Tilt Angle Optimality Criteria for Stand Alone PV Systems

The conventional approach to optimizing tilt angles for fixed solar panels aims to maximize energy generation over the entire year. However, in the context of a supply controlled electric grid, where solar energy availability varies, this criterion may not be optimal. This study explores two alternative optimization criteria focused on maximizing baseload supply potential and minimizing required storage capacity to address seasonality in energy generation. The optimal tilt angles determined for these criteria differed significantly from the standard approach. This research highlights additional factors crucial for designing solar power systems beyond gross energy generation, essential for the global transition towards a fully renewable energy-based electric grid in the future.

Variations in electrical impedance and phase angle among seedlings of Pinus densata and parental species in Pinus tabuliformis habitat environment

Electrical impedance （El） and phase angle （PHI） parameters in AC impedance spectroscopy are important electrical parameters in the study of medical pathology. However, little is known about their application in variation and genetic relationship studies of forest trees. In order to test whether impedance parameters could be used in genetic relationship analysis among conifer species, E1 and PHI were measured in a seedling experiment test composed of Pinus tabuliformis, Pinus yunnanensis, and Pinus densata in a habitat of Pinus tabuliformis. The results showed that variations in both EI and PHI among species were sig- nificant in different electric frequencies, and the EI and PHI values measured in the two populations of P. densata were between the two parental species, P. yunnanensis and P. tabuliformis. These results show that these two impedance parameters could reflect the genetic relationship among pine species. This was the first time using the two AC impedance spectroscopy parameters to test the genetic relationship analysis between tree species, and would be a hopeful novelreference methodology for future studies in evolution and genetic variation of tree species.

Measurements of the Electrical Incidence Angle Modifiers of an Asymmetrical Photovoltaic/Thermal Compound Parabolic Concentrating-Collector

Reflector edges, sharp acceptance angles and by-pass diodes introduce large variations in the electrical performance of asymmetrical concentrating photovoltaic/thermal modules over a short incidence angle interval. It is therefore important to quantify these impacts precisely. The impact on the electrical performance of the optical properties of an asymmetrical photovoltaic/thermal CPC-collector was measured in Maputo, Mozambique. The measurements were carried out with the focus on attaining a high resolution incidence angle modifier in both the longitudinal and transversal directions, since large variations were expected over small angle intervals. A detailed analysis of the contribution of the diffuse radiation to the total output was also carried out. The solar cells have an electrical efficiency of 18% while the maximum measured electrical efficiency of the collector was 13.9 % per active glazed area and 20.9 % per active cell area, at 25 °C. Such data make it possible to quantify not only the electrical performance for different climatic and operating conditions but also to determine potential improvements to the collector design. The electrical output can be increased by a number of different measures, e.g. removing the outermost cells, turning the edge cells 90°, dividing each receiver side into three or four parts and directing the tracking, when used, along a north-south axis.

Three-Dimensional Study of the Effect of the Angle of Incidence of a Magnetic Field on the Electrical Power and Conversion Efficiency of a Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cell under Multispectral Illumination

A three-dimensional approach to the effect of magnetic field incidence angle on electrical power and conversion efficiency is performed on a front-illuminated polycrystalline silicon bifacial solar cell. A solution of the continuity equation allowed us to present the equations of photocurrent density, photovoltage and electric power. The influence of the angle of incidence of the magnetic field on the photocurrent density, the photovoltage and the electric power has been studied. The curves of electrical power versus dynamic junction velocity were used to extract the values of maximum electrical power and dynamic junction velocity and to calculate those of conversion efficiency. From this study, it is found that the conversion efficiency values increase with the angle of incidence of the magnetic field.

The twisted two-dimensional ferroelectrics

Since the beginning of research on two-dimensional(2D)materials,a few numbers of 2D ferroelectric materials have been predicted or experimentally confirmed,but 2D ferroelectrics as necessary functional materials are greatly important in developing future electronic devices.Recent breakthroughs in 2D ferroelectric materials are impressive,and the physical and structural properties of twisted 2D ferroelectrics,a new type of ferroelectric structure by rotating alternating monolayers to form an angle with each other,have attracted widespread interest and discussion.Here,we review the latest research on twisted 2D ferroelectrics,including Bernal-stacked bilayer graphene/BN,bilayer boron nitride,and transition metal dichalcogenides.Finally,we prospect the development of twisted 2D ferroelectrics and discuss the challenges and future of 2D ferroelectric materials.

Role of the phase angle in the prognosis of the cirrhotic patient:15 years of follow-up

BACKGROUND In 2019,cirrhosis accounted for 2.4%of global deaths.The projection for 2030 is an increase in this index.In recent years,hospitalization costs have escalated by 36%for compensated cirrhosis and 24%for decompensated cirrhosis.Therefore,it is necessary to identify a tool capable of predicting the mortality of these patients according to their clinical condition and consequently extending their survival time.Different studies have shown that the phase angle(PA)can be a feasible method in clinical practice,with the potential to guide assertive patient management in the therapeutic of chronic liver disease.AIM To evaluate the prognostic role of PA in cirrhotic patients over a 15-year followup period.METHODS Retrospective cohort study with 129 cirrhotic patients of both sexes over 18 years old.Diagnosis of cirrhosis by liver biopsy.The first year of data collection was 2007,and data regarding outcomes was collected in 2023.Data were gathered from medical records,such as esophageal varices(EV),EV bleeding,ascites,spontaneous bacterial peritonitis(SBP),encephalopathy,laboratory findings and PA.The cut-off value for the PA was 5.4°,a value described in 2012 by Fernandes et al for 129 patients evaluated in this study and the cut-off points for the Brazilian population presented in percentiles(P),as described by Mattiello et al.The mortality was assessed using the PA percentile through Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariate binary logistic regression models.RESULTS Patients were divided into two groups according to the PA 5.4th(PA>5.4°,n=40;PA≤5.4°,n=89)PA percentile(<P50,n=56;≥P50 n=73).The percentile classification was more accurate in identifying long-term deaths than the 5.4ºPA.Patients with<P50 had a higher number of relevant complications such as ascites,SBP,liver encephalopathy and HCC.PA is strongly correlated with serum albumin(P<0.001),International Normalized Ratio(P=0.01),total bilirubin(P=0.02)and direct bilirubin(P=0.003).PA is correlated with survival time(P<0.001)and length of stay(P=0.02).Logistic regression analysis shows that an increase of 1°in PA enlarges the cirrhotic patient's chance of survival by 17.7%.CONCLUSION PA is a good predictor of morbidity and mortality for cirrhotic patients.The PA by percentile showed greater sensitivity in predicting mortality compared to the cut-off point of 5.4º.

基于电感电子变压器的120kW储能系统设计

随着储能技术的不断发展,储能系统作为解决电力供应短缺问题的重要手段,被广泛应用于家庭、办公等场景。然而,传统储能系统中的变压单元效率低、安全性差等问题并未得到有效解决。文章以120 kW储能系统为研究对象,在简要介绍传统储能系统双向变压原理及其常见故障的基础上,提出基于电感电子变压器的储能系统设计方案,详细分析各组成单元的设计思路,为设计人员提供参考。

Longitudinal train dynamics of electric multiple units under rescue

Once operating trains are disabled on the railway lines,an efficient manner is to utilize the train for train rescue.Owning to the different train and coupler types,it is difficult to formulate uniform regulations for train to train rescue.In this paper,the longitudinal train dynamics of electric multiple units under rescue were analyzed by field and laboratory tests.The angling behavior of the brakinginduced coupler under compressed in-train forces was analyzed.A dynamic model for the train and draft gear system was developed considering accurate boundary limitations and braking characteristics.The safety indices and their limits for the coupled rescue train were defined.Thedynamic evaluations of different train to train rescue scenarios were analyzed.It is indicated that the coupler vertical rotation occurs during the emergency braking applied by the assisting train.The vertical force components of intrain forces lead to the carbody pitch behavior and even cause local destructions to the coupler system.The carbody pitch motion can arise the inference of in-train devices.Based on the safety evaluation of train and coupler system,the regulations for typical train to train rescue scenarios were formulated.

Characterization of electrical properties of resistance welding machines

Due to the individual electrical and mechanical characteristics of resistance welding machines, choice of the right machine and welding parameters for an optimized production is often difficult. This is especially the case in projection welding of complex joints. In this paper, a new approach of characterizing the electrical properties of AC resistance welding machines is presented, involving testing and mathematical modelling of the weld current, the firing angle and the conduction angle of silicon controlled rectifiers with the aid of a series of proof resistances. The model predicts the weld current and the conduction angle （or heat setting） at each set current, when the workpiece resistance is given.

Feasibility of replacing the 3-coach with a 1.5-coach grouping trainmodel in wind tunnel experiment at different yaw angles

The effects of different yaw angles on the aerodynamic performance of city electric multiple units(EMUs)were investigated in a wind tunnel using a 1:16.8 scaled model.Pressure scanning valve and six-component box-type aerodynamic balance were used to test the pressure distribution and aerodynamic force of the head car respectively from the 1.5-and 3-coach grouping city EMU models.Meanwhile,the effects of the yaw angles on the pressure distribution of the streamlined head as well as the aerodynamic forces of the train were analyzed.The experimental results showed that the pressure coefficient was the smallest at the maximum slope of the main shape-line.The side force coefficient and pressure coefficient along the head car cross-section were most affected by crosswind when the yaw angle was 55°,and replacing a 3-coach grouping with a 1.5-coach grouping had obvious advantages for wind tunnel testing when the yaw angle was within 24.2°.In addition,the relative errors of lift coefficient C_(L),roll moment coefficient C_(Mx),side force coefficient C_(S),and drag coefficient C_(D) between the 1.5-and 3-coach cases were below 5.95%,which all met the requirements of the experimental accuracy.

Electric field distribution in 75 kA drained aluminum reduction cell

Current distribution in a drained aluminum reduction cell is critical due to its influence on the current efficiency, electrolysis stability, anodes and cathodes integrity. A finite element model was developed to simulate the electric field in a 75 kA drained aluminum reduction cell. The current distribution and influences of the cathode inclination angle and anode-cathode distance (ACD) were studied. The results show that relatively large horizontal current density appears in the aluminum film, and the maximum value reaches 600 kA/m2. As the cathode inclination angle increases from 2° to 15°, the maximum current density of the metal pad increases by 15%, while the maximum current density of the aluminum-wettable coating layer decreases by 27%. The influence of the ACD on the current distribution is not obvious.

Topics on Solid Angles

The purpose of the present work is to derive some solutions for several solid angle cases via a fundamental formula which gives the solid angle for an isosceles triangle. From this formula the solid angle of pyramids is derived but, unlike other presentations, it is shown in a format similar to that of the well-known cone case. Besides the regular polygon cases (straight pyramids), solid angles of some other plane closed curves are calculated. The fundamental formula also leads to some interesting properties showing the not simple behavior of solid angles with the observer point on the curve itself, as it depends on how the observer arrived there. The question of the equi-Ω surfaces is also discussed and calculated in simple cases.

Fractal characteristics of electric properties of coal

In the light of fractal geometry theory, the characteristics of coal's electric parameters (including dielectric constant, alternating conductivity, dielectric loss angle tangent and electric polarization constant) were studied by using literature data. The results are shown that the electrical properties of coal have fractal characteristic. The fractal dimensions of dielectric, alternating conductivity, dielectric loss angle tangent were obtained, and are relative to the content of pyrite sulfur, heat and ash content of coal.

Electrical⁃Mechanical Coupling Behaviors and Thermal⁃Resistance Effects of 3D Braided Composites

Electrical-mechanical coupling behaviors and thermal-resistance effects of 3D braided composites under external loads are important for structural health monitoring(SHM). Electrical conductivity and electrical-mechanical coupling behaviors of 3D braided carbon fiber/epoxy composites under uniaxial tension were reported. It was found that the transverse resistance decreased and the axial resistance increased with the increasing braiding angle. The fractional change in resistance increased linearly as the strain was below 1.0%, and the nonlinearity appeared when the strain exceeded 1.0%. The negative temperature coefficient(NTC) effect was observed before the glass transition temperature Tg of epoxy resin, while there was a positive temperature coefficient(PTC) effect after Tg.

基于电动方向盘的拖拉机自动导航转向控制方法

为提高轮式拖拉机自动导航过程中转向控制的精度与稳定性,该研究以雷沃欧豹M704-2H拖拉机作为试验平台,采用电动方向盘作为转向执行机构,分析转向机械间隙对控制精度的影响,针对转向间隙特性设计转向控制算法。首先,为了获得准确的转向角,利用GNSS(global navigation satellite system)与二轮车模型快速标定虚拟轮转角,标定结果表明:虚拟轮转角的最大误差为1.3°,平均误差为0.11°。然后,对转向系统的机械间隙进行分析,设计一种带有间隙补偿的模糊PD(proportional derivative)转向控制算法,并在Simulink中验证算法的可行性。实车试验结果表明,该算法跟踪方波转角信号的响应时间为1.1 s,最大稳态误差为0.65°,平均稳态绝对误差为0.132°。跟踪正弦波转角信号的平均延时为0.5 s,最大误差为1.91°,平均绝对误差为1.09°。与无间隙补偿算法相比,有间隙补偿算法跟踪方波信号最大稳态误差减小了0.022°,平均稳态绝对误差减少了0.112°,角度误差在±0.2°内的时间提升了71%;跟踪正弦波信号最大误差减小了0.68°,平均绝对误差减小0.23°。田间直线导航转向控制试验结果表明,转角跟踪的绝对平均误差为0.61°,最大跟踪误差为2.82°,转向控制跟踪精度较高,稳定性好,满足导航作业需求。

基于CKF的四轮驱动电动汽车质心侧偏角估计

针对传统质心侧偏角观测精度不高、实时性能差的问题,提出了一种基于CKF算法的质心侧偏角观测器。首先基于CKF算法结合Dugoff轮胎模型,实时观测路面附着系数,计算实时的轮胎力。再结合七自由度整车模型,基于CKF算法,实时、精确观测车辆的质心侧偏角。最后,利用Simulink/Carsim联合仿真验证平台和硬件在环平台进行仿真验证。试验结果表明,CKF算法相比与传统无迹卡尔曼滤波估计精度更高、实时性能更好,较好的改善了传统质心侧偏角观测器在非线性条件下的观测精度。

背压扰动平衡盘对涡旋压缩机黏性内流压力影响研究

在变转速工况下,电动涡旋压缩机背压腔中润滑油产生的背压力无法准确平衡轴向气体力。针对这一问题,提出了一种带有扰动片的背压扰动平衡盘,研究了背压扰动平衡盘对涡旋压缩机黏性内流压力的影响。首先,对背压扰动平衡盘作用原理进行了分析,使用贝塞尔曲线构建了扰动片型线,对润滑油被扰动后的静压增量进行了公式推导,计算了扰动片出口安装角和扰动片数对润滑油静压的影响;然后,建立了含背压扰动平衡盘的背压腔模型,将流体域分为旋转域和静止域,采用旋转坐标系的方法进行了数值模拟,研究了背压腔内润滑油的压力场;最后,根据理论计算,模拟了润滑油在不同出口安装角和扰动片数下的润滑油静压,对润滑油静压与压缩机所需最佳背压进行了对比分析。研究结果表明:采用背压扰动平衡盘可以使润滑油静压增加21%,且静压增量随主轴转速的增加而增大,适当增大扰动片出口安装角可使润滑油静压增加0.032 MPa;对比最佳背压可知,扰动前润滑油静压与最佳背压相差26%,而合理设计扰动片后的润滑油静压与最佳背压相差仅为9%,极大改善了电动涡旋压缩机在变转速下的轴向平衡。

Cu含量对Ag/LSCO电接触材料物理性能的影响

采用溶胶凝胶法辅以高能球磨工艺合成Cu粉体改性La_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)CoO_(3-δ)(LSCO)粉体,用粉末冶金工艺结合热挤压技术制备了系列Cu改性Ag/LSCO电接触材料与成品丝,研究了Cu粉体对改性Ag/LSCO材料界面润湿性、物理力学性能等影响规律。结果表明,随着Cu含量的增加,改性Ag/LSCO-xCu(x=0、1、2、4、6、8)电接触材料的电阻率呈先增加后减小的趋势,与Ag和LSCO基底的润湿角变化趋势相一致,但其密度和硬度性能变化趋势相反;当Cu含量为4%时,Ag和LSCO-4Cu基底的润湿角达最小值55.0°,相应的成品丝(φ2.35mm)性能最佳:电阻率2.29μΩ·cm,硬度(HV^(0.3))946.7MPa,密度9.73g/cm^(3),断后延伸率3.9%,为纯Ag/LSCO的3.9倍。

基于播种单体限深臂压力和角度的播深智能控制系统

为了提高农作物播种深度的稳定性和一致性,进而提高农作物的产量,设计一套以限深臂对限深块的作用力和限深臂摆动角度为监测对象获取播深信息,以电动推杆为执行元件调节单体上下摆幅的基于力反馈式播深智能调节系统。通过对限深臂、四连杆处进行力学分析,确定了压力传感器和电动推杆的量程。针对电动推杆工作中存在误差的问题,采用Mamdani模糊算法建立智能调节模型,对电动推杆的控制进行优化。静态试验表明:在控制系统中添加Mamdani模糊控制算法,误差峰值的校正达到75.6%,播种深度的控制误差降低了60%。

温室电动拖拉机旋耕稳定性时序分析与前馈PID控制方法研究

针对温室小型农机对地面平整度敏感,微小的地面起伏便会造成机具俯仰的情况,基于课题组已开发的温室电动拖拉机,将基于时间序列分析的角度预测方法引入前馈PID控制(Angle prediction and feedforward PID,APF-PID),解决了温室旋耕作业中因机具俯仰而出现的响应性差、耕深不稳定和功率突变的问题。建立了温室电动拖拉机旋耕作业的功率模型,并建立了俯仰角-耕深的转换矩阵,得到了旋耕系统实际耕深的转换值;采用时间序列分析预测机身俯仰角,并作为旋耕系统的扰动输入;结合耕深的转换值和预测得到的扰动,采用APF-PID控制器调节旋耕系统的提升机构,将旋耕机维持在目标耕深;在温室内未旋耕和已旋耕的两种地块进行实车试验。结果表明:俯仰角时序预测模型的相关系数可达0.983 2;APF-PID控制的控制性能优于PID控制,在目标耕深6 cm的测试路面中,APF-PID在两种试验地块上的平均耕深分别为6.47 cm和6.44 cm,均方根误差为0.80 cm和0.72 cm,绝对平均误差为0.67 cm和0.58 cm,耕深稳定性系数为89.95%和91.30%,消耗的总能量较PID控制分别降低4.18%和19.13%,较好地实现了温室电动拖拉机旋耕稳定性控制,满足温室作业需求。