Application of 2-D sediment model to fluctuating backwater area of Yangtze River

Based on the characteristics of backflow, a two-dimensional mathematical model of sediment movement was established. The complexity of the watercourse boundary at the confluence of the main stream and the tributary was dealt with using a boundary-fitting orthogonal coordinate system. The basic equation of the two-dimensional total sediment load model, the numerical calculation format, and key problems associated with using the orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system were discussed. Water and sediment flow in the Chongqing reach of the Yangtze River were simulated. The calculated water level, flow velocity distribution, amount of silting and scouring, and alluvial distribution are found to be in agreement with the measured data, which indicates that the numerical model and calculation method are reasonable. The model can be used for calculation of flow in a relatively complicated river network.

An Implicit Coupled 1D/2D Model for Unsteady Subcritical Flow in Channel Networks and Embayment

In this study, 1D and 2D shallow-water models were coupled to simulate unsteady flow in channel networks and embayment. The 1D model solved the 1D shallow-water equations (St. Venant) using the Preissmann box method and targeted long narrow reaches of the river networks, while the 2D model targeted broad channels and embayment and solved the 2D shallow-water equations using a semi-implicit scheme applied to an unstructured grid of triangular cells. The 1D and 2D models were solved simultaneously by building a matrix for the free surface elevation at every 1D junction and 2D cell center. Velocities were then computed explicitly based on the results at the previous time step and the updated water level. The originality of the scheme arose from a novel coupling method. The results showed that the coupled 1D/2D model produced identical results as the full 2D model in classical to benchmark problems with considerable savings in computational effort. Application of the model to the Pearl River Estuary in southern China showed that complex patterns of tidal wave propagation could be efficiently modeled.

Sediment transport following water transfer from Yangtze River to Taihu Basin

To meet the increasing ：need of fresh water and to improve the water quality of Taihu Lake, water transfer from the Yangtze River was initiated in 2002. This study was performed to investigate the sediment distribution along the river course following water transfer. A rainfall-runoff model was first built to calculate the runoff of the Taihu Basin in 2003. Then, the flow patterns of river networks were simulated using a one-dimensional river network hydrodynamic model. Based on the boundary conditions of the flow in tributaries of the Wangyu River and the water level in Taihu Lake, a one-dimensional hydrodynamic and sediment transport numerical model of the Wangyu River was built to analyze the influences of the inflow rate of the water transfer and the suspended sediment concentration （SSC） of inflow on the sediment transport. The results show that the water transfer inflow rate and SSC of inflow have significant effects on the sediment distribution. The higher the inflow rate or SSC of inflow is, the higher the SSC value is at certain cross-sections along the ：river course of water transfer. Higher inflow rate and SSC of inflow contribute to higher sediment deposition per kilometer and sediment thickness. It is also concluded that a sharp decrease of the inflow velocity at the entrance of the Wangyu River on the river course of water transfer induces intense sedimentation at the cross-section near the Changshu hydro-junction. With an increasing distance from the Changshu hydro-junction, the sediment deposition and sedimentation thickness decrease gradually along the river course.

Mathematical model for flood routing in Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake network

The main stream of the Yangtze River, Dongting Lake, and the river network in the Jingjiang reach of the Yangtze River constitute a complex water system. This paper develops a one-dimensional （l-D） mathematical model for flood routing in the river network Of the Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake using the explicit finite volume method. Based on observed data during the flood periods in 1996 and 1998, the model was calibrated and validated, and the results show that the model is effective and has high accuracy. In addition, the one-dimensional mathematical model for the river network and the horizontal two-dimensional （2-D） mathematical model for the Jingjiang flood diversion area were coupled to simulate the flood process in the Jingjiang River, Dongting Lake, and the Jingjiang flood diversion area. The calculated results of the coupled model are consistent with the practical processes. Meanwhile, the results show that the flood diversion has significant effects on the decrease of the peak water level at the Shashi and Chenjiawan hydrological stations near the flood diversion gates, and the effect is more obvious in the downstream than in the upstream.

A COUPLED 1-D AND 2-D CHANNEL NETWORK MATHEMATICAL MODEL USED FOR FLOW CALCULATIONS IN THE MIDDLE REACHES OF THE YANGTZE RIVER

A coupled one-dimensional （1-D） and two-dimensional （2-D） channel network mathematical model is proposed for flow calculations at nodes in a channel network system in this article. For the 1-D model, the finite difference method is used to discretize the Saint-Venant equations in all channels of a looped network. The Alternating Direction Implicit （ADI） method is adopted for the 2-D model at the nodes. In the coupled model, the 1-D model provides a good approximation with small computational effort, while the 2-D model is applied for complex topography to achieve a high accuracy. An Artificial Neural Network （ANN.） method is used for the data exchange and the connectivity between the 1-D and 2-D models. The coupled model is applied to the Jingjiang-Dongting Lake region, to simulate the tremendous looped channel network system, and the results are compared with field data. The good agreement shows that the coupled hydraulic model is more effective than the conventional 1-D model.

ICP-MS研究黄河三湖河口表层沉积物对Cd^(2+)和Cu^(2+)的吸附-解吸特性

为了研究黄河上游表层沉积物与Cd^(2+)和Cu^(2+)的相互作用机理,以黄河三湖河口表层沉积物(简称样品)为研究对象,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)技术,优化样品对Cd^(2+)和Cu^(2+)的吸附固液比、时间、pH等条件。并在此条件下研究了Cd^(2+)和Cu^(2+)在样品上的吸附特性和解吸特性。结果表明:两种金属的优化吸附条件不同,在各自优化吸附条件下,样品对Cu^(2+)和Cd^(2+)的平衡吸附量分别为0.88和0.13 mg·g^(-1);对两种金属的吸附动力学符合伪二级吸附动力学模型,且样品对Cu^(2+)的吸附速率大于对Cd^(2+)的吸附速率;吸附热力学拟合结果显示吸附过程符合Freundlich模型,对两种金属的吸附均属于优惠型吸附,且吸附过程属于吸热过程,可自发进行;解吸动力学研究表明,两个金属的解吸过程均符合Elovich方程,属于非均相扩散;在多离子竞争吸附-解吸实验中发现,样品对Cu^(2+)的吸附-解吸受到共存离子的影响更大。研究结果揭示了黄河三湖河口表层沉积物对Cd^(2+)和Cu^(2+)吸附和解吸的作用机理以及共存离子对吸附解吸特性的影响。对于分析重金属在水体与沉积物之间的作用机理、固液两相分布规律以及重金属迁移能力提供了理论依据,同时也为制定研究区域针对性的重金属防控措施具有一定指导意义。

A 2-D HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL FOR THE RIVER,LAKE AND NETWORK SYSTEM IN THE JINGJIANG REACH ON THE UNSTRUCTURED QUADRANGLES

The main river, the Dongting Lake and river networks in the Jingjiang reach of the Yangtze River constitute a complex water system, for which a full 2-D hydrodynamic model is established instead of the traditional 1-D or compound models for simulation of such complex systems, based on the latest developments of computer technologies and numerical methods. To better handle irregular boundaries and keep the computation cost well in a reasonable limit, unstructured grids of moderate scale are used. In addition, a dynamic boundary tracking method is proposed to simulate variable flow domains at different floods, especially, when the moderate scale gird can not describe flows in narrow river-network channels at low water levels. The t9 semi-implicit method and the Eulerian-Lagrangian Method （ELM） are adopted, which make the model unconditionally stable with respect to the gravity wave speed and Courant number restrictions. Properties and efficiency of the model are discussed, and it is concluded that the new model is robust and efficient enough for the simulation of a big, complex water system. Validation tests show that the simulation results agree well with field data. It takes about 0.96 h to complete the computation of a 76 d flood, which indicates that the model is efficient enough for engineering applications.

2-D NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF RADIONUCLIDE TRANSPORT IN THE LOWER YANGTZE RIVER

The assessment of the radiological impact of the liquid discharges from nuclear power plants is a major issue for the envi- ronmental protection. In this study, a numerical model for the radionuclide transport in the aquatic environment is built, based on the hydrodynamic equations, including the complete set of Saint-Venant equations, the sediment transport equations, with consideration of several different particle sizes and the deposition and erosion of the suspended sediments, and the radionuclide transport equations The exchanges of radionuclides between water, suspended matter and bed sediments are described in terms of kinetic transfer coe- fficients. The model is used to simulate the transport of the radionuclides discharged from a planned nuclear power plant project to be sited along the lower Yangtze River. From the model results, one may see the detailed temporal-spatial evolution of the radio- nuclide contamination in the solution, in the suspended matter and in the bed sediments. The model can be used as a basic tool for studying the environmental impacts of the liquid discharges from nuclear facilities on a river system.

用小波神经网络耦合模型预测流域年均产沙量

引入小波神经网络耦合模型对流域年均产沙量进行了定量研究。由于流域的地质、地貌、土壤在一定时间尺度内具有相对稳定的特性,选出年降雨量、年均气温、年径流量、大雨降雨量、暴雨降雨量、蒸发量、日照时数和汛期降雨量等8个要素作为模型的气候水文输入因子,而以耕地面积、林地面积、水库库容、修建公路、水土保持面积、裸地面积、年采矿量及年末总人口等8个要素作为模型的人类活动输入因子,对流域年均产沙量进行了定量建模预测。结果表明:小波神经网络耦合模型不仅拟合精度高,而且预测效果好,为流域产沙的定量研究提供了新的途径。

一二维耦合河网水沙模型研究

借鉴河网水流的三级解法,将二维河段概化为河网内部河段,通过河网节点流量和输沙量的平衡,建立一二维耦合河网水沙模型。模型采用全隐式方法建立二维河段以首末断面的水位和含沙量为中间变量的矩阵追赶关系,进而建立整个一二维河网的节点水位及含沙量的矩阵方程组。对方程组的求解,可实现一二维水沙模型的耦合求解。通过对长江下游大通至镇江概化河网的验证计算,表明模型具有很好的实用价值。

通用河网二维水沙数值模拟

合理的水沙数值模式可为水流运动、河床演变的分析提供依据。基于通用河网二维水流的计算模式,将流域二维河网划分为单一河道、树状河道、环状河道和十字形河道等河网二维基本计算单元,采用二维浅水方程和悬移质输沙基本理论建立节点水位和悬沙控制方程,通过不规则稀疏矩阵的求解获得所有节点上的水位、流速及含沙量,实现全流域的二维水沙耦合计算。通过长江下游澄通河段的验证,在汊道处的计算能很好地体现流场间的相互作用,该模型能满足精度要求。

一、二维耦合数学模型在感潮河网洪水风险图编制中的应用

为了解决感潮河网径流、潮汐交汇,动力复杂,溃决洪水难以用经验公式准确概化的问题,建立直接以溃口为耦合断面的河网一维、保护区二维侧向耦合模型,将感潮河网与保护区一体化,避免环境因素及经验参数的不确定性带来的溃口流量估算误差。典型算例和中顺大围溃决洪水情景模拟表明:洪水自溃口集中喷射出后分散流向围内,流态受围内下垫面影响显著,溃口水位、流量随外江潮位涨落而起伏变化,由溃口流量过程线计算所得溃口水量与根据淹没区各单元的面积和水深计算的围内总水量一致。模拟成果直接反映下垫面、水头差、潮位涨落,及溃口流态对溃决洪水的综合影响,反映出本耦合模型计算溃口流量及对溃决洪水模拟的合理性、可信性,具有较好的应用前景。

陆面-河网耦合模型在极端风暴潮淹没危险性分析中的应用

在风暴潮灾害中,台风、天文高潮位、区间暴雨和上游洪水等因子存在同时出现的可能,对沿海地区的防汛安全形成了较为严重的威胁.双因子、多因子影响下的复合风暴潮灾害成为沿海地区灾害风险评估的主要研究对象.风暴潮水通过漫堤和溃口进入陆域后,河网对潮水的调蓄和运输作用直接影响对受灾区域灾害危险性的评估结果.本研究选取上海市金山区作为典型区域,基于MIKE11和MIKE21模型分别建立金山区一维河网模型和二维陆面模型,并进行耦合计算,模拟分析在风暴潮、台风、区间暴雨和流域洪水的综合影响下,金山区地面积水变化过程,为区域的灾害危险性分析提供依据.模型计算结果表明,在考虑陆域河网调蓄作用后,风暴潮引起的金山区地面积水大幅度减小,区域内整体淹没分布出现一定程度的改变.综合考虑风暴潮及区间暴雨和流域洪水与仅考虑风暴潮条件相比,金山区中部和北部大部分区域危险性等级降低,西北角危险性等级升高.