This article investigates one of the earliest attempts to systematically construct a building tradition and incorporate it into modern Chinese architectural design.These efforts were put forth by Liang Sicheng(1901e19...This article investigates one of the earliest attempts to systematically construct a building tradition and incorporate it into modern Chinese architectural design.These efforts were put forth by Liang Sicheng(1901e1972),one of the most distinguished Chinese architects and architectural historians,in the 1920s and 1930s in China,informed by the strong collective intention to honour the Chinese past.This article provides a historical and critical reflection on this collective intention that is still shared nowadays by architects and architectural theorists.This article examines in depth the evolution of the different ways Liang used the building past and constructed the Chinese architectural traditions in different crucial stages of his architectural career in the 1920s and 1930s.It uses architectural drawing as both the research subject and the research method.Three of Liang’s representative drawings from these crucial professional stages are juxtaposed and investigated to reveal this evolution using the iconography and iconology method.展开更多
As the British colonized West Africa, Africans worked as medical officers. John Farrell Easmon practiced private medicine that in 1897 affected his work as the chief medical officer. The Secretary of State for the Col...As the British colonized West Africa, Africans worked as medical officers. John Farrell Easmon practiced private medicine that in 1897 affected his work as the chief medical officer. The Secretary of State for the Colonies Joseph Chamberlain investigated the complaints of medical officers and fashioned the policy of the West African Medical Staff in 1902. During the Great Depression, the West African Medical Staff and Staff Pay shaped how African medical officers and European women medical doctors earned salaries as colonial government workers. Percy Selwyn-Clarke the deputy director of health service employed European women medical doctors in preventive health at infant and child welfare clinics. In 1935, health visitor Christian challenged the government for paying European woman medical doctor Nora Vane-Percy ￡10 to treat destitute African women and children at the Christiansborg infant welfare clinic.展开更多
From 1592 to 1945, Japan conducted a series of military incursions in East Asia, including the invasion of Korea of 1592-1598, the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the Japanese War of Aggression against China of the...From 1592 to 1945, Japan conducted a series of military incursions in East Asia, including the invasion of Korea of 1592-1598, the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the Japanese War of Aggression against China of the 1930s-1940s. The tone of this series of aggressive actions was set by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was continued in the Meiji Restoration and magnified in the Showa era, crystallizing into a pervading pattern of thought and action hiding behind the facts. Those post-World War II views that propose to cut the connections among these wars launched by Japan do not conform to the way Japanese said and behaved in the past but merely endorse some contemporary Japanese academic opinions. Therefore, exploring the facts and hidden logic linking these wars and restoring the original attributes of each regional war may be of benefit to fundamental studies and realistic concerns about Eastern Asian issues.展开更多
基金sponsored by the Chinese Scholarship Council,The Bartlett Architecture Research Fund,and The Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain(SAHGB)Research Grant.
文摘This article investigates one of the earliest attempts to systematically construct a building tradition and incorporate it into modern Chinese architectural design.These efforts were put forth by Liang Sicheng(1901e1972),one of the most distinguished Chinese architects and architectural historians,in the 1920s and 1930s in China,informed by the strong collective intention to honour the Chinese past.This article provides a historical and critical reflection on this collective intention that is still shared nowadays by architects and architectural theorists.This article examines in depth the evolution of the different ways Liang used the building past and constructed the Chinese architectural traditions in different crucial stages of his architectural career in the 1920s and 1930s.It uses architectural drawing as both the research subject and the research method.Three of Liang’s representative drawings from these crucial professional stages are juxtaposed and investigated to reveal this evolution using the iconography and iconology method.
文摘As the British colonized West Africa, Africans worked as medical officers. John Farrell Easmon practiced private medicine that in 1897 affected his work as the chief medical officer. The Secretary of State for the Colonies Joseph Chamberlain investigated the complaints of medical officers and fashioned the policy of the West African Medical Staff in 1902. During the Great Depression, the West African Medical Staff and Staff Pay shaped how African medical officers and European women medical doctors earned salaries as colonial government workers. Percy Selwyn-Clarke the deputy director of health service employed European women medical doctors in preventive health at infant and child welfare clinics. In 1935, health visitor Christian challenged the government for paying European woman medical doctor Nora Vane-Percy ￡10 to treat destitute African women and children at the Christiansborg infant welfare clinic.
文摘From 1592 to 1945, Japan conducted a series of military incursions in East Asia, including the invasion of Korea of 1592-1598, the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the Japanese War of Aggression against China of the 1930s-1940s. The tone of this series of aggressive actions was set by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was continued in the Meiji Restoration and magnified in the Showa era, crystallizing into a pervading pattern of thought and action hiding behind the facts. Those post-World War II views that propose to cut the connections among these wars launched by Japan do not conform to the way Japanese said and behaved in the past but merely endorse some contemporary Japanese academic opinions. Therefore, exploring the facts and hidden logic linking these wars and restoring the original attributes of each regional war may be of benefit to fundamental studies and realistic concerns about Eastern Asian issues.
