Debris flow simulation 2D(DFS 2D):Numerical modelling of debris flows and calibration of friction parameters

Debris flows are rapid mass movements with a mixture of rock,soil and water.High-intensity rainfall events have triggered multiple debris flows around the globe,making it an important concern from the disaster management perspective.This study presents a numerical model called debris flow simulation 2D(DFS 2D)and applicability of the proposed model is investigated through the values of the model parameters used for the reproduction of an occurred debris flow at Yindongzi gully in China on 13 August 2010.The model can be used to simulate debris flows using three different rheologies and has a userfriendly interface for providing the inputs.Using DFS 2D,flow parameters can be estimated with respect to space and time.The values of the flow resistance parameters of model,dry-Coulomb and turbulent friction,were calibrated through the back analysis and the values obtained are 0.1 and 1000 m/s^(2),respectively.Two new methods of calibration are proposed in this study,considering the crosssectional area of flow and topographical changes induced by the debris flow.The proposed methods of calibration provide an effective solution to the cumulative errors induced by coarse-resolution digital elevation models(DEMs)in numerical modelling of debris flows.The statistical indices such as Willmott's index of agreement,mean-absolute-error,and normalized-root-mean-square-error of the calibrated model are 0.5,1.02 and 1.44,respectively.The comparison between simulated and observed values of topographic changes indicates that DFS 2D provides satisfactory results and can be used for dynamic modelling of debris flows.

THE STUDY ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF RIVER BED EROSION FOR WATER-SEDIMENT TWO-PHASE FLOW

Based on the tensor analysis of water-sediment two-phase how, the basic model equations for clear water flow and sediment-laden flow are deduced in the general curve coordinates for natural water variable-density turbulent how. Furthermore, corresponding boundary conditions are also presented in connection with the composition and movement of non-uniform bed material. The theoretical results are applied to the calculation of the float open caisson in the construction period and good results are obtained.

A Higher-Efficient Non-Hydrostatic Finite Volume Model for Strong Three-Dimensional Free Surface Flows and Sediment Transport

In order to accurately simulate strong three-dimensional （3-D） free surface flows and sediment transport, the fully 3- D non-hydrostatic pressure models are developed based on the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and convection-diffusion equation of sediment concentration with the mixing triangle and quadrilateral grids. The governing equations are discretized with the unstructured finite volume method in order to provide conservation properties of mass and momentum, and flexibility with practical application. It is shown that it is first-order accurate on nonuniform plane two-dimensional （2-D） grids and second-order accurate on uniform plane grids. A third-order approximation of the vertical velocity at the top-layer is applied. In such a way, free surface zero stress boundary condition is satisfied maturely, and very few vertical layers are needed to give an accurate solution even for complex discontinuous flow and short wave simulation. The model is applied to four examples to simulate strong 3-D free surface flows and sediment transport where non-hydrostatic pressures have a considerable effect on the velocity field. The newly developed model is verified against analytical solutions with an excellent agreement.

Numerical Modeling of Sediment Transport and Its Effect on Algal Biomass Distribution in Lake Pontchartrain Due to Flood Release from Bonnet CarréSpillway

In order to protect the city of New Orleans from the Mississippi River flooding, the Bonnet Carré Spillway (BCS) was constructed from 1929 to 1936 to divert flood water from the river into Lake Pontchartrain and then into the Gulf of Mexico. During the BCS opening for flood release, large amounts of freshwater, nutrients, sediment, etc. were discharged into Lake Pontchartrain, and caused a lot of environmental problems. To evaluate the environmental impacts of the flood water on lake ecosystems, a two-dimensional numerical model was developed based on CCHE2D and applied to simulate the flow circulation, sediment transport and algal biomass distribution in Lake Pontchartrain. The effect of sediment concentration on the growth of algae was considered in the model. The numerical model was calibrated using field measured data provided by USGS, and then it was validated by the BCS Opening Event in 1997. The simulated results were generally in good agreement with filed data and satellite imagery. The field observation and numerical model show that during the spillway opening for flood release, the sediment concentration is very high, which greatly restricts the growth of algae, so there is no algal bloom observed in the lake. After the closure of BCS, the sediment concentration in the lake reduces gradually, and the nutrient concentration of the lake is still high. Under these conditions, numerical results and satellite imagery showed that the chlorophyll concentration was high and algal bloom might occur.

A Numerical Simulation of Air Flow in the Human Respiratory System Based on Lung Model

The lung is an important organ that takes part in the gas exchange process. In the study of gas transport and exchange in the human respiratory system, the complicated process of advection and diffusion (AD) in airways of human lungs is considered. The basis of a lumped parameter model or a transport equation is modeled during the inspiration process, when oxygen enters into the human lung channel. The quantitative measurements of oxygen are detached and the model equation is solved numerically by explicit finite difference schemes. Numerical simulations were made for natural breathing conditions or normal breathing conditions. The respiratory flow results for the resting conditions are found strongly dependent on the AD effect with some contribution of the unsteadiness effect. The contour of the flow rate region is labeled and AD effects are compared with the variation of small intervals of time for a constant velocity when breathing is interrupted for a negligible moment.

Numerical simulations of flow and sediment transport within the Ning-Meng reach of the Yellow River,northern China

Effective management of a river reach requires a sound understanding of flow and sediment transport generated by varying natural and artificial runoff conditions. Flow and sediment transport within the Ning-Meng reach of the Yellow River（NMRYR）, northern China are controlled by a complex set of factors/processes, mainly including four sets of factors：（1） aeolian sediments from deserts bordering the main stream;（2） inflow of water and sediment from numerous tributaries;（3） impoundment of water by reservoir/hydro-junction; and（4） complex diversion and return of irrigation water. In this study, the 1-D flow ＆ sediment transport model developed by the Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research was used to simulate the flow and sediment transport within the NMRYR from 2001 to 2012. All four sets of factors that primarily control the flow and sediment transport mentioned above were considered in this model. Compared to the measured data collected from the hydrological stations along the NMRYR, the simulated flow and sediment transport values were generally acceptable, with relative mean deviation between measured and simulated values of 〈15%. However, simulated sediment concentration and siltation values within two sub-reaches（i.e., Qingtongxia Reservoir to Bayan Gol Hydrological Station and Bayan Gol Hydrological Station to Toudaoguai Hydrological Station） for some periods exhibited relatively large errors（the relative mean deviations between measured and simulated values of 18% and 25%, respectively）. These errors are presumably related to the inability to accurately determine the quantity of aeolian sediment influx to the river reach and the inflow of water from the ten ephemeral tributaries. This study may provide some valuable insights into the numerical simulations of flow and sediment transport in large watersheds and also provide a useful model for the effective management of the NMRYR.

基于Flow-3D的多阶明渠工程数学模型研究

[目的]研究灌区多级阶梯明渠水流的水动力特性及泥沙淤积问题,并评价其对多阶明渠工程的影响.[方法]基于VOF方法,在Flow-3D平台上建立了山东省德州市牛角店输水工程的三维数学模型,通过模拟不同工况下的三维多阶明渠水流,对比分析水流流速分布、水面线变化及渠底泥沙淤积情况.[结果]水流流态平稳后,最大流速出现在第二级阶梯上,挟沙水流流速较清水流速大0.50~0.86 m/s;在挑坎及第二级阶梯上,水面线变化幅度较大;随着时间推移,泥沙主要淤积于挑坎前及第三级阶梯底部,200 s时淤积厚度最高达0.143 mm.[结论]在牛角店输水工程施工及后期运行中,适当加固第二级阶梯渠底,提升第二级侧墙高度,并通过调控下游水位以保证灌渠的安全运行.

2-D智能纳米黑卡微观驱油机理可视化实验

由中国石油大学(北京)非常规油气科学技术研究院自主研发的2-D智能纳米黑卡是一种具有尺寸小、比表面积大等优势的片状纳米材料(尺寸为80×60×1.2 nm,比表面积约57 m^2/g)。本文使用不同孔隙度、渗透率的二维可视化模型,进行2-D智能纳米黑卡微观驱替可视化实验。通过分析岩心渗透率、颗粒浓度和注入速率等因素对驱油效果的影响,研究在微观条件下该纳米材料的微观渗流机理和运移规律。研究表明,该材料具有优异的亲水亲油平衡性,能够改变岩石表面润湿性,在两相界面产生楔形渗透压,形成微观回旋流,相对于以往如SiO2等球型纳米颗粒,具有更大的表面接触性。2-D智能纳米黑卡可有效驱替地层剩余油,剥离微小孔喉壁面上的油膜,扩大低渗层波及体积,提高原油采收率。

Regional-Scale Study on Sediment Processes of Khuran Strait at Persian Gulf with Implications for Engineering Design

In this article, the sediment transport processes in the Khuran Strait between the mainland Iran and Qeshm Island at North Central Persian Gulf are studied in regional scale in a comprehensive manner. The objectives of this study include defining the type and origin of the sediment, the influencing factors, and the dominant mode of sediment transport. Four possible scenarios of sediment processes in terms of sediment sources and influential environmental forces are examined. The results of the conceptual and 2D numerical model of MIKE21 applied for this purposes indicate that the sediment sources in the transport processes are mainly provided by the sediments suspended from the central and eastern zones of the strait bed. Other sources including input from rivers do not have direct influence on the processes. The results are applied to the study of morphological changes for engineering applications including the pattern and amount of deposit in the Rajaee port approach channel and harbor basin. The pattern and amount of annual sediment deposits in the approach channel predicted by the model is satisfactory, compatible with annual dredging records.

Two Dimensional Hydrodynamic Modelling of Northern Bay of Bengal Coastal Waters

Mathematical models have advancement to a point where they are considered to be an effective tool for simulating natural phenomena in coastal regions. This paper discusses the development of Bay of Bengal Model (BoBM), updating of the model with the recent bathymetry and shore line of islands and coastline and upgrading from rectangular grid to finer size of mesh grids by using latest version of MIKE21 FM modeling system. This model is very useful for the hydrodynamic study in the coastal region of Bangladesh. The article also presents the model set-up, boundary conditions and few calibration results of the model. The model applications clearly show the variation of the flow structure, their speed and direction separately for monsoon and dry season around the model area which covers the northern part of Bay of Bengal.

3D mathematical model for suspended load transport by turbulent flows and its applications

This paper presents a 3D mathematical model for suspended load transport in turbulent flows. Based on Dous stochastic theory of turbulent flow, numerical schemes of Reynolds stresses for anisotropic turbulent flows were obtained. A refined wall function was employed to treat solid wall boundaries. The equations for 2D suspended load motion and sorting of bed material have been expanded into 3D cases. Numerical results are validated by the measured data of the Gezhouba Project, and proved to be in good agreement with the experimental. The present method has been employed to simulate sediment erosion and deposition in the dam area of Three Gorges Project, and for the operation of the project, siltation process and deposition pattern in the near-dam area of the reservoir, size distribution of the deposits and bed material, and flow fields and sediment concentration fields at different time and elevations are predicted. The predicted results are close to the experimental observations in physical model studies. Thus, a new method is established for 3D simulation of sediment motion in dam areas of multi-purpose water projects.

A VERTICAL 2D MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR HYDRODYNAMIC FLOWS WITH FREE SURFACE IN σ COORDINATE

Numerical models with hydrostatic pressure have been widely utilized in studying flows in rivers, estuaries and coastal areas. The hydrostatic assumption is valid for the large-scale surface flows where the vertical acceleration can be ignored, but for some particular cases the hydrodynamic pressure is important. In this paper, a vertical 2t） mathematical model with non-hydrostatic pressure was implemented in the σ coordinate. A fractional step method was used to enable the pressure to be decomposed into hydrostatic and hydrodynamic components and the predictor-corrector approach was applied to integration in time domain. Finally, several computational cases were studied to validate the importance of contributions of the hydrodynamic pressure.

MIKE 21二维非恒定流模型在北京市延芳淀湿地洪水影响分析中的应用

为了研究拟建在北运河滩地上的延芳淀湿地对河道防洪安全的影响,控制湿地建设规模,不增加北运河50年一遇洪水出境洪峰流量,搭建了北运河MIKE 21二维非恒定流模型,模拟湿地建设前后北运河50年一遇洪水演进情况。采用2016年北运河"7.20"洪水监测数据,对模型进行了参数率定;分析了延芳淀湿地建设前后,50年一遇洪水下北运河河道及滩地槽蓄能力、河道水位、流速、流势等水力条件的时空变化。结果表明:滩地内建设延芳淀湿地降低了北运河槽蓄能力,减少了滩地消减洪峰量值,但通过调整湿地地形高程,仍能满足规划要求;湿地建设同时抬升了北运河洪水位,改变了洪水流势,对河道堤防建设有一定影响。研究成果不仅能够为延芳淀湿地的设计建设提供相关水力条件支持,也可以为北运河河道治理及防洪预案修订提供参考。

小浪底水库2002年调水调沙下游河道洪水演进跟踪模拟计算

本文采用黄河下游河道洪水演进数学模型,开展了2002年汛期小浪底水库调水调沙下游河道洪水演进与河床冲淤演变时实跟踪计算,计算结果与调水调沙后整编的实测资料对比分析发现,该模型能够较准确复演天然河道的水沙演进与河床冲淤演变过程,可以在黄河下游河道洪水演进及河床冲淤演变预测中应用。

湘江营田滩河段2000t级航道整治工程效果数值模拟

营田滩位于湘江濠河口至城陵矶河段,为洞庭湖区洪道,具有典型的河湖两相性,浅滩演变规律复杂。近年来本滩段的采砂活动日益增多,对河床的边界破坏很大,通航水流条件受到影响。在湘江2 000 t级航道建设一期工程中,需采取相应的整治措施,以提升航道等级,满足规划要求。针对营田滩河段的具体碍航特性,提出了相应的整治措施,采用平面二维水流数学模型,对整治效果进行了分析论证。结果表明:设计方案满足航道整治规划要求,右汊方案中洪水期航道水流条件不受上、下挖口入汇水流的影响,又有利于地方经济发展,建议右汊方案作为整治工程的推荐方案。

考虑不同水流交换模式的城市洪涝一维二维双向耦合模型

为准确模拟城市洪涝过程,以地表二维流动模型和SWMM一维管流模型为基础,同时考虑地表径流与地下管流交换的3种模式,构建了城市地表与地下管流双向耦合的水动力学模型。采用水槽试验算例和理论算例对耦合模型进行验证,并将耦合模型应用到英国Glasgow城市街区,分析排水管网和不同地表地下水流交换模式对城市洪涝过程的影响。结果表明:模型在试验算例和理论算例的模拟中均具有较好的精度和可靠性,模型能够准确地模拟具有排水管网的城市洪涝演进过程;与无排水系统相比,检查井简化法、雨水口法和雨水口-检查井法3种水流交换模式下Glasgow城市街区模拟的最大淹没面积分别减少9.3%、23.2%和24.5%,其中对重度积水的消减作用更显著,淹没面积分别减少43.6%、79.9%和80.9%;检查井简化法的消减作用要远小于雨水口法和雨水口-检查井法,后两者差异较小。雨水口法和雨水口-检查井法比较符合实际情况,且雨水口-检查井法的计算效率更高更简单,因此,在城市洪涝模拟中采用雨水口-检查井法考虑地表径流与地下管流交换过程更符合实际。

二维多孔介质CO2混相驱油质量浓度分布

CO2混相驱油过程涉及驱动、混合、溶解等多因素的复杂物理化学作用。目前相关研究主要集中在一维物理模拟和数学模型方面,二维条件下的CO2驱油机理讨论较少,而实际油藏开采是多维条件下进行的。因此,文中从数值模拟角度出发,基于经典二维对流扩散方程,建立并求解了二维油藏中心一口注CO2驱油井的物理化学渗流模型,讨论了二维CO2混相驱过程中的CO2质量浓度分布特征及模型相关参数对驱替效果的影响,总结出在不同主控因素下呈现的CO2质量浓度分布形态规律,并对实际生产提出合理建议。

ONE-AND TWO-DIMENSIONAL COUPLED HYDRODYNAMICS MODEL FOR DAM BREAK FLOW

1-D and 2-D mathematical models for dam break flow were established and verified with the measured data in laboratory. The 1-D and 2-D models were then coupled, and used to simulate the dam break flow from the reservoir tail to the dam site, the propagation of dam break waves in the downstream channel, and the submergence of dam break flow in the downstream town with the hydrodynamics method. As a numerical example, the presented model was employed to simulate dam break flow of a hydropower station under construction. In simulation, different dam-break durations, upstream flows and water levels in front of dam were considered, and these influencing factors of dam break flow were analyzed, which could be referenced in planning and designing hydropower stations.

Numerical simulation of tumor-induced angiogenesis influenced by the extra-cellular matrix mechanical environment

To investigate tumor-induced angiogenesis under the influence of the mechanical environments inside and outside the tumor, mathematical model of tumor angiogenesis was developed. In the model, extra-cellular matrix （ECM） was treated as a thin plane. The displacement of ECM is obtained from the force balance equation consisted of the ECs traction, the ECM visco-elastic forces and the exter- nal forces. Simulation results show that a layered capillary network is obtained with a well vascularized region at the periphery of the tumor. The present model can be used as a valid theoretical method in the basic researches in tumorinduced angiogenesis.

Simulation of Artificial Grain Feeding in Order to Reach Dynamical Bed Stabilisation Along the River Rhine

The Wesel-Xanten stretch of the fiver Rhine between km-812.5 and km-821.5 is one of the reaches where strong erosion leads to high maintenance efforts conceming navigability.In order to improve the naviga- tion conditions without aggravating the flood protection,but also ensuring that the ecological system of the river is not damaged,investigations of the morphodynamical processes in connection with artificial grain feeding ac- tivities have to be carried out by Federal Waterways Engineering and Research...