Evaluation of Resistance of Different Kiwifruit Varieties (Lines) to Canker Disease and Brown Spot Disease

Kiwifruit canker and brown spot are significant diseases affecting kiwis,caused by Pseudomonas syringae patho-genic variations(Pseudomonas syringae pv.Actinidiae(Psa))and Corynesporapolytica(Corynespora cassiicola).At present,the research on canker disease and brown spot disease mainly focuses on the isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria,drug control,resistance gene mining and functional verification.Practice has proved that breeding disease resistant varieties are an effective method to control canker disease and brown spot disease.However,most existing cultivars lack genes for canker and brown spot resistance.Wild kiwifruit resources in nat-ure exhibit extensive genetic diversity due to prolonged natural selection,containing numerous resistance genes.But,due to insufficient understanding of the resistance of most kiwifruit varieties(lines)to canker disease and brown spot disease,some high-quality resources have not been fully utilized.The incidence of canker and brown spot of 18 kiwifruit cultivars(lines)was measured by inoculating isolated branches and leaves,and their resistance to canker and brown spot was analyzed according to the length,disease index,mean diameter,and systematic clustering.The results were as follows:Among 18 different kiwifruit varieties(lines)for canker disease,there were two highly resistant materials,eight disease-resistant materials,four disease-susceptible materials,and two highly susceptible materials.Moreover,regarding brown spot disease,there were one highly resistant material,five dis-ease-resistant materials,four susceptible materials,and three highly susceptible materials.Furthermore,four resources were resistant to both diseases.The outcomes provided a theoretical basis for breeding kiwifruit against canker and brown spot.

Identification and characterization of genes related to m^(6)A modification in kiwifruit using RNA-seq and ATAC-seq

N6-methyladenosine(m^(6)A)RNA modification is a conserved mechanism that regulates the fate of RNA across eukaryotic organisms.Despite its significance,a comprehensive analysis of m^(6)A-related genes in non-model plants,such as kiwifruit,is lacking.Here,we identified 36 m^(6)A-related genes in the kiwifruit genome according to homology and phylogenetic inference.We performed bioinformatics and evolutionary analyses of the writer,eraser,and reader families of m^(6)A modification.Reanalysis of public RNA-seq data collected from samples under various biotic and abiotic stresses indicated that most m^(6)A-related genes were remarkably expressed under different conditions.Through construction of gene co-expression networks,we found significant correlations between several m^(6)A-related genes and transcription factors(TFs)as well as receptor-like genes during the development and ripening of kiwifruit.Furthermore,we performed ATAC-seq assays on diverse kiwifruit tissues to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of m^(6)A-related genes.We identified 10 common open chromatin regions that were present in at least two tissues,and these regions might serve as potential binding sites for MADS protein,C2H2 protein,and other predicted TFs.Our study offers comprehensive insights into the gene family of m^(6)A-related components in kiwifruit,which will lay foundation for exploring mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation involved in development and adaptation of kiwifruit.

Efficacy of a Kiwifruit Extract (PhenActivTM) on Gastrointestinal Tract Function: A Randomised Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study

Objective: Gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort is experienced by millions of people every day. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of PhenActivTM, a novel green kiwifruit extract, on gastrointestinal tract (GIT) function in otherwise healthy adults. Methods: 41 healthy adults with mild GI discomfort were enrolled in this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Participants were randomized to either take 3.0 g/day of PhenActivTM or a placebo for 6 weeks. Interviews were conducted at baseline, week 3 and week 6, with participants completing questionnaires regarding GI symptoms. Frequency of bowel movements was self-recorded daily. Results: There were no differences in daily and weekly defecation frequency and stool characteristics in either group. The active and placebo groups significantly improve GSRS scores (p , only the active group had a significant improvement in the IBSSS and PAC-QOL scores (p < 0.05) from baseline. Neither group had changes in sleep quality, quality of life and fatigue, plasma zonulin concentrations or macular pigment optical density scores. The product was well tolerated with no GI disturbances or adverse events being reported. Conclusion: Supplementation of 3.0 g/day of PhenActivTM for 6 weeks did not improve defecation frequency or stool composition in healthy adults, but did improve perceived symptoms of GIT function, including symptoms of functional GIT disorders, IBS and constipation. The product was well tolerated and future trials investigating higher doses with more participants and/or a different population would be beneficial.

Investigation and Identification of Fungal Diseases of Kiwifruit in Qiandongnan Prefecture

[Objectives]The paper was to investigate and identify the fungal diseases of wild and red heart kiwifruit in Qiandongnan Prefecture.[Methods]The pathogenic fungi were isolated from diseased leaves and fruits of wild and red heart kiwifruit by tissue separation method.DNA sequencing was carried out by using the sequence analysis of ribosomal r DNA-ITS region,and molecular evolutionary trees were built by using MEGA 4.0 software.Finally,the pathogenic fungi were classified and identified by combining morphological observation.[Results]The main fungal diseases were anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on wild kiwifruit,fruit anthracnose caused by C.acutatum on red heart kiwifruit,leaf soft rot caused by Fusarium incarnatum on red heart kiwifruit,and brown spot caused by Alternaria alternata on red heart kiwifruit.[Conclusions]The study may provide some theoretical basis for the control of kiwifruit diseases in Qiandongnan Prefecture.

猕猴桃采后真菌病害生物防治研究进展

猕猴桃果实易受多种病原真菌的侵染,采后易发生软腐病、灰霉病、青霉病等严重危害果实品质的真菌性病害。传统的有效防治方法主要为采前使用化学杀菌剂,但其易污染环境并可能危害人类健康。目前,已有一系列生物防治方法被研究并报道,这些方法可有效防控猕猴桃采后真菌病害:第一类为天然抑菌物质,包括植物提取物和其他天然物质;第二类为拮抗微生物,包括生防酵母、生防细菌、生防木霉,生防菌也能与物理及化学方法协同发挥作用。本文概述了各类生物防治方法在猕猴桃采后真菌病害绿色防控方面的研究进展及生防机理,并提出了目前存在的问题,最后展望了这一领域今后的研究方向。

氯吡脲处理对脐红猕猴桃果实品质的影响

脐红为深受市场欢迎的黄肉红心芽变猕猴桃新品种,研究不同浓度氯吡脲处理对其果实品质的影响,对脐红猕猴桃生产具有重要指导意义。设置5、10 mg/L氯吡脲水溶液2个处理,在谢花后25 d进行浸果,以清水为对照(CK),于果实成熟期测定果实的外观品质、内在品质、矿质元素及水解氨基酸含量。结果表明:10 mg/L氯吡脲水溶液处理后的单果重、横径、侧径、可溶性固形物含量、固酸比均增幅最大,分别提高了32.26%、17.09%、12.45%、9.38%和18.73%;可滴定酸、维生素C、花色苷含量和钙元素含量则显著降低,分别降低了7.75%、17.05%、52.13%和28.30%。在单个氨基酸方面,胱氨酸和精氨酸等2种氨基酸含量随氯吡脲浓度的增加而显著降低,丝氨酸、甘氨酸、脯氨酸等3种氨基酸含量则显著提高,总氨基酸含量有所降低,但差异不显著。在不同类别氨基酸方面,甜味氨基酸含量随着氯吡脲浓度的增加而提高,鲜味氨基酸、芳香氨基酸含量则降低。综上,氯吡脲的施用可促进脐红猕猴桃果实膨大,增加果实风味,如提高可溶性固形物含量、降低可滴定酸含量,但高浓度处理降低了果实营养品质,如维生素C、花色苷、钙元素、鲜味氨基酸和芳香氨基酸含量。建议种植户合理施用氯吡脲,以促进脐红猕猴桃产业健康可持续发展。

猕猴桃育种研究进展

中国是绝大多数猕猴桃属种质资源的原产地,丰富的种质资源孕育了世界猕猴桃产业的发展和壮大,目前我国猕猴桃面积和产量均位居世界首位。优良品种的培育是产业高质量发展的基础,然而猕猴桃雌雄异株、倍性复杂、高度杂合、育种周期长等特征是育种的难点,特别是近些年来我国猕猴桃产区出现的土壤盐渍化以及洪涝灾害频发等问题,对育种工作者提出了新的挑战,因此培育优质、高产、抗逆新品种是突破我国猕猴桃产业发展瓶颈的关键。通过总结国内外猕猴桃引种及资源利用过程、育种途径、新品种选育目标及育成品种,论述高效育种技术开发基础以及主要存在的问题,展望了今后研究重点与方向,以期为我国猕猴桃育种工作提供参考。

中国猕猴桃产业现状及“十五五”发展建议

猕猴桃原产于中国,但产业兴起于新西兰。相比较全球百余年的猕猴桃发展历程,中国自1978年开始历经46年,完成了全国猕猴桃野生种质资源普查、建立了自主品种培育体系、形成了中国特色生产技术体系,支撑了中国猕猴桃产业规模十几年稳居全球首位且仍保持快速发展的态势。至2024年中国猕猴桃结果面积已达20万hm~2,年产量超过380万t,为中国县域经济发展、农民脱贫致富、乡村经济振兴和生态环境保护发挥了重要作用。综述了中国猕猴桃产业的发展现状、国际市场地位与竞争优势,并提出了未来发展方向,将为“十五五”期间猕猴桃产业的可持续发展和参与国际竞争提供参考。

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定陕西眉县猕猴桃矿物质含量及相关营养评价

为探究陕西眉县所产猕猴桃中矿物质含量及评价其相关营养价值。利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法对陕西眉县主产的徐香、翠香、红心、黄心四个品种猕猴桃中9种矿物质含量进行测定,并采用营养质量指数法(Index of nutritional quality,INQ)对矿物质元素进行营养评价,同时应用SPSS软件对9种矿物质和能量进行相关性分析。陕西眉县四个品种猕猴桃矿物质均以钾、磷、钙、镁四种元素为主,约占总矿物质的99.8%,四个品种中INQ均大于1的矿物质有钙、钾、镁、铜,其中钾的INQ最高在3.89~5.19。矿物总量最高的品种为翠香328 mg/100g,但营养质量指数最高的为徐香16.78(INQ_(总))。通过相关性分析表明各元素间存在着不同程度的相关性,其中钾与能量的相关系数最高为0.982。猕猴桃是一种高钾低钠的优质食品,不同品种猕猴桃矿物质元素的营养价值差异明显,矿物质营养密度最高的为翠香,其次为红心、黄心、徐香,但从营养价值指数方面来看,徐香最高,翠香次之,红心和黄心猕猴桃矿物营养水平稍逊。

浙江省江山市猕猴桃病害病原鉴定

为明确浙江省江山市猕猴桃病害的发生情况,制定针对性的防控策略,中国科学院武汉植物园联合江山市特色种植业技术推广中心于2018—2019年对江山市7个乡镇8个代表性猕猴桃园进行了病害周年调查。通过对病原菌进行分离纯化及分子生物学鉴定,发现江山市猕猴桃园区春季主要病害为细菌性溃疡病,夏季及秋冬季为真菌性软腐病、炭疽病、黑斑病、灰斑病和褐斑病,该结果为当地猕猴桃病害的综合防治提供了理论依据。

不同品种猕猴桃多酚和类胡萝卜素组成的主成分分析

为研究不同品种猕猴桃果实的品质特征及多酚类和类胡萝卜素组成的区别,选取12种市售猕猴桃采用直接测量法对基本品质特征(硬度、可溶固形物、可滴定酸含量)进行测定,采用高效液相色谱法测定果实的多酚和类胡萝卜素组分含量,对不同品种猕猴桃中多酚和类胡萝卜组成进行主成分分析。结果表明,12种猕猴桃果实品质特征、多酚组分含量和类胡萝卜素组分含量差异明显。海沃德果实较硬,硬度为1.10 kg/cm~2,翠香可溶性固形物含量较高,为18.78%,东红可滴定酸含量较高,为1.40%,翠玉维生素C含量较高,为207.90 mg/kg。猕猴桃果实中,单体酚以(-)-原儿茶酸含量最高,(-)-儿茶素含量最低;单体类胡萝卜素以β-胡萝卜素含量最高,α-胡萝卜素含量最低;猕猴桃果实中至少含有23种多酚,6种类胡萝卜素,其中奎宁酸、芦丁是含量最高的2种多酚,含量分别在74.09~304.16 mg/kg和3.58~31.63 mg/kg。金梅、翠香、海沃德、米良1号果实中的多酚组成最为复杂,至少有25种,其中β-胡萝卜素是含量最高的类胡萝卜素,含量在1.06~41.57 mg/kg。利用主成分分析法对12个猕猴桃品种进行全面的评价,得出4个主成分因子累计贡献率为68.609%,可以反映猕猴桃品质的大部分信息,不同品种猕猴桃多酚及类胡萝卜素含量差异明显。

黄肉猕猴桃‘金实4号’果实采后蒂腐病病原菌的分离及鉴定

以猕猴桃新品种‘金实4号’采后病果为试材,取果实果蒂病组织分离腐烂病病原菌,按照柯赫氏法则确定分离病株的致病性,同时采用形态学结合分子生物学鉴定技术对病原菌种类进行鉴定,明确黄肉猕猴桃果实采后贮藏期引起腐烂的病菌种类,以期为黄肉猕猴桃采后腐烂病防治研究提供参考依据。结果表明:共有8种软腐病病原菌被鉴定,分别是拟茎点霉菌(Phomopsis sp.)、间座壳菌(Diaporthe cotoneastri)、小孢拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis microspora)、灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)、新壳梭孢(Neofusicoccum parvum)、链格孢(Alternaria sp.)、镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.)、葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)。

害虫诱杀技术在猕猴桃园中的应用思考

在分析害虫诱杀技术种类及特点的基础上,对害虫诱杀技术在猕猴桃园中的应用进行小结。调查发现,不同色板诱杀、杀虫灯诱杀、性诱杀分别对蚜虫、蓟马、金龟子等害虫有良好的诱杀效果。同时,结合实际田间操作,发现害虫诱杀技术在猕猴桃园应用中存在五方面的问题,并相应提出几点建议:一是加快相关诱杀产品的完善及进一步研发应用,二是加快诱杀技术田间操作人员的技术培训和示范,三是根据诱杀技术应用的目的性进行分类使用,四是安全妥善做好害虫诱捕产品废弃物的清理。

猕猴桃便携式无损检测仪影响因素及其精度校准分析

为探究产地、成熟度对便携式可溶性固形物无损检测精度的影响,以同一品种3个产地的猕猴桃为试材,分别采用便携式无损检测仪和常规有损检测仪对其可溶性固形物含量进行测定和比较,并运用人工神经网络对其进行分析。结果表明,在使用便携式无损检测仪对猕猴桃可溶性固形物检测时,3个产地的无损检测R2分别为0.26、0.52、0.61,成熟度会对其检测精度造成一定影响,但在不同产地间没有稳定、统一的规律;基于人工神经网络学习、建模产生的随机预测值可将R2提高5%~49%。因此,可利用预测值来作为中间校准程序,以辅助提高便携式无损检测精度。

猕猴桃9个种41份种质花粉形态观察与分析

为了解猕猴桃属植物间的亲缘关系,以9个猕猴桃种41份种质的花粉为供试材料,采用扫描电镜结合ImageJ图像处理软件对花粉进行形态学观测,并根据花粉极轴长度(P)、赤道轴长度(E)、萌发沟长度、萌发沟宽度、极轴长度/赤道轴长度(P/E)和大小(P×E)指标对供试材料进行聚类分析。结果表明,供试花粉均为单粒花粉,均以单粒、等极和辐射对称形式存在。极轴长度范围在21.50~33.40μm之间,赤道轴长度范围在9.87~16.24μm之间,萌发沟长度范围在17.53~29.08μm之间,萌发沟脊宽度范围在0.47~2.03μm之间,花粉粒大小(极轴×赤道轴)范围在218.68~543.18μm^(2)之间,极轴长度/赤道轴长度范围为1.36~2.26,花粉形状为超长球形或长球形,萌发孔类型均为三孔沟,极面观为三裂圆形,均为N3P4C5型。外壁纹饰分为波纹状、颗粒状和疣状,占样品总数的比例分别为63.41%、19.51%和17.08%。在遗传距离为7.5时,供试材料可以分为3个类群;在遗传距离为1.5时,供试材料可以分为6个类群,其中,中华猕猴桃被分为了4类。在两个遗传距离时,四萼猕猴桃均单独分为一类。

不同美味猕猴桃花粉萌发活力及形态学研究

为探究猕猴桃花粉萌发活力和花粉萌发前后的形态变化,以15份美味猕猴桃花粉为样本,采用离体培养方法测定花粉的萌发活力,利用扫描电镜观察离体培养前后5份雌株花粉和10份雄株花粉的形态变化。结果表明:15份花粉样本萌发率差异较大,5份雌株花粉均不萌发;10份雄株花粉中8号花粉样本的萌发率最高,为79.27%;9号花粉样本的萌发率最低,仅为22.85%。15份花粉样本离体培养前后扫描电镜观察发现:极面观基本相同,均为三裂圆形;赤道面观有差异,5份雌株花粉离体培养前后花粉形态不发生改变,均为近球形,而10份雄株花粉在萌发前为超长球形或长球形,萌发后均为近球形,极轴长度略有变小、赤道轴长变大、极轴长度与赤道轴长度比值变小、萌发沟宽度增宽,但萌发后的雄株花粉样本间各项形态学指标值差异较小。

基于无人机多光谱的猕猴桃园冠层叶绿素含量检测方法

为实现对猕猴桃园区果树整体生长健康状况的快速、大规模监测,以猕猴桃园冠层叶片为研究对象,基于无人机拍摄果园多光谱图像,然后利用Pix4Dmapper软件拼接多光谱图像,获取果园的正射影像图,并进行辐射校正。切分正射影像为420个区域图像作为样本,采用最大类间方差法(Otsu)分割样本图像的冠层叶片与土壤背景,并实测每个样本的冠层SPAD值,构建冠层叶片多光谱数据集。采用箱线图法对数据集进行异常值检测,剔除异常样本;然后利用多光谱图像多通道的数据特点,提取图像的相邻通道变化率和23种常用植被指数,以及二者组合作为样本特征值,接着利用CARS、LARS、IRIV等3种特征筛选算法优选特征,分别结合偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、支持向量回归(SVR)、岭回归(RR)、多元线性回归(MLR)和极限梯度提升树(XGBoost)、最小绝对收缩和选择算子回归(Lasso)、随机森林回归(RFR)、高斯过程回归(GPR)等8种方法构建模型,识别猕猴桃园冠层SPAD值;最后对比分析以不同样本特征构建的24个模型的性能,实验结果表明:以相邻通道变化率为特征建立的模型中,GPR模型性能最好,R^(2)、RMSE分别为0.770、3.044;以植被指数和相邻通道变化率组合特征建立的模型中,GPR模型性能也最好,R^(2)、RMSE分别为0.783、2.957;以植被指数为数据特征建立的XGBoost模型性能最优,R^(2)、RMSE分别为0.787、2.933;因此基于无人机遥感的智能检测模型能够对果园冠层叶绿素含量进行准确评估。

不同温度和乙烯处理对金艳猕猴桃果实快速后熟的影响

国产猕猴桃主要以硬果销售,不可即食成为国产猕猴桃采后供应链中最大的痛点之一,极大降低了消费者的体验感和重复购买欲。猕猴桃果实中存在乙烯诱导和低温诱导果实软化成熟两条途径。为了探究不同温度处理和乙烯处理对金艳猕猴桃果实快速后熟的影响,针对7个不同采收期(H1~H7)的金艳猕猴桃果实开展了不同温度处理(1、5、10、20℃)和乙烯处理(乙烯5℃和乙烯20℃)试验。结果表明,几乎所有采收期(H7除外)的果实,采用10℃处理和乙烯处理均能加速果实软化,使其果实硬度、果心硬度均低于其他处理,而可溶性固形物含量基本高于其他处理。对于采收期H3的果实而言,10℃处理10 d后和乙烯20℃处理3 d后果实均达到可食状态,但是乙烯20℃处理的果实可食用窗口期较短(仅4 d);相比乙烯20℃处理,乙烯5℃处理可以延缓果实过快软熟。无论温度处理还是乙烯处理的果实,其总酸含量在贮藏过程中基本保持不变。因此,10℃低温处理和乙烯处理后5℃贮藏均能诱导金艳猕猴桃果实快速后熟,且具有较长的可食用窗口期,为金艳即食猕猴桃的制备提供了理论依据和技术支撑。

3株生防菌对猕猴桃软腐病的作用

为探究生防菌对猕猴桃软腐病的作用,选用前期获得的3株生防菌(贝莱斯芽孢杆菌P2-1、耐盐芽孢杆菌PL7和多黏芽孢杆菌NL4)进行室内抑菌试验、猕猴桃软腐病接种和自然发病防治试验,并研究了3株生防菌对猕猴桃果实病程相关基因表达的影响。试验结果表明,菌株P2-1、PL7和NL4对猕猴桃软腐病菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)菌丝生长的抑制率分别为83.49%、74.82%和49.33%,P2-1的抑制效果最好,PL7次之,NL4最差;3株生防菌对接种猕猴桃软腐病均具有抑制作用,其中以P2-1的效果最好,PL7次之,NL4最差;3株生防菌均能显著降低猕猴桃软腐病自然发病率,其中以P2-1处理的发病率最低;3株生防菌处理均对猕猴桃果实品质无影响;3株生防菌处理猕猴桃果实后,果实中基因PR1、PR5和SOD的表达显著上调。研究结果可为菌株P2-1、PL7和NL4开发为防治猕猴桃软腐病的生物制剂提供参考。

基于高光谱的猕猴桃叶片叶绿素含量智能检测研究

为准确实时分析猕猴桃树的生长健康状况,以陕西关中平原猕猴桃树为研究对象,构建叶片高光谱数据集;基于随机法和Kennard-Stone方法划分数据集,采用竞争自适应重加权采样算法(CARS)、主成分分析法(PCA)和迭代保留信息变量算法(IRIV)提取样本的特征波段;进而采用多元线性回归(MLR)、岭回归(RR)、偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、支持向量回归(SVR)和随机森林回归(RFR)等方法建立叶片叶绿素含量智能检测模型。模型对比分析表明,基于CARS算法所提取的81个特征波段建立的CARS-RR模型预测效果最好,验证集上的R2为0.86,RMSE为2.71。因此,提出的智能检测模型能够基于光谱信息无损检测猕猴桃树叶绿素含量,进而分析果园整体健康状况,为后续果园精细化管理提供决策支撑。