The Tamale Local Boy Scouts Association in the Northern Territories Protectorate in the 1920s

In 1907,military leader Robert Baden-Powell started the Boy Scouts Association in England as the British colonial government officers instituted Tamale village as the administrative centre of the Northern Territories Protectorate.Sam Yarney worked with Frank Collyer the European bank cashier and scoutmaster who started the Boy Scouts in the Gold Coast Colony in 1914,the year the First World War started.In 1922,Governor Gordon Guggisberg,who was brigadier general during the war was the chief scout.He reorganized the Local Boy Scouts Association in the Tamale Government School that received select boys from various schools in the Northern Territories Protectorate.The schoolboys excelled in the Standard VII and Civil Service Examinations to work with the government institutions and train as teachers and telegraphists.Arthur James Philbrick the chief scout commissioner of the Northern Territories employed Yarney as the assistant scout commissioner in the Southern Province to take on the staff of the reorganized Tamale Local Boy Scouts Association and register the 1st Tamale Troop.The scout officers subscribed to a Scout Fund to buy kit,for the schoolboys who passed the Tenderfoot Tests to buy uniforms and perform at events.

The evolution of Liang Sicheng’s construction of Chinese architectural traditions in his drawings(1920se1930s)

This article investigates one of the earliest attempts to systematically construct a building tradition and incorporate it into modern Chinese architectural design.These efforts were put forth by Liang Sicheng(1901e1972),one of the most distinguished Chinese architects and architectural historians,in the 1920s and 1930s in China,informed by the strong collective intention to honour the Chinese past.This article provides a historical and critical reflection on this collective intention that is still shared nowadays by architects and architectural theorists.This article examines in depth the evolution of the different ways Liang used the building past and constructed the Chinese architectural traditions in different crucial stages of his architectural career in the 1920s and 1930s.It uses architectural drawing as both the research subject and the research method.Three of Liang’s representative drawings from these crucial professional stages are juxtaposed and investigated to reveal this evolution using the iconography and iconology method.

Numerical simulation and cause analysis of persistent summer drought during the 1920s in eastern China

In the late 1920’s,a mega-drought in China resulted in widespread crop failure and famine.Sufficient evidence suggests that this drought belonged to a dry period ranging from approximately 1922 to 1932.To understand the characteristics and the cause of this persistent drought period,we combined various data,including observations,tree ring proxy data,reanalysis data,simulation results of the Fifth Phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project and numerical downscaling simulations.The results show that during 1922-1932,most regions in eastern China suffered from a persistent drought that lasted for six years,and the maximum negative precipitation anomaly reached−1.5 times the standard deviation.Given its spatial coverage,duration,and strength,the 1920s drought was unique for the 20th century.The 1920s drought was primarily caused by internal variability.Strong easterlies in lower latitudes,strong monsoon circulation,and abnormally high geopotential heights at middle and upper levels were responsible for the 1920s drought conditions in eastern China;these drought conditions could be further attributed to the joint impact of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation,Pacific Decadal Oscillation and Indian Ocean Basin Mode.

A Township Girls' School in the 1920s

THIS old photograph, taken in the early 1920s, was passed down to me by my eldest sister, an educator. It is a group photo of students from Fanzhen Girls’ Primary School, a church school in Xinan Township, Anxin County in Zhili (now Hebei) Province. In the school, which was located by my hometown of Baiyangdian, 43 students of varying ages and grades studied in a single classroom. The

Women's Fashion in the 1920s

THIS old photo shows four fashionable women wearing the new style of clothes popularized in the 1920s. All of the women are wearing high-collared, tight-fitting upper jackets. The two in the middle are in fashionably long skirts. The black-and-white picture does not show us the color of the clothes, but inferring from the colors in vogue at the time, the skirts must be black and the jackets either black or blue. There are variations in the style of their upper garments; some have buttons on the right or in the middle, others edged with lace on the collars and cuffs and some are decorated with embroidery. The hems are both rounded and square. All feature close-fitting cuffs in an eye-catching white or colored style. It is said that

Private Medical Practice: The Gold Coast Colony’s Christiansborg Infant Welfare Clinic

As the British colonized West Africa, Africans worked as medical officers. John Farrell Easmon practiced private medicine that in 1897 affected his work as the chief medical officer. The Secretary of State for the Colonies Joseph Chamberlain investigated the complaints of medical officers and fashioned the policy of the West African Medical Staff in 1902. During the Great Depression, the West African Medical Staff and Staff Pay shaped how African medical officers and European women medical doctors earned salaries as colonial government workers. Percy Selwyn-Clarke the deputy director of health service employed European women medical doctors in preventive health at infant and child welfare clinics. In 1935, health visitor Christian challenged the government for paying European woman medical doctor Nora Vane-Percy ￡10 to treat destitute African women and children at the Christiansborg infant welfare clinic.

A College Student＇s Rural Journey： Early Sociology and Anthropology in China Seen through Fieldwork on Sichuan＇s Secret Society

This paper focuses on the investigators of rural society in the Republican period, specifically research made through fieldwork on the Gowned Brothers （or, Paoge） in 1940s Sichuan. It takes up one such investigator, Shen Baoyuan--a student at Yenching University; her youthful work never became published or recognized. The present study reveals how the pioneers of Chinese sociology and anthropology, who called themselves ＂rural activists,＂ tried to understand rural China. It argues that the developments in those fields in China of the 1920s and 1940s made it possible for us today to have a better understanding of the contemporary rural problems. The investigators played an important role in the Rural Construction and Rural Education Movements in Republican China. They show us how Western sociology and anthropology were localized in order to answer ＂Chinese questions＂ and to solve ＂Chinese problems.＂ As source material, these investigations have given us rich records, which in turn have become precious sources and historical memories of rural China＇s past.