Protective Effects of Oral Fructose-1, 6-diphosphate on Liver Injury in Animal Models

Aim To investigate the effects of FDP on different liver injury models to explore the possibility of FDP used as an oral liver protective agent. Methods Chronic liver injury model in rats was induced by carbon tetrachloride （ CCl4 ） ; Acute liver injury model in mice was induced by aminogalactose （GAIN） or lipopolysaccharide （LPS）. Results In CCl4-induced chronic liver injury model, FDP （1 , 4 g·kg^-1·d^-1, q.d., for 10 weeks） significantly lowered ALT, AST,γ-glutamyl transpeptidase （γ-GT）, alkaline phosphatase （ALP）, and total bilirubin （T-BIL） in serum compared with vehicle; simultaneously it evidently elevated abnormal total protein （TP）, albumin （ALB） and total cholesterol （ T-CHO ） levels in serum; it also dose-dependently reduced hydroxyproline contents in hepatic tissue. 4 g·kg^-1·d^-1 of FDP apparently decreased incidence of hepatic cirrhosis, and alleviated pathological changes of liver tissue. In GaiN-induced model, 1.0 - 4. 0 g·kg^-1·d^-1 of FDP （ bid, for 3 d ） significantly lowered alanine aminotransferase （ ALT ） and aspartate aminotransferase （ AST ） levels in serum ; it also decreased liver coefficient. 4. 0 g·kg^-1·d^-1 of FDP significantly alleviated pathological changes of cell ultra-structures. In LPS-induced model, only high dose of FDP （4. 0 g·kg^-1·d^-1, bid, for 12 d） significantly decreased ALT level in serum. Conclusion This study first demonstrated the protective effect of oral FDP on chronic liver injury caused by CCl4, and confirmed its effect on acute liver injury at the same time, suggesting that Long-term oral FDP is efficacious against liver injury induced by different factors and can be used as an oral liver protective agent in clinic.

Repeated febrile convulsions impair hippocampal neurons and cause synaptic damage in immature rats: neuroprotective effect of fructose-1,6-diphosphate

Fructose-1,6-diphosphate is a metabolic intermediate that promotes cell metabolism. We hypothesize that fructose-1,6-diphosphate can protect against neuronal damage induced by febrile convulsions. Hot-water bathing was used to establish a repetitive febrile convulsion model in rats aged 21 days, equivalent to 3–5 years in humans. Ninety minutes before each seizure induction, rats received an intraperitoneal injection of low- or high-dose fructose-1,6-diphosphate（500 or 1,000 mg/kg, respectively）. Low- and high-dose fructose-1,6-diphosphate prolonged the latency and shortened the duration of seizures. Furthermore, high-dose fructose-1,6-diphosphate effectively reduced seizure severity. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that 24 hours after the last seizure, high-dose fructose-1,6-diphosphate reduced mitochondrial swelling, rough endoplasmic reticulum degranulation, Golgi dilation and synaptic cleft size, and increased synaptic active zone length, postsynaptic density thickness, and synaptic interface curvature in the hippocampal CA1 area. The present findings suggest that fructose-1,6-diphosphate is a neuroprotectant against hippocampal neuron and synapse damage induced by repeated febrile convulsion in immature rats.

Fructose 1,6-diphosphate alleviates myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats through JAK2/STAT3 pathway

Objective: To study the effect of fructose 1,6-diphosphate(FDP) on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats and its molecular mechanism.Methods: Male SPF SD rats were selected as experimental animals and randomly divided into four groups.Sham group received sham operation, I/R group were made into myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury models, FDP group were made into myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury models and then were given FDP intervention, and FDP+AG490 group were made into myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury models and then were given FDP and JAK2 inhibitor AG490 intervention.Results: CK, CK-MB, c Tn I and LDH contents in serum as well as Bax and Caspase-3 protein expression in myocardial tissue of I/R group were significantly higher than those of Sham group whereas Bcl-2, p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 protein expression in myocardial tissues were significantly lower than those of Sham group; CK, CK-MB, c Tn I and LDH contents in serum as well as Bax and Caspase-3 protein expression in myocardial tissue of FDP group were significantly lower than those of I/R group whereas Bcl-2, p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 protein expression in myocardial tissue were significantly higher than those of I/R group; CK, CK-MB, c Tn I and LDH contents in serum as well as Bax and Caspase-3 protein expression in myocardial tissue of FDP+AG490 group were significantly higher than those of FDP group whereas Bcl-2 protein expression in myocardial tissue was significantly lower than that of FDP group.Conclusion: FDP could reduce the myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats by activating the JAK2/STAT3 pathway.

Effects of fructose-1,6-diphosphate on concentration of calcium and activities of sarcoplosnic Ca^(2+)-ATPase in cardiomyocytes of Adriamycin-treated rats

Objective: To observe the effects of fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) on serum levels of cardiac troponin 1 (cTnl) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), as well as the concentration of calcium in cardiomyocytes (Myo[Ca2+]) and activity of sarcoplosnic Ca2+-ATPase (SRCa2+-ATPase) in Adriamycin (ADR)-treated rats. Methods: Rats were intraperitoneally injected with ADR (2.5 mg/kg every other day for 6 times) and then with different dosages of FDP (every other day for twenty-one times). Bi-antibodies sandwich Enzyme linked immune absorption assay (ELISA) was performed to detect serum level of cTnl. CK-MB was detected by monoclonal antibody, Myo[Ca2+] was detected by fluorescent spectrophotometry and the activity of SRCa2+-ATPase was detected by inorganic phosphate method. Results: FDP (300, 600, 1200 mg/kg) significantly reduced the serum levels of cTnl and CK-MB, while at the same time decreased calcium concentration and increased SRCa2+-ATPase activity in cardiomyocytes of ADR-treated rats (P<0.01). Conclusions: FDP might alleviate the cardiotoxic effects induced by ADR through decreasing calcium level as well as increasing SRCa2+-ATPase activity in cardiomyocytes.

Clinical study of applying fructose-1,6-diphosphate and captopril to enhance the protective effects of cardioplegia solution on ischemic myocardium

In the present experiment,fructose-1,6-diphosphate（FDP）and captopril（Cap）wereadded to the cold potassium cardioplegia solution and the levels of malondialdehyde（MDA）,cre-atine phosphokinase MB（CPK-MB）,thromboxane B（TXB2）and 6-keto-PGF1α in plasma weremeasured during open-heart surgery.Quantitative study of myocardial ultrastructure and obser-vation of cardiac resuscitation were also undertaken.The findings suggested that FDP,especiallywhen combined with Cap could significantly strengthen the protective effects of cold potassiumcardioplegia solution on ischemic myocardium.

The Effect of Fructose-1,6-diphosphate and HTK Solution on Protecting Primary Cardiac Muscle Cells of Rat with Cold Preservation

In this study we tried to investigate the effect of fructose-1,6-diphosphate and HTK solution on protecting primary cardiac muscle cells of rat with cold preservation. The primary cardiac muscle cells of rat were cultured in vitro with four preservation solutions respectively: 0.9 % sodium chloride solution (group A), FDP (group B), HTK solution (group C) and a mixture of FDP and HTK solution (group D). The cells were preserved for 6, 8 and 10 h at 0-4 ℃. The values of AST and LDH-L and the Na+-K+ ATPase activity in cardiac muscle cells were detected, and the survival rate of cardiac muscle cells was detected with trypan blue staining. The values of AST and LDH-L in group C and group D were remarkable lower those in group A and group B (P<0.001), while the Na+-K+ ATPase activity and the survival rate of cells in group C and group D were much higher than those in group A and group B (P<0.001). The values of AST and LDH-L after 6 hours in group D decreased much more than those in group C (P<0.01), while the Na+-K+ ATPase activity and the survival rate of cells in group D improved more than those in group C (P<0.01). Both of the HTK solution and the mixture of HTK and FDP solution have an evident effect on protecting the primary cardiac muscle cells of rat in vitro with cold preservation, Compared with the HTK solution, the mixture solution has a better short-term protective effect.

A New Method of Crystallization of Octahydro Trisodium Salt of Fructose- 1,6-diphosphate

In order to overcome the elementary heterogeneous nucleation whileoctahydro trisodium salt of fructose- 1, 6-diphosphate (FDPNa_3·8H_2O) is crystallized with ethanol precipitation at low temperature,a new crystallization method with alcohol precipitation combined withsalt precipitation has been presented. The ethanol-sodium ac- etatesystem for crystallization of salt of fructose-1, 6-diphosphate isbased on the mechanism of crystallization of FDPNA_3·8H_2O in theethanol-low temperature system. It is found that crystal size may becontrolled by regulating Temperature of pH value of solution in thecrystallization process, and the crystal yield increases to 95/100from 78/100 Which obtained in the ethanol-low temperature system.

1,6-己二腈/1,6-己二胺合成技术及产业化进展

1,6-己二腈/1,6-己二胺合成技术为我国关键技术。综述了国内外合成1,6-己二腈/1,6-己二胺的技术进展,比较了1,4-丁二烯氢氰化法、丙烯腈电解二聚法、1,6-己二酸氨化脱水法和1,6-己二醇氨化法四种合成技术路线,分析了国内外工业现状。国内很多企业布局了1,6-己二腈/1,6-己二胺产业化,多条技术路线研发和产业化齐头并进,但产业水平仍需提高。

1,6-己二酸对聚丁烯-1的结晶行为及晶型转变的影响

本文采用示差扫描量热仪(DSC)和偏光显微镜(POM)等设备研究了聚丁烯-1(PB-1)中加入1,6-己二酸(AA)之后的结晶行为、晶型转变行为及其机理,所获得的复合材料为PB-1/AA。实验结果表明,加入1%质量分数的AA能够显著提升PB-1/AA的结晶温度及晶型转化速度。POM的结果显示,加入AA能够使得PB-1/AA晶体结构松散,这与I型晶体结构相似,疏松的结构有利于II-I相转变。DSC的结果显示,AA能提高PB-1/AA的转化过冷度、结晶温度及结晶度,也能在转化过程中提高PB-1/AA的晶片厚度,使得PB-1/AA非晶区的系带分子和缠结环数量减少。连续自成核退火实验(SSA)结果表明,AA与PB-1的I型晶体存在一定的晶格匹配,从而加速PB-1/AA的相转变。

1,6-二磷酸果糖钙对海兰褐蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、血清生化指标和免疫指标的影响

试验旨在研究1,6-二磷酸果糖钙对海兰褐蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、血清生化指标和免疫指标的影响。试验选择800只健康、产蛋率相近的380日龄海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分成4组,每组20个重复,每个重复10笼,每笼1只鸡。对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组分别在基础日粮中添加0mg/kg、100mg/kg、200mg/kg和300mg/kg1,6-二磷酸果糖钙,进行为期9周的试验。结果显示:与对照组相比,中、高剂量组产蛋率显著提高(P<0.05),且与1,6-二磷酸果糖钙的添加量呈二次曲线关系(P<0.05);低、中和高剂量组破蛋率显著降低(P<0.05)。中、高剂量组蛋黄颜色和蛋壳强度显著提高(P<0.05),蛋壳强度与1,6-二磷酸果糖钙添加量呈二次曲线关系(P=0.024);低、中和高剂量组的蛋壳比例显著提高(P<0.05),且随1,6-二磷酸果糖钙添加量的增加呈线性升高(P=0.034)。低、中和高剂量组谷丙转氨酶活性显著降低(P<0.05);低、中剂量组总胆固醇含量显著降低(P<0.05),且总胆固醇含量与1,6-二磷酸果糖钙添加量呈二次曲线关系(P=0.004);中、高剂量组高密度脂蛋白含量显著提高(P<0.05);中剂量组低密度脂蛋白含量显著降低(P<0.05),且低密度脂蛋白含量与1,6-二磷酸果糖钙添加量呈二次曲线关系(P=0.036)。低、中和高剂量组的IgM和IgA含量均显著增加(P<0.05),其中IgA含量随1,6-二磷酸果糖钙添加量的增加呈线性升高(P=0.047)。分别对产蛋率、蛋壳强度、总胆固醇含量和低密度脂蛋白含量进行二次曲线方程拟合表明,当1,6-二磷酸果糖钙添加量分别为179、186、243和268mg/kg时,产蛋率、蛋壳强度、总胆固醇含量和低密度脂蛋白含量分别达到最佳。研究提示:日粮中添加200和300mg/kg1,6-二磷酸果糖钙较佳,基于产蛋率、蛋壳强度、总胆固醇含量和低密度脂蛋白含量考虑,适宜的1,6-二磷酸果糖钙添加量分别为179、186、243和268mg/kg。

抗硫化返原剂二水合六亚甲基-1,6-二硫代硫酸二钠的制备

使用1,6-二氯己烷与五水合硫代硫酸钠合成出抗硫化返原剂二水合六亚甲基-1,6-二硫代硫酸二钠,通过正交试验和单因素实验考察其粗产品的合成工艺条件;对获得的产品进行重结晶纯化,结合硫代硫酸钠在乙醇-水溶液体系中不同温度的溶解度获得重结晶过程中溶剂的最优乙醇浓度、重结晶温度和结晶次数;最后对所合成产品进行了傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射及热重-差示扫描量热法的分析。结果表明,合成二水合六亚甲基-1,6-二硫代硫酸二钠的最佳反应条件为1,6-二氯己烷质量分数14%、乙醇与水的质量比3/4、反应体系pH值9、反应温度83℃,此时所合成粗产品的纯度和收率最高;使用质量分数为80%的乙醇溶液在20℃下重结晶精制2次,可制得纯度达97%以上、单程收率在80%以上的产品。

介孔NiAl催化剂催化己二醇绿色合成1,6-己二胺

通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了系列介孔Ni Al催化剂,研究了不同还原温度下Ni含量为20%(x)的介孔Ni Al(20NA)催化剂在1,6-己二醇(HDO)催化氨化合成1,6-己二胺(HMDA)中的催化性能。利用N2吸附-脱附、H_(2)-TPR、CO-TPD、XRD、SAXS、XPS、SEM、TEM、ICP-OES等方法对试样进行表征。实验结果表明,低温还原后的20NA催化剂表面金属Ni0粒径较小,具有较高的HDO转化率。440℃还原的20NA催化剂在温和反应温度(190℃)下,HMDA最高产率可达30.9%,除低聚物外的高附加值产物的总选择性高达94.7%(x),HDO转换频率与文献报道的贵金属Ru基催化剂相当。通过调节还原温度可有效控制20NA催化剂表面金属Ni0位点的纳米尺寸。

6-羟基己酸甲酯高效催化加氢制备1,6-己二醇的工艺研究

在釜式反应器内进行6-羟基己酸甲酯加氢制备1,6-己二醇的工艺研究,考察了反应温度、反应压力、催化剂质量分数和反应时间等因素对催化加氢过程的影响,并采用气相色谱仪分析监测6-羟基己酸甲酯催化加氢制备1,6-己二醇的反应进程,得到最优工艺条件:温度为200℃、压力为7 MPa、催化剂质量分数为8%、反应时间为6 h。进一步采用核磁共振氢谱和红外光谱等分析手段对产品进行结构确认,结果表明,6-羟基己酸甲酯的转化率达99%,1,6-己二醇选择性最高可达86%。

螺[4.4]-壬烷-1,6-二酮的合成及应用研究进展

不对称催化反应是获得光学纯化合物最高效的途径之一,而不对称催化反应的动力源于手性配体及催化剂的开发,因此,寻找优势骨架并进行手性配体及催化剂的开发是不对称催化研究的核心内容之一.手性螺环骨架自20世纪90年代被用于不对称合成研究至今已成为一类优势骨架,并广泛应用于手性配体及催化剂的设计与合成.具有螺[4.4]-壬烷骨架的螺[4.4]-壬烷-1,6-二酮是最早应用于手性辅基、配体及催化剂设计合成与应用研究的化合物.对螺[4.4]-壬烷-1,6-二酮的研究历史,从合成到应用进行综述.

重组人干扰素α2b联合1,6-二磷酸果糖对轮状病毒肠炎患儿胃肠激素及炎症因子水平的影响

目的探究重组人干扰素α2b联合1,6-二磷酸果糖对轮状病毒肠炎患儿的胃肠激素及炎症因子水平的影响。方法前瞻性选取2018年6月—2023年6月邯郸市妇幼保健院接收的100例轮状病毒肠炎患儿,按信封抽签法随机分为单一组和联合组,每组50例。单一组给予重组人干扰素α2b,联合组给予重组人干扰素α2b联合1,6-二磷酸果糖。比较两组症状改善情况和治疗前后的胃肠激素、心肌酶谱、免疫球蛋白及炎症因子水平。结果联合组的退热时间、止吐时间、大便恢复正常时间、脱水纠正时间均低于单一组(P<0.05)。联合组治疗前后胃泌素、胃动素、血管活性肠肽、乳酸脱氢酶、肌酸激酶同工酶MB、肌酸激酶、免疫球蛋白A、免疫球蛋白G、免疫球蛋白M、白细胞介素-17、白细胞介素-35、肿瘤坏死因子-α的差值均高于单一组(P<0.05)。结论重组人干扰素α2b联合1,6-二磷酸果糖对轮状病毒肠炎患儿胃肠激素及炎症因子水平的影响较为显著。

碱催化p-QMs的1,6-共轭加成合成二芳基甲基(硫)醚

在摩尔分数为20%的氢氧化钠的催化作用下,实现了对亚甲基苯醌(p-QMs)与醇(或硫酚)的溶剂解反应,即p-QMs的1,6-共轭加成反应,以37%~95%的产率制备了一系列二芳基甲基(硫)醚类化合物。结果表明,该反应具有操作简便、反应条件温和高效、官能团耐受性良好等特点;该方法易于放大,能以80%的产率得到二芳基甲基乙基醚,为后期的潜在应用与转化提供了可能。

光催化酰基自由基与缺电子1,3-二烯的选择性1,6-加成反应实现羧酸的脱氧烯丙基化

缺电子1,3-二烯类化合物在有机合成和材料科学领域具有重要应用.由于共轭效应的影响,该类化合物的化学转化不同于普通烯烃.一方面,1,3-二烯有多个反应位点,可以合成结构多样化的有机化合物,但另一方面,多反应位点的存在会使其面临1,4-/1,6-区域选择性和Z/E立体选择性的难题.由于电子效应通过共轭π体系的传导差异,使得羰基1,3-二烯的δ位反应活性比β位低,因此1,6-加成反应较难发生.虽然过渡金属催化和有机催化方法的开发在一定程度上解决了1,6-加成选择性的问题,但使用温和的、易得的亲核体实现1,3-二烯的1,6-加成仍是一个难题.近年来,可见光驱动的光氧化还原催化提供了温和的自由基生成条件.一系列自由基前体被应用于不饱和羰基化合物的1,4-加成反应.然而,亲核碳自由基在1,6-加成反应中的应用非常少见,这是因为反应过程中生成的烯丙基自由基中间体容易进一步与二烯反应,发生聚合竞争反应.酰基自由基在有机转化中发挥了重要作用,基于前期本课题组在此方面的工作进展,本文利用可见光与有机膦的协同作用生成酰基自由基,通过酰基自由基对羰基1,3-二烯的1,6-共轭加成反应,实现了芳香羧酸的烯丙基化.经过对膦试剂、碱和反应溶剂等反应条件的筛选和优化,以86%的收率得到目标产物.随后,在此温和条件下对反应适用性进行考察,该反应对各种吸电子和给电子的邻、间、对位取代的芳香羧酸都具有很好的兼容性,各种官能团取代的(杂)芳香羧酸和环烯基甲酸与不同类型的羰基1,3-二烯均能顺利反应,以高达96%的收率高选择性地获得了一系列E构型的不饱和1,6-二羰基化合物.对于环酮缺电子二烯,利用该策略能够高选择性地合成共轭环烯酮.另外,将反应规模扩大至5 mmol时,反应收率几乎不受影响,成功实现了克级制备.自由基捕获实验表明酰基自由基参与了该反应.循环伏安法实验表明三(4-甲氧基苯基)膦能够很容易被失电子的光催化剂氧化,形成三芳基膦阳离子自由基,从而诱导羧酸脱氧.Stern-Volmer猝灭实验验证了激发态的光催化剂与羰基1,3-二烯的单电子转移过程,羰基1,3-二烯被还原为自由基阴离子中间体.酰基自由基能够迅速与其偶联生成阴离子中间体,随后经过质子化和异构化得到目标产物.综上,本文丰富了可见光催化芳香羧酸的脱氧官能团化反应类型,并为羰基1,3-二烯的转化提供了新的策略,为1,6-二羰基化合物的高效合成提供了一种新方法.

1,6-二氢-4-甲基-6-氧代-3-吡啶磺酰氯的合成工艺研究

1,6-二氢-4-甲基-6-氧代-3-吡啶磺酰氯是一种重要医药化工中间体。本文以4-甲基-5-硝基吡啶-2-醇为原料,经两步反应得到目标化合物。该合成方法操作简便、后处理操作简便,花费时间少且产物纯度高,产品收率为33.51%;此方法为1,6-二氢-4-甲基-6-氧代-3-吡啶磺酰氯的合成提供了合成路线,也为进一步相关类似的合成研究奠定基础。

气相色谱法分析工业用1,6-己二胺及其杂质

己二胺是一种重要的有机化工中间体,它含有两个具有极高反应活性的氨基官能团,使得己二胺极易发生缩合反应。己二胺可以合成多种重要的化工原料,主要用于合成尼龙66,其合成技术和工业生产一直备受关注。本文研究了采用岛津SH-5色谱柱气相色谱法定性、定量分析检测了工业用1,6-己二胺及其杂质,运用保留时间法定性得出其中主要杂质有环己烷,六亚甲基亚胺,1,2-二氨基环己烷,1,6-二氨基己基亚胺。并运用外标法对各物质的含量进行了定量。该方法的精密度高,准确性好,回收率在95~101%之间。

Fructose-1,6-diphosphate-added total parenteral nutrition in septic animals and stressed patients

Objective To investigate the roles of fructose-1,6-diphosphate(FDP)-added total parenteral nutrition (TPN)in septic animals and stressed patients.Methods Thirteen adult dogs were randomly assigned to one of two study groups 6 hours after the induction of severe intra-abdominal infection.Group TPN(n =6)received 70 kcal· kg-1· d-1 of nonprotein calorie(NPC)and 0.56 g· kg-1· d-1 of nitrogen.1 g/kg of FDP was also infused to the animals in group TPN + FDP(n = 7)everyday.In the clinical study,the control group received routine TPN,while the study group(n = 16)was treated with TPN plus FDP(5 g,two times a day)for 7 days.Results In dogs with TPN support,plasma ATP levels were not changed significantly,while the value in the TPN + FDP group increased significantly from 0.18 μmol/L to 0.46 μmol/L at 24 h and 0.51 μmol/L at 48 h(P ＜ 0.01).Muscular ATP increased markedly in the TPN + FDP group.Muscular creatine phosphate alues were not significantly changed in the TPN group,but the values increased in the TPN + FDP group from 4.06 μmol/g·wt at the beginning to 4.93 μmol/g· wt at 24 h and 5.60 μmol/g·wt at 48 h(P ＜ 0.05),with a cytochrome oxidase increase in immunohistochemistry stain.In the clinical study,plasma ATP levels increased and urinary 3-methylhistidine production significantly decreased with an improved value for positive accumulative nitrogen balance in the FDP-infused group.Conclusion Our results suggest that total parenteral nutrition support with the supplement of fructose-1,6-diphosphate has a positive role in body energy production and protein metabolism in septic animals and stressed patients.