This paper attempts to examine the trope of“home”and the depiction of mother-daughter dissonance“in her mother’s house”in post-1990s Chinese American fiction.The research selects four novels in the case study and...This paper attempts to examine the trope of“home”and the depiction of mother-daughter dissonance“in her mother’s house”in post-1990s Chinese American fiction.The research selects four novels in the case study and focuses on how mother-daughter dissonance“in her mother’s house”is presented,what cultural connotations the trope of“home”carries and how they are affected by such extra-contextual factors as racism,sexism and classism.In comparison with two representative mother-daughter narrative works in pre-1990s period,the new characteristics and connotations of“home”in mother-daughter dissonance in post-1990s Chinese American fiction are revealed.展开更多
This study identifies a decadal shift of summer surface air temperature （SAT） over Northeast Asia,including southeastern parts of Russia,Mongolia and northern China,around the mid-1990s.The results suggest that the ...This study identifies a decadal shift of summer surface air temperature （SAT） over Northeast Asia,including southeastern parts of Russia,Mongolia and northern China,around the mid-1990s.The results suggest that the SAT over the Northeast Asia experienced a significant warming after 1994 relative to that before 1993.This decadal shift also extends to northern China,and leads to a warmer summer over Northeast China and North China after the mid-1990s.The decadal warming over Northeast Asia is found to concur with the enhancement of South China rainfall around the mid-1990s.On the one hand,both the Northeast Asian SAT and South China rainfall exhibit this mid-1990s decadal shift only in summer,but not in other seasons.On the other hand,both the Northeast Asian SAT and South China rainfall exhibit this mid-1990s decadal shift not only in the summer seasonal mean,but also in each month of summer （June,July and August）.Furthermore,the decadal warming is found to result from an anticyclonic anomaly over Northeast Asia,which can be interpreted as the response to the increased precipitation over South China,according to previous numerical results.Thus,we conclude that the warming shift of summer Northeast Asian SAT around the mid-1990s was a remote response to the increased precipitation over South China.展开更多
This study investigated the drivers and physical processes for the abrupt decadal summer surface warming and increases in hot temperature extremes that occurred over Northeast Asia in the mid-1990s. Observations indic...This study investigated the drivers and physical processes for the abrupt decadal summer surface warming and increases in hot temperature extremes that occurred over Northeast Asia in the mid-1990s. Observations indicate an abrupt increase in summer mean surface air temperature （SAT） over Northeast Asia since the mid-1990s. Accompanying this abrupt surface wanning, significant changes in some temperature extremes, characterized by increases in summer mean daily maximum temperature （Tmax）, daily minimum temperature （Train）, annual hottest day temperature （TXx）, and annual warmest night temperature （TNx） were observed. There were also increases in the frequency of summer days （SU） and tropical nights （TR）. Atmospheric general circulation model experiments forced by changes in sea surface temperature （SST）/sea ice extent （SIE）, anthropogenic greenhouse gas （GHG） concentrations, and anthropogenic aerosol （AA） forcing, relative to the period 1964- 93, reproduced the general patterns of observed summer mean SAT changes and associated changes in temperature extremes, although the abrupt decrease in precipitation since the mid-1990s was not simulated. Additional model experiments with different forcings indicated that changes in SST/SIE explained 76% of the area-averaged summer mean surface warming signal over Northeast Asia, while the direct impact of changes in GHG and AA explained the remaining 24% of the surface warming signal. Analysis of physical processes indicated that the direct impact of the changes in AA （through aerosol- radiation and aerosol-cloud interactions）, mainly related to the reduction of AA precursor emissions over Europe, played a dominant role in the increase in TXx and a similarly important role as SST/SIE changes in the increase in the frequency of SU over Northeast Asia via AA-induced coupled atmosphere-land surface and cloud feedbacks, rather than through a direct impact of AA changes on cloud condensation nuclei. The modelling results also imply that the abrupt summer surface warming and increases in hot temperature extremes over Northeast Asia since the mid-1990s will probably sustain in the next few decades as GHG concentrations continue to increase and AA precursor emissions over both North America and Europe continue to decrease.展开更多
In this study,we found that the intensity of interannual variability in the summer upper-tropospheric zonal wind has significantly weakened over Northeast Asia and the subtropical western North Pacific（WNP） since th...In this study,we found that the intensity of interannual variability in the summer upper-tropospheric zonal wind has significantly weakened over Northeast Asia and the subtropical western North Pacific（WNP） since the mid-1990s,concurrent with the previously documented decrease of the westerly jet over North China and Northwest China.Corresponding to this weakening of zonal wind variability,the meridional displacement of the East Asian westerly jet（EAJ） manifested as the leading mode of zonal wind variability over the WNP and East Asia（WNP-EA） before the mid-1990s but not afterward.The energetics of the anomalous pattern associated with the meridional displacement of the EAJ suggests that barotropic energy conversion,from basic flow to anomalous patterns,has led to the weakening of the variability in the EAJ meridional displacement and to a change in the leading dominant mode since the mid-1990s.The barotropic energy conversion efficiently maintained the anomalies associated with the variability in the EAJ meridional displacement during 1979-1993 but acted to dampen the anomalies during 1994-2008.A further investigation of the energetics suggests that the difference in the patterns of the circulation anomaly associated with either the first leading mode or the meridional displacement of the EAJ,i.e.,a southwest-northeast tilted pattern during 1979-1993 and a zonally oriented pattern during 1994-2008,has contributed greatly to the change in barotropic energy conversion.展开更多
The Walker circulation is one of the major components of the large-scale tropical atmospheric circulation and variations in its strength are critical to equatorial Pacific Ocean circulation. It has been argued in the ...The Walker circulation is one of the major components of the large-scale tropical atmospheric circulation and variations in its strength are critical to equatorial Pacific Ocean circulation. It has been argued in the literature that during the 20th century the Walker circulation weakened, and that this weakening was attributable to anthropogenic climate change. By using updated observations, we show that there has been a rapid interdecadal enhancement of the Walker circulation since the late 1990s. Associated with this enhancement is enhanced precipitation in the tropical western Pacific, anomalous westerlies in the upper troposphere, descent in the central and eastern tropical Pacific, and anomalous surface easterlies in the western and central tropical Pacific. The characteristics of associated oceanic changes are a strengthened thermocline slope and an enhanced zonal SST gradient across the tropical Pacific. Many characteristics of these changes are similar to those associated with the mid-1970s climate shift with an opposite sign. We also show that the interdecadal variability of the Walker circulation in the tropical Pacific is inversely correlated to the interdecadal variability of the zonal circulation in the tropical Atlantic. An enhancement of the Walker circulation in the tropical Pacific is associated with a weakening zonal circulation in the tropical Atlantic and vise versa, implying an inter-Atlantic-Pacific connection of the zonal overturning circulation variation. Whether these recent changes will be sustained is not yet clear, but our research highlights the importance of understanding the interdecadal variability, as well as the long-term trends, that influence tropical circulation.展开更多
The following are synopsis from a paper written by Dr.Gu Baochang entitled the"Interaction of the Social,Economic and Demo-graphic Changes in China*.In his paper,the author makes an overall analysis and compariso...The following are synopsis from a paper written by Dr.Gu Baochang entitled the"Interaction of the Social,Economic and Demo-graphic Changes in China*.In his paper,the author makes an overall analysis and comparison of the population trends,dynanics and characteristics of China's population.He attributes the rapid ferility decline in this most populous country to the following factors:the high political commitment from top Chinese leaders,the drastic changes taking place in the socioeconomic structure and the vigorous and effective family planning programme.Existing problems are studied and proposals made for a further fertility decline of population by improving the family planning programme.展开更多
Minister of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation Wu Yi made a report entitled Opportunity and Prospects: Basic Thoughts on the Development of China’s Foreign Trade and Economic Relations in the 1990s to Chinese and...Minister of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation Wu Yi made a report entitled Opportunity and Prospects: Basic Thoughts on the Development of China’s Foreign Trade and Economic Relations in the 1990s to Chinese and foreign participants working in this fields at an international seminar on China’s Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation held in Beijing in mid-May.展开更多
This article describes the trends and countermeasures for the development of computer technology and industry in the 1990s on the basis of changes in two large structures ( i.e. industry structure and product structur...This article describes the trends and countermeasures for the development of computer technology and industry in the 1990s on the basis of changes in two large structures ( i.e. industry structure and product structure), and four guiding technologies (i.e. massively parallel processing technology, high-speed network technology, multimedia technology, and artificial intelligence).展开更多
During 1979–2004, the East Asian summer precipitation has experienced another significant decadal shift around the early 1990 s. Based on three radiosonde temperature datasets and four reanalysis datasets, this paper...During 1979–2004, the East Asian summer precipitation has experienced another significant decadal shift around the early 1990 s. Based on three radiosonde temperature datasets and four reanalysis datasets, this paper examines the decadal change of the East Asian summer tropospheric temperature around the early 1990 s. The results show that the meridional gradient of layer mean upper tropospheric temperature for 200–500 h Pa(here after UTT, UTT is upper tropospheric temperature) also underwent an obvious decadal decrease around 1992. The tropospheric temperature south to 35°N becomes decadal cooling, centered along the Yangtze River Valley, while the tropospheric temperature north to 35°N shows a decadal warming, centered in Northwest China-Mongolia. JRA-25 reanalysis is better than the other reanalysis datasets in revealing this decadal change. This decadal shift of East Asian summer UTT may be ascribed to the decadal change of the ENSO period from low-frequency oscillation(4–6 yr) to quasi-biennial oscillation since 1992. It behaves as an increase of ENSO developing events and a reduction of ENSO decaying events. It leads to stronger forcing of ENSO developing summer and weaker forcing of ENSO decaying summer, leading to the dominant role of monopole cooling mode of East Asian UTT after 1992, in contrast to the dominant role of dipole mode of East Asia UTT before 1992. The summer UTT difference between 1993–2004 and 1979–1992 shows a "South cooling-North Warming" pattern, and thereby contributes to the interdecadal decrease of East Asian summer UTT meridional gradient around 1992.展开更多
From the 1950s to the 1990s,China underwent a significant transformation of its political system and economy,from socialism to rapid development after the reform and opening up.In the 1980s and 1990s,to meet the deman...From the 1950s to the 1990s,China underwent a significant transformation of its political system and economy,from socialism to rapid development after the reform and opening up.In the 1980s and 1990s,to meet the demand for housing and urban modernization under the rapid growth of cities,almost all Chinese cities underwent large-scale urban construction,transformation and expansion.With this background of rapid advancement,many cities have lost their traditional urban features and characteristics.However,it was during this period that Hangzhou not only restored the historical scenery of West Lake through multiple projects but also explored overall planning of the city and introduced conservation ideas,making West Lake,which was originally located outside the city,part of the city.This period also shaped the contemporary urban characteristics of Hangzhou with traditional landscape features.To explore Hangzhou’s positive experience and determine the critical junctures and influencing factors,this study observed the entire historical process using morphological methods.Based on a summary of the characteristics of each development stage,this study further focuses on the key issue of how conservation ideas are gradually introduced into urban planning and affect the development process.展开更多
Development has turned the past fortyyears of the largest economic center ofChina and the international city of influenceon the west pacific coast—Shanghai—into aperiod of great economic growth.Today,animportant dec...Development has turned the past fortyyears of the largest economic center ofChina and the international city of influenceon the west pacific coast—Shanghai—into aperiod of great economic growth.Today,animportant decision has further been madeby the Party’s Central Committee and展开更多
I. Introduction 1. The children of today will run the families of the 21st century. Their survival, protection and development decide, for the most part, the quality of a people and lay the foundation of human progres...I. Introduction 1. The children of today will run the families of the 21st century. Their survival, protection and development decide, for the most part, the quality of a people and lay the foundation of human progress as a whole. The 1990 World Summit for Children endorsed the "World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children" and the "Plan of Action for Implementing the World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children in the 1990s," (hereinafter referred to as "Declaration" and "Plan of Action" for short), In March 1991, Premier Li Peng signed the two documents on behalf of the Chinese Government, making a solemn commitment to this major undertaking. 2. The wholesome development of children has a bearing upon the future of China. The Communist Party of China and the Chinese Government have always paid close attention to the survival,展开更多
Based on monthly mean temperature and precipitation, the changing processes and tendencies of temperature and precipitation in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau from 1950s to the early 1990s are analysed. The change of temperatu...Based on monthly mean temperature and precipitation, the changing processes and tendencies of temperature and precipitation in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau from 1950s to the early 1990s are analysed. The change of temperature in the past 40 a is almost unanimous on the spatial scale. The first area becoming warmer is the southeastern Tibet. The plateau is divided into 5 parts according to the change of temperature, and 9 parts according to the change of precipitation. For the past 40a some area has been warmer and drier, others warmer and wetter.展开更多
基金supported by Guangdong Featured Innovation Project of General College and University(Grant No.:2022WTSCX193)Guangdong Philosophy and Social Science Scheme Project(Grant No.:GD23YWW01).
文摘This paper attempts to examine the trope of“home”and the depiction of mother-daughter dissonance“in her mother’s house”in post-1990s Chinese American fiction.The research selects four novels in the case study and focuses on how mother-daughter dissonance“in her mother’s house”is presented,what cultural connotations the trope of“home”carries and how they are affected by such extra-contextual factors as racism,sexism and classism.In comparison with two representative mother-daughter narrative works in pre-1990s period,the new characteristics and connotations of“home”in mother-daughter dissonance in post-1990s Chinese American fiction are revealed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41105046)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2010CB950403)the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA05090000)
文摘This study identifies a decadal shift of summer surface air temperature （SAT） over Northeast Asia,including southeastern parts of Russia,Mongolia and northern China,around the mid-1990s.The results suggest that the SAT over the Northeast Asia experienced a significant warming after 1994 relative to that before 1993.This decadal shift also extends to northern China,and leads to a warmer summer over Northeast China and North China after the mid-1990s.The decadal warming over Northeast Asia is found to concur with the enhancement of South China rainfall around the mid-1990s.On the one hand,both the Northeast Asian SAT and South China rainfall exhibit this mid-1990s decadal shift only in summer,but not in other seasons.On the other hand,both the Northeast Asian SAT and South China rainfall exhibit this mid-1990s decadal shift not only in the summer seasonal mean,but also in each month of summer （June,July and August）.Furthermore,the decadal warming is found to result from an anticyclonic anomaly over Northeast Asia,which can be interpreted as the response to the increased precipitation over South China,according to previous numerical results.Thus,we conclude that the warming shift of summer Northeast Asian SAT around the mid-1990s was a remote response to the increased precipitation over South China.
基金supported by the UK– China Research & Innovation Partnership Fund through the Met Office Climate Science for Service Partnership (CSSP) of China, as part of the Newton Fundsupported by the UK National Centre for Atmospheric Science–Climate (NCAS– Climate) at the University of Reading
文摘This study investigated the drivers and physical processes for the abrupt decadal summer surface warming and increases in hot temperature extremes that occurred over Northeast Asia in the mid-1990s. Observations indicate an abrupt increase in summer mean surface air temperature （SAT） over Northeast Asia since the mid-1990s. Accompanying this abrupt surface wanning, significant changes in some temperature extremes, characterized by increases in summer mean daily maximum temperature （Tmax）, daily minimum temperature （Train）, annual hottest day temperature （TXx）, and annual warmest night temperature （TNx） were observed. There were also increases in the frequency of summer days （SU） and tropical nights （TR）. Atmospheric general circulation model experiments forced by changes in sea surface temperature （SST）/sea ice extent （SIE）, anthropogenic greenhouse gas （GHG） concentrations, and anthropogenic aerosol （AA） forcing, relative to the period 1964- 93, reproduced the general patterns of observed summer mean SAT changes and associated changes in temperature extremes, although the abrupt decrease in precipitation since the mid-1990s was not simulated. Additional model experiments with different forcings indicated that changes in SST/SIE explained 76% of the area-averaged summer mean surface warming signal over Northeast Asia, while the direct impact of changes in GHG and AA explained the remaining 24% of the surface warming signal. Analysis of physical processes indicated that the direct impact of the changes in AA （through aerosol- radiation and aerosol-cloud interactions）, mainly related to the reduction of AA precursor emissions over Europe, played a dominant role in the increase in TXx and a similarly important role as SST/SIE changes in the increase in the frequency of SU over Northeast Asia via AA-induced coupled atmosphere-land surface and cloud feedbacks, rather than through a direct impact of AA changes on cloud condensation nuclei. The modelling results also imply that the abrupt summer surface warming and increases in hot temperature extremes over Northeast Asia since the mid-1990s will probably sustain in the next few decades as GHG concentrations continue to increase and AA precursor emissions over both North America and Europe continue to decrease.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40810059005 and 40725016)
文摘In this study,we found that the intensity of interannual variability in the summer upper-tropospheric zonal wind has significantly weakened over Northeast Asia and the subtropical western North Pacific（WNP） since the mid-1990s,concurrent with the previously documented decrease of the westerly jet over North China and Northwest China.Corresponding to this weakening of zonal wind variability,the meridional displacement of the East Asian westerly jet（EAJ） manifested as the leading mode of zonal wind variability over the WNP and East Asia（WNP-EA） before the mid-1990s but not afterward.The energetics of the anomalous pattern associated with the meridional displacement of the EAJ suggests that barotropic energy conversion,from basic flow to anomalous patterns,has led to the weakening of the variability in the EAJ meridional displacement and to a change in the leading dominant mode since the mid-1990s.The barotropic energy conversion efficiently maintained the anomalies associated with the variability in the EAJ meridional displacement during 1979-1993 but acted to dampen the anomalies during 1994-2008.A further investigation of the energetics suggests that the difference in the patterns of the circulation anomaly associated with either the first leading mode or the meridional displacement of the EAJ,i.e.,a southwest-northeast tilted pattern during 1979-1993 and a zonally oriented pattern during 1994-2008,has contributed greatly to the change in barotropic energy conversion.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2010CB950400)
文摘The Walker circulation is one of the major components of the large-scale tropical atmospheric circulation and variations in its strength are critical to equatorial Pacific Ocean circulation. It has been argued in the literature that during the 20th century the Walker circulation weakened, and that this weakening was attributable to anthropogenic climate change. By using updated observations, we show that there has been a rapid interdecadal enhancement of the Walker circulation since the late 1990s. Associated with this enhancement is enhanced precipitation in the tropical western Pacific, anomalous westerlies in the upper troposphere, descent in the central and eastern tropical Pacific, and anomalous surface easterlies in the western and central tropical Pacific. The characteristics of associated oceanic changes are a strengthened thermocline slope and an enhanced zonal SST gradient across the tropical Pacific. Many characteristics of these changes are similar to those associated with the mid-1970s climate shift with an opposite sign. We also show that the interdecadal variability of the Walker circulation in the tropical Pacific is inversely correlated to the interdecadal variability of the zonal circulation in the tropical Atlantic. An enhancement of the Walker circulation in the tropical Pacific is associated with a weakening zonal circulation in the tropical Atlantic and vise versa, implying an inter-Atlantic-Pacific connection of the zonal overturning circulation variation. Whether these recent changes will be sustained is not yet clear, but our research highlights the importance of understanding the interdecadal variability, as well as the long-term trends, that influence tropical circulation.
文摘The following are synopsis from a paper written by Dr.Gu Baochang entitled the"Interaction of the Social,Economic and Demo-graphic Changes in China*.In his paper,the author makes an overall analysis and comparison of the population trends,dynanics and characteristics of China's population.He attributes the rapid ferility decline in this most populous country to the following factors:the high political commitment from top Chinese leaders,the drastic changes taking place in the socioeconomic structure and the vigorous and effective family planning programme.Existing problems are studied and proposals made for a further fertility decline of population by improving the family planning programme.
文摘Minister of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation Wu Yi made a report entitled Opportunity and Prospects: Basic Thoughts on the Development of China’s Foreign Trade and Economic Relations in the 1990s to Chinese and foreign participants working in this fields at an international seminar on China’s Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation held in Beijing in mid-May.
文摘This article describes the trends and countermeasures for the development of computer technology and industry in the 1990s on the basis of changes in two large structures ( i.e. industry structure and product structure), and four guiding technologies (i.e. massively parallel processing technology, high-speed network technology, multimedia technology, and artificial intelligence).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41305072,41330423,41023002)the"Strategic Priority Research Program-Climate Change:Carbon Budget and Related Issues"of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA05110301)the Open Program of NUIST(Grant No.KLME1306)
文摘During 1979–2004, the East Asian summer precipitation has experienced another significant decadal shift around the early 1990 s. Based on three radiosonde temperature datasets and four reanalysis datasets, this paper examines the decadal change of the East Asian summer tropospheric temperature around the early 1990 s. The results show that the meridional gradient of layer mean upper tropospheric temperature for 200–500 h Pa(here after UTT, UTT is upper tropospheric temperature) also underwent an obvious decadal decrease around 1992. The tropospheric temperature south to 35°N becomes decadal cooling, centered along the Yangtze River Valley, while the tropospheric temperature north to 35°N shows a decadal warming, centered in Northwest China-Mongolia. JRA-25 reanalysis is better than the other reanalysis datasets in revealing this decadal change. This decadal shift of East Asian summer UTT may be ascribed to the decadal change of the ENSO period from low-frequency oscillation(4–6 yr) to quasi-biennial oscillation since 1992. It behaves as an increase of ENSO developing events and a reduction of ENSO decaying events. It leads to stronger forcing of ENSO developing summer and weaker forcing of ENSO decaying summer, leading to the dominant role of monopole cooling mode of East Asian UTT after 1992, in contrast to the dominant role of dipole mode of East Asia UTT before 1992. The summer UTT difference between 1993–2004 and 1979–1992 shows a "South cooling-North Warming" pattern, and thereby contributes to the interdecadal decrease of East Asian summer UTT meridional gradient around 1992.
基金This article is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2017YFC0702504)and the‘Korea Foundation for Advanced Studies’/‘Chey Institute for Advanced Studies’.The funding funded the data collection of the study.
文摘From the 1950s to the 1990s,China underwent a significant transformation of its political system and economy,from socialism to rapid development after the reform and opening up.In the 1980s and 1990s,to meet the demand for housing and urban modernization under the rapid growth of cities,almost all Chinese cities underwent large-scale urban construction,transformation and expansion.With this background of rapid advancement,many cities have lost their traditional urban features and characteristics.However,it was during this period that Hangzhou not only restored the historical scenery of West Lake through multiple projects but also explored overall planning of the city and introduced conservation ideas,making West Lake,which was originally located outside the city,part of the city.This period also shaped the contemporary urban characteristics of Hangzhou with traditional landscape features.To explore Hangzhou’s positive experience and determine the critical junctures and influencing factors,this study observed the entire historical process using morphological methods.Based on a summary of the characteristics of each development stage,this study further focuses on the key issue of how conservation ideas are gradually introduced into urban planning and affect the development process.
文摘Development has turned the past fortyyears of the largest economic center ofChina and the international city of influenceon the west pacific coast—Shanghai—into aperiod of great economic growth.Today,animportant decision has further been madeby the Party’s Central Committee and
文摘I. Introduction 1. The children of today will run the families of the 21st century. Their survival, protection and development decide, for the most part, the quality of a people and lay the foundation of human progress as a whole. The 1990 World Summit for Children endorsed the "World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children" and the "Plan of Action for Implementing the World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children in the 1990s," (hereinafter referred to as "Declaration" and "Plan of Action" for short), In March 1991, Premier Li Peng signed the two documents on behalf of the Chinese Government, making a solemn commitment to this major undertaking. 2. The wholesome development of children has a bearing upon the future of China. The Communist Party of China and the Chinese Government have always paid close attention to the survival,
基金Project supported by the China Climbing Project "Formation, Evolution, and Environmental Change and Ecosystem of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau".
文摘Based on monthly mean temperature and precipitation, the changing processes and tendencies of temperature and precipitation in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau from 1950s to the early 1990s are analysed. The change of temperature in the past 40 a is almost unanimous on the spatial scale. The first area becoming warmer is the southeastern Tibet. The plateau is divided into 5 parts according to the change of temperature, and 9 parts according to the change of precipitation. For the past 40a some area has been warmer and drier, others warmer and wetter.
