Temperature Distributions in Single Cell of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Simulated by an 1D Multi-plate Heat-Transfer Model and a 3D Numerical Simulation Model

The purpose of this study is to verify an 1D multi-plate heat-transfer model estimating the temperature distribution on the interface between polymer electrolyte membrane and catalyst layer at cathode in single cell of polymer electrolyte fuel cell, which is named as reaction surface in this study, with a 3D numerical simulation model solving many governing equations on the coupling phenomena in the cell. The results from both models/simulations agreed well. The effects of initial operation temperature, flow rate, and relative humidity of supply gas on temperature distribution on the reaction surface were also investigated. It was found in both 1D and 3D simulations that, the temperature rise （i.e., Treact-Tini） of the reaction surface from initial operation temperature at 70℃ was higher than that at 80℃ irrespective of flow rate of supply gas. The effect of relative humidity of supply gas on Treact- Tini near the inlet of the cell was small. Compared to the previous studies conducted under the similar operation conditions, the Treact - Tini calculated by 1D multi-plate heat-transfer model in this study as well as numerical simulation using 3D model was reasonable.

2D Coupled 3D:A New Numerical Model for Dual - Structured - Aquifer System

This paper points out that a successful numerical simulation is to construct a correct conceptional model which is very dose to the natural condition. A new model, two dimensional coupled three dimensional model (2D -3D ) is presented in the Present paper,which is the most suitable one for the dual - structured - aquifer system. An example of Wenyinghu area is shown.By using the 2D-3D model, a satisfied result of the simulated area is achieved.

Numerical simulations of flow and sediment transport within the Ning-Meng reach of the Yellow River,northern China

Effective management of a river reach requires a sound understanding of flow and sediment transport generated by varying natural and artificial runoff conditions. Flow and sediment transport within the Ning-Meng reach of the Yellow River（NMRYR）, northern China are controlled by a complex set of factors/processes, mainly including four sets of factors：（1） aeolian sediments from deserts bordering the main stream;（2） inflow of water and sediment from numerous tributaries;（3） impoundment of water by reservoir/hydro-junction; and（4） complex diversion and return of irrigation water. In this study, the 1-D flow ＆ sediment transport model developed by the Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research was used to simulate the flow and sediment transport within the NMRYR from 2001 to 2012. All four sets of factors that primarily control the flow and sediment transport mentioned above were considered in this model. Compared to the measured data collected from the hydrological stations along the NMRYR, the simulated flow and sediment transport values were generally acceptable, with relative mean deviation between measured and simulated values of 〈15%. However, simulated sediment concentration and siltation values within two sub-reaches（i.e., Qingtongxia Reservoir to Bayan Gol Hydrological Station and Bayan Gol Hydrological Station to Toudaoguai Hydrological Station） for some periods exhibited relatively large errors（the relative mean deviations between measured and simulated values of 18% and 25%, respectively）. These errors are presumably related to the inability to accurately determine the quantity of aeolian sediment influx to the river reach and the inflow of water from the ten ephemeral tributaries. This study may provide some valuable insights into the numerical simulations of flow and sediment transport in large watersheds and also provide a useful model for the effective management of the NMRYR.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF 3-D TURBULENT FLOWS OVER DREDGED TRENCHES

A 3- D free surface flow in open channels based on the Reynolds equations with the k-ε turbulence closure model is presented in this paper. Insted of the 'rigid lid' approximation, the solution of the free surface equation is implemented in the velocity-pressure iterative procedure on the basis of the conventional SIMPLE method. This model was used to compute the flow in rectangular channels with trenches dredged across the bottom. The velocity, eddy viscosity coefficient, turbulent shear stress, turbulent kinetic energy and elevation of the free surface can be obtained. The computed results are in good agreement with previous experimental data.

The adjustment of γ-aminobutyric acid_A tonic subunits in Huntington＇s disease：from transcription to translation to synaptic levels into the neostriatum

γ-Aminobutyric acid（GABA）,plays a key role in all stages of life,also is considered the main inhibitory neurotransmitter.GABA activates two kind of membrane receptors known as GABAA and GABAB,the first one is responsible to render tonic inhibition by pentameric receptors containing α4-6,β3,δ,or ρ1-3 subunits,they are located at perisynaptic and/or in extrasynaptic regions.The biophysical properties of GABAA tonic inhibition have been related with cellular protection against excitotoxic injury and cell death in presence of excessive excitation.On this basis,GABAA tonic inhibition has been proposed as a potential target for therapeutic intervention of Huntington＇s disease.Huntington＇s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a genetic mutation of the huntingtin protein.For experimental studies of Huntington＇s disease mouse models have been developed,such as R6/1,R6/2,Hdh Q92,Hdh Q150,as well as YAC128.In all of them,some key experimental reports are focused on neostriatum.The neostriatum is considered as the most important connection between cerebral cortex and basal ganglia structures,its cytology display two pathways called direct and indirect constituted by medium sized spiny neurons expressing dopamine D1 and D2 receptors respectively,they display strong expression of many types of GABAA receptors,including tonic subunits.The studies about of GABAA tonic subunits and Huntington＇s disease into the neostriatum are rising in recent years,suggesting interesting changes in their expression and localization which can be used as a strategy to delay the cellular damage caused by the imbalance between excitation and inhibition,a hallmark of Huntington＇s disease.

Assessing dynamic modulus properties for typical asphalt mixtures in Jiangsu

To investigate the validity of two dynamic modulus predictive models（ Witczak 1-37 A viscosity-based model and Witczak 1-40 D shear modulus-based model） in the context of Jiangsu, and evaluate the effect of different mixture design variables（ aggregate gradations, binder type, and volumetric properties） on dynamic modulus E＊, asphalt mixtures commonly used in the local surface layer, including Sup-13 and AC-13, are prepared in the laboratory and their dynamic modulus E＊values are predicted based on the above mentioned models. The corresponding asphalt tests, including viscosity and dynamic shear modulus tests, are also carried out to obtain the prediction model parameters. The test results showthat binder type and asphalt content have a significant impact on dynamic modulus.There is a good correlation between the E＊values based on above two predictive models and the measured E＊, while a relatively lower bias can be expected from Witczak 1-37 A model. The test results can be used for the calibration of dynamic modulus with higher accuracy.

Oil charging history and pathways of the Ordovician carbonate reservoir in the Tuoputai region,Tarim Basin,NW China

Geochemical analysis of 64 oils sampled from an Ordovician carbonate reservoir in the Tuoputai region was undertaken to study the composition of molecular markers. All the oils have similar geochemical characteristics and belong to a single oil family. They are presumed to derive from the same source kitchen and have similar oil charging history. A histogram of homogenization temperatures(Th) of aqueous inclusions in reservoir rocks shows a bimodal distribution pattern, indicating that the Ordovician reservoir has been charged twice. Coupling the measured Th(°C) with the burial and geothermal histories reconstructed using 1D basin modeling, we relate the homogenization temperature to the relevant geological ages: i.e.,425–412 and 9–4 Ma, corresponding to the Middle to Late Silurian and the Miocene to Pliocene, respectively. The oil filling orientation and pathways are traced using molecular indicators related to alkyldibenzothiophenes and benzo[b]naphthothiophenes. The oil charging orientation is from south to north generally. It can be predicted that the Ordovician reservoirs were sourced from a kitchen located to the south of the Tuoputai region, most probably between the Awati and Manjiaer Depressions. Traps located in the southern side of the Tuoputai region, along the oil charging pathways, should therefore be preferred oil exploration targets.

Sediment transport following water transfer from Yangtze River to Taihu Basin

To meet the increasing ：need of fresh water and to improve the water quality of Taihu Lake, water transfer from the Yangtze River was initiated in 2002. This study was performed to investigate the sediment distribution along the river course following water transfer. A rainfall-runoff model was first built to calculate the runoff of the Taihu Basin in 2003. Then, the flow patterns of river networks were simulated using a one-dimensional river network hydrodynamic model. Based on the boundary conditions of the flow in tributaries of the Wangyu River and the water level in Taihu Lake, a one-dimensional hydrodynamic and sediment transport numerical model of the Wangyu River was built to analyze the influences of the inflow rate of the water transfer and the suspended sediment concentration （SSC） of inflow on the sediment transport. The results show that the water transfer inflow rate and SSC of inflow have significant effects on the sediment distribution. The higher the inflow rate or SSC of inflow is, the higher the SSC value is at certain cross-sections along the ：river course of water transfer. Higher inflow rate and SSC of inflow contribute to higher sediment deposition per kilometer and sediment thickness. It is also concluded that a sharp decrease of the inflow velocity at the entrance of the Wangyu River on the river course of water transfer induces intense sedimentation at the cross-section near the Changshu hydro-junction. With an increasing distance from the Changshu hydro-junction, the sediment deposition and sedimentation thickness decrease gradually along the river course.

寒区水库冰盖形成与消融机理分析

根据对黑龙江省胜利水库冬季冰盖十余年资料的研究,考虑冰盖与大气、水的热交换过程及水库水温变化对冰盖厚度的影响等因素,建立了寒区水库冰盖生长的一维数值模型并给出了求解方法。与传统经验法相比,此模型考虑因素多,计算结果更符合实际,精度较高。同时还探讨了水库冰盖消融阶段冰压力沿深度分布规律、累积日平均气温与冰厚的关系和水库开库方式与累积气温的关系等。

珠江三角洲一维河网与三维河口耦合水质模型模拟与验证

在一维与三维耦合水动力、悬沙模型的基础上,构建了珠江三角洲一维与三维耦合水质模型。模型中包括浮游植物-氮-磷-碳-溶解氧循环,并考虑颗粒物在底泥与水体界面的再悬浮过程。选择了三个代表性时段(1999年1月、1999年7月与2000年)进行水质模拟,并采用相应水期的实测资料进行验证。结果表明,耦合水质模型计算效果良好,较好地再现了整个研究区域内各水质要素的时空分布规律,成功描述了珠江三角洲河网与河口区的动力与生物化学变化过程。

水沙河口衔接数学模型的研究及其应用

在河口水流、泥沙数值计算时提出一、二维衔接的数学模型。根据一、二维水流连续方程、运动方程、悬沙扩散方程、两相流底沙运动方程、床面演变方程,对一维河道采用河网三级联解法、迎风差分格式,对二维海区采用有限元加权集中质量法、三角差分格式,建立水沙河口衔接数学模型。将此模型应用于天津泰达永定新河河口工程的研究上,经实测水沙资料验证,计算值与实测值基本吻合。为河口改造时引起的河道与海区的水流及泥沙稳定性问题提供了可行的研究方法。

基于一二维耦合模型和水库调度的长江宜宾河段洪水遭遇与淹没分析

【目的】宜宾市地处金沙江与岷江汇合处,且有横江、南广河及其他重要支流汇入,因此洪水遭遇组合复杂,且受金沙江下游向家坝-溪洛渡等梯级水库调度影响明显,其水文水动力计算对下游各城镇河段防洪规划及减灾政策制定具有重要意义。【方法】通过构建一二维水动力学耦合数学模型,采用实测洪水验证的分析方法对长江宜宾河段(含重要支流汇入段)的洪水组合进行分析,选取了1961年、1966年两个典型年并对比有无金沙江下游梯级水库调洪的影响,计算各河段和沿岸城镇100 a、50 a及20 a一遇的洪水淹没。【结果】结果表明:(1)当发生超标洪水时,城区主要洪水漫溢淹没分布在宜宾的安边镇、柏溪街道,翠屏区西郊街道以及岷江菜坝镇飞机坝段。(2)不管是1961典型年(岷江为主要来水)还是1966典型年(金沙江为主要来水),岷江流域均受灾较重;其中西郊街道和大观楼街道的洪水主要受金沙江来水和岷江洪水顶托作用明显;岷江漫溢洪水为宜宾城区外洪的主要来源,岷江是宜宾市的防洪重点。【结论】结合防洪工程分布及现有堤防建设情况,菜坝镇飞机坝片区现有的20 a一遇洪水的堤防无法满足实际防洪标准需求;西郊街道滨江公园和备战码头,由于未形成防洪封闭圈,城区局部地区仍处于不设防状态;柏溪镇堤防防洪标准20 a一遇偏低,黑河(柏树溪)受到金沙江回水影响会造成柏溪镇严重洪灾。金沙江在向家坝水库的调蓄作用下,即使发生100 a或超过50 a一遇超标洪水,中心城区均不超过40 a一遇,宜宾城区受金沙江洪水影响相对较小,受岷江回水影响较大。

垃圾填埋场沉降的动态规律研究

基于太沙基一维固结理论,建立了垃圾填埋场沉降过程的数学模型,并根据数学模型的特征,采用分离变量法求出改数学模型的解析解。通过解析求解研究了垃圾填埋场的沉降随填埋场深度和时间的动态变化规律,为填埋场保护系统的设计和维护、填埋场的竖向扩容设计和场地再利用提供理论依据。

自然河道一维水流数学模型

基于完整的圣维南方程组和有限体积思想的数值计算格式,开发了河道一维水流数学模型,可广泛适用于自然河流恒定或非恒定、均匀或非均匀以及急流、缓流和临界流共存的水力计算。

一维洪水数值模拟技术在流域防洪规划中的应用

南美洲厄瓜多尔境内的Guayas河流域中下游社会经济发达,但洪水问题突出,是该国流域综合规划的防洪重点地区。通过综合规划论证,拟兴建由堤防、水库、蓄滞洪区、分洪道和挡潮闸组成的防洪工程体系。基于MIKE11软件平台构建了Guayas河流域中下游河网洪水一维数值模型,对平原感潮河网的洪水演进规律和规划的防洪工程体系联合运用进行了模拟计算。在模拟中,通过合理概化河网、优化河道断面布置,以及采用堰闸过流公式代替圣维南方程作为堰闸工程所在断面的水流运动方程,有效避免数值振荡问题。在模拟结果的基础上拟定了洪水安排方案和防洪工程规模。

高速气体与椭圆柱云相互作用的数值研究

高速颗粒流在天文、自然灾害、工业安全、医疗工业和国防等领域有着重要应用。采用基于分层流模型的直接数值模拟方法,对平面激波与椭圆柱云的相互作用进行数值研究,重点关注椭圆柱横截面的不同长短轴之比和椭圆柱横截面长轴与来流方向所成角度对流场的影响,从气体来流方向上的速度、x轴和y轴方向上的均方根速度、动能、内能和湍动能的分布上进行分析,对能量在计算域的上游区域、椭圆柱云区域和下游区域进行定量分析。同时针对椭圆柱改进了一维体积平均模型,利用该模型拟合了由直接数值模拟得到的反射激波和透射激波位置,获得了最适配的一维体积平均模型中的人工有效阻力系数,并探讨此系数的分布规律。