扰动小等优点在软土地区地铁联络通道施工中获得广泛应用。冻结壁平均温度作为衡量冻结效果的重要参数之一,其解析公式求解较为复杂,在实际工程中难以应用。建立了包括冻结管断裂灾害、隧道收敛变形灾害、冻结帷幕收敛变形灾害、冻结帷幕透水灾害和融沉灾害的地铁联络通道冻结壁冻融灾害链式效应机制,并考虑多种布管方案,采用冻结壁平均温度等效梯形法建立完整数据集,利用神经网络的高度非线性特征,建立能同时预测单排、双排和多排(n>3)布管形式下冻结壁平均温度的神经网络预测模型。研究结果表明,基于完整数据集构建的冻结壁平均温度神经网络预测模型能有效地反映不同冻结管布置参数和冻结壁厚度等参数与冻结壁平均温度之间的关系;冻结壁平均温度均随冻结管排数和冻结壁厚度增大而逐渐降低,随盐水温度、冻结管间距和排距增大而逐渐升高。

多冷媒非均质人工冻结壁弹塑性应力分析

【目的】受制冷媒介温度差异以及被冻地层与冻结管距离差异的影响,多冷媒联合双排管冻结壁的非均匀性较为显著,为了合理评价该类冻结壁的安全性,需开展考虑非均质性的多冷媒人工冻结壁弹塑性应力分析。【方法】选取距离1/4管距处的冻结壁作为特征截面,将该截面上的温度分布曲线等效成三段一次函数形式,并将冻结壁视为随温度成线性变化的非均质材料,分别基于4种冻土屈服准则,推导得出多冷媒联合双排管非均质冻结壁弹塑性应力解析表达式。基于该解析表达式,对多冷媒冻结壁的受力特性进行计算,并将该计算结果与均质冻结壁计算得出的结果进行对比。【结果和结论】研究发现:(1)在盐水-二氧化碳联合双排管冻结壁中,径向应力随着相对半径r的增加而上升,环向应力在不同冻结区间(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)表现出不同的变化趋势。(2)基于均质冻结壁计算理论,弹性极限状态的冻结壁的环向应力最大值出现在冻结壁内侧,弹塑性状态的冻结壁的环向应力最大值出现在弹塑性分界面处,塑性极限状态的冻结壁的环向应力最大值出现在冻结壁最外侧;而基于非均质冻结壁计算理论,冻结壁环向应力最大值始终出现在冻结壁分区界线(r=2)处。(3)在考虑非均质特性后,冻结壁的弹性极限承载力降低1.8%,而塑性极限承载力提高8.1%。在弹塑性状态下,对应相同塑性区相对半径,非均质冻结壁具有更高的承载力,且这种现象随着塑性区相对半径的增大而愈发明显。研究成果对富水地层多冷媒联合冻结帷幕的设计具有重要的参考价值。

基于锥形束CT的牙槽上颌窦动脉解剖结构的研究进展

上颌窦侧壁的血供与侧壁开窗上颌窦底提升术中的出血风险存在着直接关系,这已然成为专家们的共识。然而牙槽上颌窦动脉解剖结构的相关数据测量存在差异。本文通过综合分析以往基于锥形束CT的牙槽上颌窦动脉解剖结构研究的文献,为临床行侧壁开窗窦底提升术时避免出血提供一定指导。

改善侧墙小窗密闭性对夏季网上平养肉鸡舍环境参数的影响

旨在研究采用密封胶条对夏季鸡舍侧墙老化小窗密闭性进行优化改善,观察对鸡舍环境参数和肉鸡死亡数量的影响。选取饲养数量、日龄及饲养管理模式和鸡舍构造均相同的两栋网上平养肉鸡舍,一栋为对照组(Con),不进行任何处理;另一栋为处理组(Tre),侧墙小窗采用密封胶条进行密闭性改造,每天8:00,10:00,12:00,14:00和16:00,对鸡舍不同位置点的负压、风速和温湿度进行监测,连续监测11 d。结果显示:与Con组相比,Tre组鸡舍中部监测点的风速显著升高(P<0.05),但是各监测点的负压没有显著变化;Tre组鸡舍平均温度和平均相对湿度均未出现显著变化,但是在试验后期,Tre组鸡舍最高相对湿度出现了显著下降(P<0.05);整体来看Tre组鸡舍肉鸡死亡数量出现了显著下降(P<0.05)。结果表明:通过改善鸡舍侧墙小窗的密闭性可以增加夏季网上平养肉鸡舍中部风速,降低试验后期的相对湿度,减少肉鸡的死亡数量。研究结果为老旧鸡舍夏季降温提供了一定参考依据。

高层住宅外墙门窗安装工艺与防渗漏措施探讨

研究了高层住宅外墙门窗安装工艺与防渗漏措施,从施工准备、门窗框安装、门窗扇安装、玻璃安装、成品保护等主要环节着手,分析了门窗安装工艺技术要点,并对因设计原因、材料原因、施工原因而产生的渗漏问题进行剖析,并提出了针对性的处理措施,以提高外墙门窗防渗漏效果,更好地满足住宅使用需求。

富水砂层交叠联络通道冻结设计方案研究

与常规联络通道冻结相比,交叠联络通道的冻结体量大、开挖构筑时间长、冻结孔布置形式更加复杂,其冻结设计与常规冻结设计有明显差异。为实现富水砂层叠落区间联络通道安全高效施工,结合叠落区间交叠联络通道结构形式,进行异型联络通道冻结方案设计。首先,在哈尔滨地铁3号线2期河松街站工程现场取土,并送至冻土实验室进行土体低温物理力学试验,得到-10℃时低温土体物理力学参数,确定粉质黏土-10℃环境下单轴抗压强度为3.53 MPa;根据试验结果进行冻结壁厚度设计,得到通道顶部及侧墙冻结壁厚度为3.0 m,集水井底部冻结壁厚度为4.0 m,平均温度为-10℃。数值计算结果表明,冻结壁强度和位移指标均满足安全要求。根据冻结壁厚度布置冻结孔,提出“地面垂直+洞内水平冻结”加固方式。针对距离建筑物较近的特点,为控制冻胀,采用地面垂直泄压孔与洞内水平泄压孔相结合的方式,施工期间地表最大冻胀量为8.59 mm,对环境影响可控。工程实践表明,采用该设计方案开挖工作面稳定性好,冻胀量可控。

深厚冲积层冻结井筒冻结壁稳定性研究

为了解决井筒开挖过程中冻结壁稳定性难以预测的问题,现以丁集矿第二副井井筒为工程背景。基于数值模拟有限元软件,利用冻土本构关系及蠕变参数,对不同冻结壁温度、不同冻结壁厚度和不同掘进段高穿过深厚冲积层(400m以下)的冻结壁进行了有限元分析。结果表明进行掘进开挖时掘进工作面会产生严重的底鼓现象,且底鼓现象会随着冻结壁温度的降低而减小,随着掘进段高、冻结壁厚度的增大而增大;同时空帮段会产生径向位移,且井帮径向位移随冻结壁温度降低、冻结壁厚度增大而减小,随着掘进段高的增大而增大;并得出了冻结壁井帮的最大径向位移、掘进工作面底鼓位移与冻结壁厚度、冻结壁温度、掘进段高和开挖段井帮暴露时间关系表达式,并根据工程实测得到了验证。为今后相似的井筒开挖提供了一定的参考价值。

既有玻璃幕墙典型安全性问题分析

我国玻璃幕墙保有量居世界之首,既有玻璃幕墙的安全性问题已成为建筑行业乃至全社会关注的焦点。论文以玻璃面板爆裂脱落和开启扇坠落问题为切入点,从材料、连接构造、支承体系等方面出发,对既有玻璃幕墙典型安全性问题产生的原因和分析方法进行了探讨,以期为玻璃幕墙的使用、维护及鉴定评估提供参考。

不同治疗时间窗对急性前壁心肌梗死患者行急诊冠脉介入治疗的效果

目的探讨不同治疗时间窗急性前壁心肌梗死急诊冠脉介入治疗对其效果的影响。方法选取2021年1月—2022年12月江南大学附属医院行急诊冠脉介入治疗的140例急性前壁心肌梗死患者,其中70例患者发病后至急诊冠脉介入治疗时间<3 h作为<3 h组,70例患者发病后至急诊冠脉介入治疗时间为3~8 h作为3~8 h组。术后,复查冠脉造影观察病变血管狭窄程度改善情况,评估治疗效果。结果<3 h组总有效率(98.57%,69/70)高于3~8 h组(84.29%,59/70)(P<0.05)。<3 h组治疗后心肌损害指标低于3~8 h组(P<0.05)。<3 h组治疗后左心室收缩末期内径、左心室舒张末期内径、左心房内径少于3~8 h组(P<0.05),左心室射血分数(52.36±4.24)%、二尖瓣口舒张早期血流速度峰值/舒张晚期血流速度峰值(early diastolic peak blood flow velocity of mitral valve opening/late diastolic peak blood flow velocity,E/A)(1.33±0.18)高于3~8 h组[(47.13±5.16)%、(1.29±0.20)](P<0.05)。随访6个月,2组均未见病死者;<3 h组心绞痛、心律失常、心源性休克等不良心血管事件发生次数均低于3~8 h组(P<0.05)。结论急性前壁心肌梗死发病早期尽早实施冠脉介入治疗,可改善患者预后,临床效果更佳。

基于冻融循环本构的预应力对拉式挡墙的冻胀效应研究

预应力对拉式挡墙的冻胀受力状态复杂,墙背的冻胀力分布尚不明确,进一步探究预应力对拉式挡墙的冻胀力分布具有重要意义。根据哈尔滨某地区的实际监测温度,采用ABAQUS数值模拟软件模拟温度场在模型空间的合理分布。基于冻融循环后混凝土塑性损伤本构,在所建立的温度场上进行热力耦合分析,研究预应力筋、冻胀时间对预应力对拉式挡墙冻胀效应的影响。研究结果表明:挡土墙所受冻胀力呈现“上小下大”的上三角分布趋势,且随着冻胀时间增加,冻胀力会呈现先逐渐增大然后逐渐减小的趋势,并在冻胀后120 d冻胀力达到最大。相比之下,由于预应力钢筋的存在,预应力对拉式挡土墙会使冻胀力在该处产生应力集中而增大,最大可使冻胀力增加200 kPa左右。在预应力钢筋的作用下,挡土墙的水平位移会减小40%~116%。本文研究结果可以为季节性冻土区的预应力对拉式挡土墙施工和设计提供技术支撑。