2,4-Dinitrophenol Downregulates Genes for Diabetes and Fatty Liver in Obese Mice

Whether obesity is a disease or a risk factor of metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes and fatty liver remains debating, we report here that a high-fat diet (HFD) alone or HFD-combined intramuscular injection with a high dose (1.2 mg/kg) of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces mouse peripheral noninflammatory obesity. In contrast, HFD-combined intraperitoneal injection with a low dose (0.25 mg/kg) of LPS induces mouse visceral low-grade inflammatory obesity. While the noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)- related genes are globally upregulated in HFD + low-dose LPS mice, NIDDM and NAFLD genes are not extensively upregulated in HFD + high-dose LPS mice. The mitochondrial uncoupler 2,4-dini- trophenol (DNP) in the dosage of 16 mg/kg was found to exert a weight-reducing effect in obese mice by compromising NF-κB-primed inflammatory responses, thereby down regulating NIDDM and NAFLD genes. Conclusively, mouse visceral low-grade inflammatory obesity that predisposes NIDDM and NAFLD can be ameliorated by DNP via anti-inflammation.

Theoretical Study on Vibrational Spectra, Detonation Properties and Pyrolysis Mechanism for Cyclic 2-Diazo-4,6-dinitrophenol

Based on the full optimized molecular geometrical structures at the DFT-B3LYP/6- 311＋G^＊＊ level, there exists intramolecular hydrogen bond interaction for cyclic 2-diazo- 4,6-dinitrophenol. The assigned infrared spectrum is obtained and used to compute the thermodynamic properties. The results show that there are four main characteristic regions in the calculated IR spectra of the title compound. The detonation velocities and pressures are also evaluated by using Kamlet-Jacobs equations based on the calculated density and condensed phase heat of formation. Thermal stability and the pyrolysis mechanism of 2- diazo-4,6-dinitrophenol are investigated by calculating the bond dissociation energies at the B3LYP/6-311＋G^＊＊ level.

2,4-二硝基酚在离子交换树脂上吸附与微波脱附

研究了717强碱阴离子交换树脂对水中2,4-二硝基苯酚(2,4-DNP)的吸附解吸性能,探讨了吸附的热力学和动力学特性及其微波脱附性能。结果表明:在pH=4～11时,该树脂对2,4-DNP有较强的吸附能力。Freundlich吸附等温方程能很好地描述吸附平衡数据,吸附过程为放热、熵减的自发过程。吸附动力学符合Lagergren二级速率方程,颗粒内扩散是吸附速率的主要控制步骤,可采用HSDM模型描述。以1mol/L HNO3+C2H5OH溶液作为脱附剂,采用微波辅助脱附再生,微波辐照累计5min时,酚脱附率可达90%以上。

Two Indium(III)-based Fluorescent Metal-Organic Frameworks for Highly Sensing Fe^(3+),2,4-DNP,and TNP

Two novel metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),JLU-MOF130([In(NH2−BDC)(Imi)(1H−Imi)]·DMF·H2O,NH2−H2BDC=2-aminobenzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid,1H−Imi=1H-imidazole,DMF=N,N-dimethylformamide)and JLU-MOF131([In(1,4-NDC)(Imi)(1H−Imi)]·DMF0.5,1,4-H_(2)NDC=1,4-naphthalene-dicarboxylic acid),were synthesized.JLU-MOF130 features a three-dimensional(3D)architecture with a neb topology.JLU-MOF131 is characterized by a two-dimensional(2D)structure with an sql topology.JLU-MOF130 has excellent fluorescence detection performance towards Fe^(3+),2,4-dinitrophenol(2,4-DNP),and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol(TNP),but the fluorescence detection performance of JLU-MOF131 is further improved by converting NH2−H2BDC to more conjugated 1,4-H_(2)NDC.The Stern-Volmer(SV)quenching constant(KSV)values of JLU-MOF130 sensing 2,4-DNP,TNP,and Fe^(3+)are 5.24×10^(4),4.44×10^(4),and 4.73×10^(3) L/mol,respectively.The corresponding limit of detection(LOD)values are 1.17,1.36,and 14.59µmol/L.The KSV values for JLU-MOF131 are 1.26×10^(5),9.02×10^(4),and 8.48×103 L/mol,and the corresponding LOD values are 0.35,0.42,and 3.60µmol/L,respectively.interestingly,the emission wavelengths of the two MOFs obviously shift as the fluorescence emission intensities decrease upon the addition of 2,4-DNP and TNP,which can be applied in selective detection.

Photocatalytic activity of TiO_2 supported SiO_2-Al_2O_3 aerogels prepared from industrial fly ash

A ternary composite of TiO2 and a SiO2-Al2O3 aerogel with good photocatalytic activity was prepared by a simple sol-gel method with TiO2 nanoparticles and SiO2-Al2O3 aerogels derived from industrial fly ash.The structural features of the TiO2/SiO2-Al2O3 aerogel composite were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,transmission electron microscopy,gas adsorption measurements and diffuse reflectance UV-visible spectroscopy.The optimal conditions for photocatalytic degradation of 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol（DNBP],included an initial DNBP concentration of 0.167 mmol/L at pH = 4.86 with a catalyst concentration of 6 g/L,under visible light irradiation for 5 h.A plausible mechanism is proposed for the photocatalytic degradation of DNBP.Our composite showed higher photocatalytic activity for DNBP degradation than that of pure TiO2.This indicates that this material can serve as an efficient photocatalyst for degradation of hazardous organic pollutants in wastewater.

Clinical features and treatment in patients with acute 2,4-dinitrophenol poisoning

Objective:To report clinical features and treatment of 16 cases of acute 2,4-dinitrophenol poisoning. Methods:A total of 16 patients suffering from acute poisoning due to non-oral exposure to 2,4-dinitrophenol were sent to our hospital.Two died within 3 h after admission,while the other 14 responded to supportive treatment and he-moperfusion.Clinical features and treatment of the patients were retrospectively analyzed and presented.Results:Fourteen patients recovered and were discharged after four to six weeks of treatment.No obvious poisoning sequelae were found in the three-month follow-up.Conclusions:Non-oral exposure to 2,4-dinitrophenol is toxic.Hemoperfusion and glucocorticoid treatments may be efficient measures to prevent mortality,but this requires further study.

Rapid, simple and selective determination of 2,4-dinitrophenol by molecularly imprinted spin column extraction coupled with fluorescence detection

A rapid, simple and selective method based on molecularly imprinted, spin column extraction coupled with fluorescence detection was successfully established for the determination of 2,4-dinitrophenol in serum samples. The 2,4-dinitrophenol imprinted polymers exhibited highly selective recognition for the template molecule and the maximum adsorption capacity was 138.9 mg/g. The results indicated that when water is used as the loading solution, only 2,4-dinitrophenol could be adsorbed on the spin column without the remaining structural analogs（2-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol and phenol）. After eluting with acetonitrile/acetic acid（9/1, v/v）, 2,4-dinitrophenol in serum samples could be determined by using the fluorescence spectrometer, based on the fluorescence enhancement of fluorescein by the template molecule. Under the optimal conditions, the spiked recovery ranged from 95.8% to 103.4% and the detection limit was 1 nmol/L. The results confirmed the reliability and practicality of the protocol and revealed a good perspective of this method for biological sample analysis.

Effect of Huanglianjiedu Tang on fever in rats induced by 2, 4-dinitrophenol

OBJECTIVE: To study metabolic characteristics of fever in rats induced by 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and the effect of Huanglianjiedu Tang (HLJDT) on the fever. METHODS: The urine samples were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-Q-TOF-MS) at the positive ion mode scanning, and experimental data were analyzed by the principal component analysis. RESULTS: Eight potential biomarkers indicating the occurrence and evolvement of fever were determined according to ions in urine samples. Five of them were found increased, while the other three decreased. After HLJDD intervention, the increased five were reduced significantly in high dose group, compared with model group, while the decreased three had no obvious change. Five of the eight biomakers were identified with formyl-5-hy-droxykynurenamine, gentisic acid, aminoadipic acid, phenylacetic acid, L-phenylalanyl-L-hydroxyproline on the basis of MS/MS.These biomarkers are associated with the metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine, tyrosine, lysine, phenylalanine and collagen protein, respectively. CONCLUSION: HLJDT had significant effect on DNP-induced fever in rats. The effect was performed possibly by acting on 5-hydroxytryptamine in hypothalamus and some amino acid metabolism. These results suggested that HLJDT relieved fever by acting on multi-targets.

解偶联剂DNP处理对采后龙眼果实呼吸作用和细胞膜透性的影响

研究呼吸解偶联剂2,4-二硝基苯酚(DNP)对采后龙眼果实呼吸作用和细胞膜透性的影响。龙眼果实分别用蒸馏水(对照组)和0.1 mmol/L DNP各浸泡0.5 h,晾干后用聚乙烯薄膜袋(0.015 mm厚)包装,在(28±1)℃下贮藏。定期测定贮藏期间果实呼吸速率、细胞膜透性、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量、呼吸末端氧化酶[细胞色素C氧化酶(COX)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和抗坏血酸氧化酶(AAO)]活性的变化。结果表明:DNP处理导致龙眼果实果皮ATP含量快速下降,呼吸速率和COX、PPO活性快速上升,细胞膜透性增大。结论:DNP处理使细胞内能量亏缺,诱导呼吸速率的上升,提高了呼吸末端氧化酶COX、PPO活性,使龙眼果皮电子传递泄露增加,破坏了细胞膜结构完整性,从而促进细胞膜透性增大。

青霉素促进蚕豆气孔张开的作用

用青霉素溶液处理蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)下表皮,当青霉素的浓度为10^(-4)到1ppm时,青霉素具有玉米素的作用,促进气孔张开;当青霉素的浓度超过1ppm时,则抑制气孔张开。青霉素和玉米素混合处理,对蚕豆气孔的张开具有加成作用。青霉素有拮抗ABA对气孔张开的抑制作用。2,4—DNP和ATP对青霉素促进气孔张开的实验表明,青霉素可能通过促进磷酸化作用,增强保卫细胞中ATP的含量,促进气孔张开。

Use of microbial fuel cells to monitor current production in Qi-deficient liver cells

OBJECTIVE:To monitor current production in Qi-deficient liver cells,and to study how cellular proton leakage might affect electric current production.METHODS:Cells were placed in an microbial fuel cells(MFC)anode and the electric current was measured.Mitochondrial-affecting chemicals,2,4-dinitrophenol(DNP)and resveratrol(RVT),were used to induce proton leakage in cells and their effect on current production observed.MCF-7 breast cancer cells exhibited higher proton leakage relative tonormal liver cells.A mouse model for Qi-deficiency was prepared according to the Methodology of Animal Experiment in Chinese medicine.The Qi-tonics Buzhongyiqi Tang(BZYQT),which is used to treat the Qi-deficiency condition,was applied to Qi-deficient liver cells to examine how current production was altered.RESULTS:Adding either DNP or RVT to normal liver cells increased current production.MCF-7 cells that possessed high proton leakage were also found to produce higher currents than normal liver cells.Higher current production,lower cellular glucose content,and lower adenosine triphosphate(ATP)production rate were found in Qi-deficient liver cells,in which the use of DNP or RVT further increased current production.The use of BZYQT to treat Qi-deficient liver cells decreased current production,counteracted the action of DNP,and also improved cellular glucose content.CONCLUSION:High electric current production was found in liver cells with high cellular proton leakage.Positive current responses to both mitochondria-affecting chemicals,DNP and RVT,appeared to indicate proper mitochondrial function.The high proton leakage detected in Qi-deficient liver cells might have caused high energy losses,which served to explain the observed lower cellular glucose content and ATP production rate than in normal cells.These results might also explain the exhibited syndromes of low energy and fatigue in Qi-deficient patients.Proton leakage,induced by DNP or the Qi-deficient condition,was possibly caused by unusual uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and appeared to be inhibited by treatment with BZYQT,such that decreased current pro-duction was observed after BZYQT treatment.