Trial application of the envelope method to the potential ambiguity problem

The optical potential ambiguity is a long-standing problem in the analysis of elastic scattering data.For a specific collid-ing system,ambiguous potential families can lead to different behaviors in the nearside and farside scattering components.By contrast,the envelope method can decompose the experimental data into two components with negative and positive deflection angles,respectively.Hence,a question arises as to whether the comparison between the calculated nearside(or farside)component and the derived positive-deflection-angle(or negative-deflection-angle)component can help analyze the potential ambiguity problem.In this study,we conducted a trial application of the envelope method to the potential ambiguity problem.The envelope method was improved by including uncertainties in the experimental data.The colliding systems of 16O+28Si at 215.2 MeV and 12C+12C at 1016 MeV were considered in the analyses.For each colliding system,the angular distribution experimental data were described nearly equally well by two potential sets,one of which is“surface transpar-ent”and the other is refractive.The calculated angular distributions were decomposed into nearside and farside scattering components.Using the improved envelope method,the experimental data were decomposed into the positive-deflection-angle and negative-deflection-angle components,which were then compared with the calculated nearside and farside components.The capability of the envelope method to analyze the potential ambiguities was also discussed.

An envelope-based machine learning workflow for locating earthquakes in the southern Sichuan Basin

The development of machine learning technology enables more robust real-time earthquake monitoring through automated implementations. However, the application of machine learning to earthquake location problems faces challenges in regions with limited available training data. To address the issues of sparse event distribution and inaccurate ground truth in historical seismic datasets, we expand the training dataset by using a large number of synthetic envelopes that closely resemble real data and build an earthquake location model named ENVloc. We propose an envelope-based machine learning workflow for simultaneously determining earthquake location and origin time. The method eliminates the need for phase picking and avoids the accumulation of location errors resulting from inaccurate picking results. In practical application, ENVloc is applied to several data intercepted at different starting points. We take the starting point of the time window corresponding to the highest prediction probability value as the origin time and save the predicted result as the earthquake location. We apply ENVloc to observed data acquired in the southern Sichuan Basin, China, between September 2018 and March 2019. The results show that the average difference with the catalog in latitude, longitude, depth, and origin time is 0.02°,0.02°, 2 km, and 1.25 s, respectively. These suggest that our envelope-based method provides an efficient and robust way to locate earthquakes without phase picking, and can be used in earthquake monitoring in near-real time.

Pepper mild mottle virus coat protein interacts with pepper chloroplast outer envelope membrane protein OMP24 to inhibit antiviral immunity in plants

Pepper mild mottle virus(PMMoV)is a devastating viral pathogen of pepper(Capsicum annuum)but it is unclear whether and how peppers protect against PMMoV infection.The expression of the chloroplast outer membrane protein 24(OMP24)of C.annuum was upregulated under PMMoV infection and it interacted with PMMoV coat protein(CP).Silencing of OMP24 in either C.annuum or Nicotiana benthamiana facilitated PMMoV infection,whereas overexpression of N.benthamiana OMP24 in transgenic plants inhibited PMMoV infection.Both C.annuum OMP24(CaOMP24)and N.benthamiana OMP24(NbOMP24)localized to the chloroplast and have a moderately hydrophobic transmembrane domain that is necessary for their localization.Overexpression of CaOMP24 induced stromules,perinuclear chloroplast clustering,and accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS),the typical defense responses of chloroplasts transferring the retrograde signaling to the nucleus to regulate resistance genes.The expression of PR1 and PR2 was also upregulated significantly in plants overexpressing OMP24.Self-interaction of OMP24 was demonstrated and was required for OMP24-mediated plant defense.Interaction with PMMoV CP interfered with the self-interaction of OMP24 and impaired OMP24-induced stromules,perinuclear chloroplast clustering and ROS accumulation.The results demonstrate the defense function of OMP24 in pepper during viral infection and suggest a possible mechanism by which PMMoV CP modulates the plant defense to facilitate viral infection.

妊娠合并慢性乙型肝炎血清HBV pgRNA、PreS1抗原表达与肝内胆汁淤积症的相关性分析

目的 探究妊娠合并慢性乙型肝炎病人血清乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)前基因组RNA(HBV pgRNA)、前S1抗原(PreS1Ag)水平变化及与妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(ICP)发生的相关性。方法 选取2017年6月至2020年6月在雅安市人民医院进行孕期检查的慢性乙型肝炎孕妇279例作为研究对象,根据入组病人是否患有ICP分为合并ICP组43例、未合并ICP组236例。比较两组病人血清中HBV pgRNA、PreS1 Ag水平,并分析两组血清HBV pgRNA、PreS1 Ag表达与HBV DNA表达水平相关性;比较两组病人妊娠结局,并分析合并ICP组病人血清HBV pgRNA表达水平及PreS1 Ag阳性表达率与妊娠结局的关系。受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线分析血清HBV pgRNA、PreS1 Ag光密度[D(λ)]值诊断慢性乙型肝炎孕妇合并ICP的效能。结果 合并ICP组慢性乙型肝炎病人血清HBV表面抗原(HbsAg)水平[(3.71±0.92)log IU/mL]、HBV e抗原(HbeAg)阳性率[65.12%(28/43)]、HBV DNA含量[(8.03±1.69)log copies/mL]、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)[(79.68±15.73)U/L]、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)[(72.08±16.95)U/L]、PreS1 Ag阳性表达率[88.37%(38/43)]、PreS1 Ag D(λ)值水平(1.24±0.25)及HBV pgRNA表达水平[(5.17±1.25)log copies/mL]明显高于未合并ICP组[(2.26±0.74)log IU/mL、24.15%(57/236)、(5.19±1.07)logcopies/mL、(23.01±12.47)U/L、(21.76±10.51)U/L、67.80%(160/236)、(0.92±0.23)、(3.02±0.98)logcopies/mL](P<0.05)。血清HBV pgRNA诊断慢性乙型肝炎孕妇合并ICP的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.89,灵敏度为81.40%,特异度为80.50%。PreS1 Ag D(λ)值诊断慢性乙型肝炎孕妇合并ICP的AUC为0.83,灵敏度为76.70%,特异度为79.20%。二者联合诊断的AUC为0.91,灵敏度为93.00%,特异度为78.40%。合并ICP组、未合并ICP组血清PreS1 Ag阳性的慢性乙型肝炎病人血清HBV DNA、HBV pgRNA表达水平均明显高于PreS1 Ag阴性表达病人(P<0.05)。合并ICP组、未合并ICP组血清HBV pgRNA、PreS1 Ag D(λ)值均与HBV DNA表达水平呈正相关(P<0.05)。合并ICP组产后出血、早产的发生率明显高于未合并ICP组(P<0.05)。发生不良妊娠结局的慢性乙型肝炎合并ICP病人血清PreS1 Ag阳性表达率、PreS1 Ag D(λ)值、HBV pgRNA表达水平均明显高于未发生不良妊娠结局病人(P<0.05)。结论 合并ICP的慢性乙型肝炎病人血清HBV pgRNA表达水平、PreS1 Ag阳性表达率及D(λ)值水平均明显升高,对ICP有一定诊断价值,且两者水平变化均与HBV DNA含量有关,并可能预示病人不良妊娠结局的发生。

血清preS1水平与慢性乙型肝炎患者肝纤维化的关系及对癌变的诊断价值

目的分析血清乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)前S1蛋白(precursor S1 protein,preS1)与慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B,CHB)肝纤维化及癌变进展的相关性。方法对2019年10月—2021年10月期间在青海红十字医院接受检查的228例乙肝表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen,HBsAg)阳性慢性HBV感染者进行回顾性分析,其中CHB患者75例、肝硬化(liver cirrhosis,LC)患者93例(LC组)、肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)患者60例(HCC组)。根据LC和HCC组肝组织活检分析肝脏炎症活动及肝纤维化程度。结果HCC组血清preS1水平[496.32(457.63,988.0)ng/mL]和LC组[338.72(247.93,554.61)ng/mL]血清preS1水平均显著高于CHB组[113.69(87.09,177.40)ng/mL],且差异具有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。HCC组血清preS1水平亦高于LC组(P=0.002)。经受试者工作特征曲线分析,血清preS1水平鉴别诊断CHB与LC的曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)是0.881(95%CI:0.830~0.932),鉴别诊断CHB/LC与HCC的AUC是0.861(95%CI:0.815~0.908)。3组患者的血清preS1水平与HBsAg(rs=0.799,P<0.001)呈强正相关和Log HBV DNA(rs=0.262,P<0.001)呈弱正相关。此外LC组和HCC组血清preS1水平与肝脏炎症活动分级(rs=0.201,P=0.009)及肝纤维化分期也呈弱正相关性(rs=0.295,P<0.001)。结论血清preS1水平与血清HBsAg、HBV DNA水平和肝脏炎症和纤维化进展呈正相关,有可能成为鉴别诊断HBV相关慢性肝病肝硬化或癌变的候选标志物。

Design of a memory polynomial predistorter for wideband envelope tracking amplifiers

Efficiency and linearity of the microwave power amplifier are critical elements for mobile communication systems. A memory polynomial baseband predistorter based on an indirect learning architecture is presented for improving the linearity of an envelope tracing （ET） amplifier with application to a wireless transmitter. To deal with large peak-to-average ratio （PAR） problem, a clipping procedure for the input signal is employed. Then the system performance is verified by simulation results. For a single carrier wideband code division multiple access （WCDMA） signal of 16-quadrature amplitude modulation （16-QAM）, about 2% improvement of the error vector magnitude （EVM） is achieved at an average output power of 45.5 dBm and gain of 10.6 dB, with adjacent channel leakage ratio （ACLR） of -64.55 dBc at offset frequency of 5 MHz. Moreover, a three-carrier WCDMA signal and a third-generation （3G） long term evolution （LTE） signal are used as test signals to demonstrate the performance of the proposed linearization scheme under different bandwidth signals.

Density-dependent carrier-envelope phase shift in attosecond pulse generation from relativistically oscillating mirrors

The carrier-envelope phase(CEP)φ_(0)is one of the key parameters in the generation of isolated attosecond pulses.In particular,“cosine”pulses(φ_(0)=0)are best suited for generation of single attosecond pulses in atomic media.Such“cosine”pulses have the peak of the most intense cycle aligned with the peak of the pulse envelope,and therefore have the highest contrast between the peak intensity and the neighboring cycles.In this paper,the dynamics of single attosecond pulse generation from a relativistically oscillating plasma mirror is investigated.We use an elementary analytical model as well as particle-in-cell simulations to study few-cycle attosecond pulses.We find that the phase of the field driving the surface oscillations depends on the plasma density and preplasma scale length.This leads us to a counterintuitive conclusion:for the case of normal incidence and a sharp plasma-vacuum boundary,the CEP required for the generation of a single attosecond pulse phase is closer toφ_(0)=π/2(a“sine”pulse),with the exact value depending on the plasma parameters.

Failure Envelopes of Single-Plate Rigid Helical Anchors for Floating Offshore Wind Turbine

Helical anchor is a kind of novel foundation for floating offshore wind turbines,which should be subjected to combined tensile loading caused by wind,wave and current.However,the research about the capacity of helical anchor was mainly examined under uniaxial loading and scarcely explored under combined loading.In this study,three-dimensional finite element limit analysis is adopted to assess the bearing capacities of single-plate rigid helical anchors with different ratios of helix to shaft diameter,D_(H)/D_(S) and embedment ratios L/D_(S).Result shows that the vertical,horizontal and moment bearing capacities increase with increasing D_(H)/D_(S) and L/D_(S).The normalized V-H failure envelopes expands with increasing L/D_(S),while the normalized V-M failure envelopes tend to contract with the increase of D_(H)/D_(S).With increasing D_(H)/D_(S) or decreasing L/D_(S),the normalized H-M failure envelopes expand when the horizontal and moment loading act in the same direction and contract when they act in the opposite direction.The effect of D_(H)/D_(S) and L/D_(S) on the shape of H-M failure envelope become insignificant when L/D_(S)≥4.A series of failure mechanisms under different loading conditions were observed and can be used to explain the trend.Besides,a series of approximate expressions were proposed to fit the uniaxial bearing capacities and the failure envelopes.

Intelligent Digital Envelope for Distributed Cloud-Based Big Data Security

Cloud computing offers numerous web-based services.The adoption of many Cloud applications has been hindered by concerns about data security and privacy.Cloud service providers’access to private information raises more security issues.In addition,Cloud computing is incompatible with several industries,including finance and government.Public-key cryptography is frequently cited as a significant advancement in cryptography.In contrast,the Digital Envelope that will be used combines symmetric and asymmetric methods to secure sensitive data.This study aims to design a Digital Envelope for distributed Cloud-based large data security using public-key cryptography.Through strategic design,the hybrid Envelope model adequately supports enterprises delivering routine customer services via independent multi-sourced entities.Both the Cloud service provider and the consumer benefit from the proposed scheme since it results in more resilient and secure services.The suggested approach employs a secret version of the distributed equation to ensure the highest level of security and confidentiality for large amounts of data.Based on the proposed scheme,a Digital Envelope application is developed which prohibits Cloud service providers from directly accessing insufficient or encrypted data.

Envelope Method and More General New Global Structures of Solutions for Multi-dimensional Conservation Law

For the two-dimensional(2D)scalar conservation law,when the initial data contain two different constant states and the initial discontinuous curve is a general curve,then complex structures of wave interactions will be generated.In this paper,by proposing and investigating the plus envelope,the minus envelope,and the mixed envelope of 2D non-selfsimilar rarefaction wave surfaces,we obtain and the prove the new structures and classifications of interactions between the 2D non-selfsimilar shock wave and the rarefaction wave.For the cases of the plus envelope and the minus envelope,we get and prove the necessary and sufficient criterion to judge these two envelopes and correspondingly get more general new structures of 2D solutions.

植物PRE类转录因子基因的研究进展

多效唑是一种赤霉素合成抑制剂,抗多效唑(paclobutrazol-resistance,PRE)基因家族编码的蛋白质可与多效唑发生拮抗作用,这些蛋白质具有螺旋-环-螺旋(basic Helix-Loop-Helix,bHLH)结构,在高等植物中参与转录调控从而在植物发育的许多方面发挥关键作用.PRE基因通过参与各种激素(如赤霉素,油菜素内酯,生长素等)、温度和光响应信号通路来调节植物的生长和发育,对植物生长发育具有重要意义.综述PRE基因在植物中的研究进展,主要包括PRE基因的基本性质、分类、功能以及所参与的植物生理过程等方面,为进一步研究植物PRE类转录因子基因提供理论基础.

Coherent Parameter Measurement Based on Partial Coherent Envelope Demodulation

The key parameters of laser energy concentration and coherence can be characterized by laser linewidth, which determines the detection range, measurement resolution and signal-to-noise ratio of laser precision measurement technology. Up to now, the laser linewidth is mainly measured by the energy distribution width in the frequency domain, but the coherence of the laser has not been measured or characterized directly. In this work, we propose the concept of coherent linewidth based on the coherent envelope of delayed self-heterodyne detection to directly characterize the time-frequency coherence of lasers. In the proof-of-concept experiment, we obtain the coherence coefficient through the Fourier transform of the partial coherence envelope, and then measure the coherence linewidth of the laser. The measured coherent linewidth is smaller than the traditional integral linewidth and larger than the intrinsic Lorentzian linewidth, indicating that the coherent linewidth is less affected by low-frequency 1/f noise. The concept of coherent linewidth proposed in this article can serve as a candidate method for directly characterizing the coherence of narrow linewidth lasers. .

Loss of A-type lamin expression compromises nuclear envelope integrity in breast cancer

Through advances in technology,the genetic basis of cancer has been investigated at the genomic level,and many fundamental questions have begun to be addressed.Among several key unresolved questions in cancer biology,the molecular basis for the link between nuclear deformation and malignancy has not been determined.Another hallmark of human cancer is aneuploidy;however,the causes and consequences of aneuploidy are unanswered and are hotly contested topics.We found that nuclear lamina proteins lamin A/C are absent in a significant fraction(38%) of human breast cancer tissues.Even in lamin A/C-positive breast cancer,lamin A/C expression is heterogeneous or aberrant(such as non-nuclear distribution) in the population of tumor cells,as determined by immunohistology and immunofluorescence microscopy.In most breast cancer cell lines,a significant fraction of the lamin A/C-negative population was observed.To determine the consequences of the loss of lamin A/C,we suppressed their expression by shRNA in noncancerous primary breast epithelial cells.Down-regulation of lamin A/C in breast epithelial cells led to morphological deformation,resembling that of cancer cells,as observed by immunofluorescence microscopy.The lamin A/C-suppressed breast epithelial cells developed aneuploidy as determined by both flow cytometry and fluorescence in situ hybridization.We conclude that the loss of nuclear envelope structural proteins lamin A/C in breast cancer underlies the two hallmarks of cancer aberrations in nuclear morphology and aneuploidy.

Influence of Kinematic Analysis Parameters of Drag Anchor Trajectory Prediction Using Yield Envelope Method

Drag anchor is widely applied in offshore engineering for offshore mooring systems.The prediction of the invisible trajectory during its drag-in installation is challenging for anchor design in determining the anchor final position for ensuring sufficient holding capacity.The yield envelope method based on deep anchor failure for kinematic analysis was proposed as a promising trajectory prediction method for drag anchor.However,there is a lack of analysis on the effects of the parameters applied in the kinematic analysis.The current work studies the effects of the yield envelope parameters,anchor line bearing capacity factor and the anchor/soil interface friction.It is found that the accuracy of the yield envelope parameters has large impact on the prediction results based on deep yield envelopes.Analyses of cases with smooth fluke predict deeper embedment depth than that from analyses of cases with rough fluke.The decrease of the capacity factor results in the increase of the anchor embedment depth,the anchor line load,the anchor chain angle and the stable value of the normalized horizontal load component for the same drag length,while the stable value of the normalized vertical load component decreases when the capacity factor decreases.This illustrates the importance in applying reasonable parameters and improving the method for more reliable prediction of the anchor trajectory.

Preliminary Study to Show the Effect of Building Envelope Materials on Thermal Comfort of Buildings Located in Hot Humid Climate

The main aim of this paper is to study the effect of building envelope constructed with different materials on thermal comfort of buildings located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Four different buildings constructed with brick, glass, stone, and gypsum are taken into account to study the difference in temperature of the indoor and outdoor environments. Also, this paper explores the heat conducted by walls of different materials with different thicknesses. In addition, survey is conducted among the residents of Jeddah to know their perspective about thermal comfort of buildings. From the study, it is found that building envelope constructed with glass is more effective compared to envelope constructed with other materials of with least thickness of wall. Also, it is found that the envelope constructed with brick is more effective in absorbing the heat provided the thickness of the walls remains the same.

Structure defect prediction of single crystal turbine blade by dendrite envelope tracking model

The structure defects such as stray grains during unidirectional solidification can severely reduce the performance of single crystal turbine blades. A dendrite envelope tracking model is developed for predicting the structure defects of unidirectional solidification turbine blade. The normal vector of dendrite envelope is estimated by the gradient of dendrite volume fraction, and the growth velocity of the dendrite envelope (dendrite tips) is calculated with considering the anisotropy of grain growth. The solute redistribution at dendrite envelope is calculated by introducing an effective solute partition coefficient. Simulation tests show that the solute-build-up due to the rejection at envelope greatly affects grain competition and consequently solidification structure. The model is applied to predict the structure defects (e.g. stray grain) of single crystal turbine blade during unidirectional solidification. The results show that the developed model is reliable and has the following abilities: reproduce the growth competition among the different-preferential-direction grains; predict the stray grain formation; simulate the structure evolution (single crystal or dendrite grains).

Domain Ⅲ of Dengue Virus Serotype 2 Envelope: Expression at High Levels in Escherichia coli and Competitive Inhibition of Virus Entry

Obejective The domainⅢof dengue virus type 2 envelope was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and the inhibited effects of recombinant protein on virus was detected. Methods In this study, the domainⅢ(DⅢ) protein of the dengue virus type-2 (DENV-2) envelope (E) antigen was expressed in Escherichia coli by fusion with a carrier protein. The protein was puriifed using enzymatic cleavage and afifnity puriifcation. Rabbit immunization and antibody detection was carried out. Inhibition of DENV-2 infection was observed by DENV-2 EDⅢprotein and its immunity rabbits serum. Results The recombinant expression DENV-2 EDⅢ protein plasmid was constructed successfully. After isopropyl thiogalactoside induction, a speciifc soluble 29 kD protein was obtained, and the expression product accounted for 68.87%of the total protein of the cell lysate. Western blot demonstrated the reactivity of the recombinant protein with his-tag and DENV (Ⅰ-Ⅳ) monoclonal antibodies. The protein was puriifed using enzymatic cleavage and affinity purification. The purified recombinant EDⅢ protein inhibited the entry of DENV-2 into BHK-21 cells. DENV-2 plaque neutralization assays were carried out using serially diluted antibodies against EDⅢprotein. At a 1︰16 dilution, the antibodies produced at least 90%neutralization of the DENV-2 virus. Furthermore, the antibodies continued to exhibit high neutralization effects (approximately 80%) until the anti-EDⅢantibody titer reached 1︰1 024. Conclusions DENV-2 EDⅢwas cloned and expressed successfully. DENV-2 EDⅢprotein could be useful in the development of inexpensive dengue vaccine. The data also suggested that DENV-2 employed an attachment molecule or receptor for its entry into C6/36 mosquito cells.

Derivative Derivative-Based Envelope Design Technique for Wideband Envelope Tracking Power Amplifier with Digital Predistortion

A novel envelope design for an envelope tracking(ET)power amplifier(PA)based on its derivatives is proposed,which can trade well off between bandwidth reduc-tion and tracking accuracy.This paper theoretically analyzes how to choose an envelope design that can track the original envelope closely and reduce its bandwidth,and then demonstrates an example to validate this idea.The generalized memory polynomial(GMP)model is applied to compensate for the nonlinearity of ET PA with the proposed envelope design.Experiments are carried out on an ET system that is operated with the center fre-quency of 3.5 GHz and excited by a 20 MHz LTE signal,which show that the proposed en-velope design can make a good trade-off between envelope bandwidth and efficiency,and satisfactory linearization performance can be realized.

Pre-miR172及miR172调控油菜AP2基因表达的规律分析

为探究油菜miR172前体(pre-miR172)及成熟体(miR172)对AP2基因的调控功能,该研究通过生物信息学方法对miR172和AP2启动子进行调控元件预测,分析6条油菜AP2基因的进化关系及miR172与AP2的靶向关系;通过qRT-PCR方法检测AP2、miR172和pre-miR172在早熟和晚熟油菜不同组织的表达规律;比较分析miR172丰度和AP2表达量间的相关关系,以及比较分析pre-miR172和miR172在表达水平上的相关关系;通过过表达pre-miR172,再次验证pre-miR172对成熟体miR172及AP2的作用。结果表明:(1)miR172和AP2启动子区均存在调控花发育的顺式元件。(2)6条AP2序列均经历了强烈的纯化选择,均具备miR172的结合位点,属miR172的靶基因。(3)miR172家族成员均可促进早熟油菜AP2表达,但miR172d作用不明显。在晚熟油菜中,miR172a和miR172c作用微弱,miR172b和miR172d二者共同发挥作用降低AP2的表达水平。(4)pre-miR172家族对于早熟油菜中miR172家族的表达水平均有促进作用;在晚熟油菜中pre-miR172a和pre-miR172b对其成熟序列的形成发挥正调控作用,pre-miR172c和pre-miR172d则对于其成熟序列的形成发挥负调控作用。过表达pre-miR172后,miR172和AP2表达规律与上述结果保持一致,证实pre-miR172对miR172及AP2的调控功能。该研究结果丰富了油菜AP2基因的功能调控路径,为基因的调控功能研究提供了新的思路。