Grain Yield, Quality and 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline of Fragrant Rice in Response to Different Planting Seasons in South China

Climate conditions is an important factor affected the fragrant rice growth and development.In order to study the effects of different planting seasons on fragrant rice performance in South China,present study was conducted with three planting seasons(early season(April to July),middle season(June to September)and late season(August to November))and three fragrant rice cultivars,‘Basmati-385’,‘Meixiangzhan-2’and‘Xiangyaxiangzhan’.The results showed that the highest grain yield and grain 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline(2-AP,key component of fragrant rice aroma)content were both recorded in late season treatment while the fragrant rice in middle season treatment produced the lowest grain yield,grain filling percentage,1000-grain weight and gain 2-AP content.The highest contents of precursors(proline,pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid and 1-pyrro-line)which related to 2-AP biosynthesis were recorded in late season treatment compared with early season treatment and middle season treatment.The highest activities of enzymes(proline dehydrogenase,pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid synthetase and ornithine transaminase)which involved in 2-AP biosynthesis were also observed in late season treatment.Moreover,the fragrant rice cultivars in late season possessed the lowest chalk rice rate,chalkiness as well as the highest brown rice rate,head rice and protein content.Thus,the optimal season for fragrant rice production in South China is the late season.

Epoxiconazole Improved Photosynthesis,Yield Formation,Grain Quality and 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline Biosynthesis of Fragrant Rice

Epoxiconazole is a triazole compound.However,the effects of epoxiconazole on crop productivity and quality were rarely reported.In this study,we investigated the effects of epoxiconazole application on yield formation,grain quality attributes,and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline(2-AP)content in fragrant rice.A three-year field experiment was carried out with a fragrant rice variety,Meixiangzhan 2.At the heading stage,0,0.02,0.04,0.08,0.16 and 0.32 g/L epoxiconazole solutions were foliar applied to fragrant rice plants,respectively.The results showed that epoxiconazole application significantly increased grain yield,seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight.Chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate of fragrant rice during the grain-filling stage significantly increased due to epoxiconazole application.Foliar application of epoxiconazole at 0.08 g/L increased grain protein content and decreased both chalky rice rate and chalkiness area ratio of fragrant rice.Epoxiconazole also substantially increased grain 2-AP content by inducing the regulation in contents of related synthetic precursors,including proline,pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid,Δ1-pyrroline and methylglyoxal.Overall,foliar application of epoxiconazole could be used for the improvement in grain yield,grain quality and 2-AP content in fragrant rice production when applied concentration at 0.08-0.32 g/L.Our findings provided the new roles of epoxiconazole in crop production.

Effects of Different Vermicompost Rates on Growth,2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline,Photosynthesis and Antioxidant Responses of Fragrant Rice(Oryza sativa L.)Seedling

Vermicompost is an organic fertilizer contains multiple nutrient elements.However,the application of vermicompost in fragrant rice production is rarely reported.In order to study the effects of vermicompost application on fragrant rice(Oryza sativa L.)seedling performances,present study was conducted with two fragrant rice cultivars and four vermicompost rate treatments(0(CK),2.5(Wo1),5.0(Wo2)and 10.0(Wo3)g kg−1).The results showed that vermicompost treatments significantly increased dry weight of fragrant rice seedling by 8.31–32.56%compared with CK.21.10–59.13%higher net photosynthetic rates and 10.66–59.16%higher chlorophyll contents(chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll)were recorded in vermicompost treatments than CK.Application of vermicompost also significantly increased 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline(2-AP,the key compound of fragrant rice aroma)content and reduced the transcript level of gene BADH2 which related to 2-AP biosynthesis in fragrant rice seedling.Moreover,compared with CK,vermicompost treatments enhanced activities of superoxide dismutase,peroxidase,catalase by 24.42–28.66%,24.98–25.73%and 22.45–23.57%,respectively.11.54–40.53%lower malonaldehyde contents were recorded in vermicompost treatments in related to CK.In conclusion,vermicompost improved growth,increased 2-AP content and might enhance stress resistant of fragrant rice seedling.

Effects of Exogenousα-Ketoglutaric Acid on 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline,Yield Formation and Grain Quality Characters of Aromatic Rice

The improvement of grain quality in aromatic rice is very important for farmer to increase their income.Present study was conducted with a two-year field experiment and three aromatic rice cultivars in order to study the effects of exogenousα-ketoglutaric acid on yield formation,grain quality characters and the biosynthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline(2-AP,key component of aromatic rice’s fragrance)in aromatic rice.At heading stage,0.50 mmol L^(-1)(T1)and 1.00 mmol L^(-1)(T2)α-ketoglutaric acid solutions were overhead sprinkle to aromatic rice plants,respectively while the treatment which was overhead sprinkled with distilled water was set as control(CK).The results showed that 17.34%-33.04%and 21.39%-34.74%higher grain 2-AP contents were recorded in T1 and T2 treatments,respectively.Compared with CK,T1 and T2 treatments significantly reduced the transcript level of gene BADH2 which is related to the 2-AP biosynthesis in aromatic rice.3.86%-7.51%higher grain protein contents and 1.15%-3.37%higher head rice rates were also recorded inα-ketoglutaric acid treatments than CK.Moreover,T1 and T2 treatments remarkably decreased the chalky rice rate,chalkiness and grain amylose content.However,there was no remarkable difference in grain yield and related trails(effective panicle number,grain number per panicle,seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight)among CK,T1 and T2 treatments.In conclusion,application of exogenousα-ketoglutaric acid enhanced 2-AP biosynthesis and improved grain quality of aromatic rice.

Enhancement of Ultrasonic Seed Treatment on Yield,Grain Quality Characters,and 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline Biosynthesis in Different Fragrant Rice Genotypes

Fragrant rice is popular for the good grain quality and special aroma.The present study conducted a field experiment to investigate the effects of ultrasonic seed treatment on grain yield,quality characters,physiological properties and aroma biosynthesis of different fragrant rice genotypes.The seeds of three fragrant rice genotypes were exposed to 1 min of ultrasonic vibration and then cultivated in paddy field.The results of present study showed that ultrasonic seed treatment increased grain yield of all fragrant rice genotypes but the responses of yield formation to ultrasonic were varied with different genotypes.Compared with control,ultrasonic seed treatment increased grain 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline(2-AP,the key component of fragrant rice aroma)content by 13.40%–44.88%.Ultrasonic seed treatment also reduced the crude protein contents in grains.The head rice rate,rice length,chalky rice rate,and chalkiness degree were influenced by ultrasonic for one or two fragrant rice genotypes.The activities of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were also enhanced due to ultrasonic seed treatment.In conclusion,ultrasonic seed treatment increased grain,regulated grain aroma and quality,and improved stress resistance of fragrant rice varieties.

Comparison of 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline (2AP) in Rice Leaf at Different Growth Stages Using Gas Chromatography

Aromatic rice lines were examined for 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline (2AP) content in leaf tissue at five different growth stages (tillering, panicle initiation, 50% heading, booting, and maturity). A small plot trial with plot size of 1.42 m × 4.88 m (7 row-plots) was arranged in completely randomize design with three replications. Dry-seeded, delayed flood cultural practice was used in this study. The experiment was conducted at three locations. The average 2AP concentrations in leaf tissue at tillering stages were higher than the other four growth stages. 2AP levels were declined when rice plant reached booting. AP levels decreased slightly at heading stage and decreased significantly at maturity. There was no significant different between 2AP in leaf at 50% heading from three locations as well as the 2AP content in rice grain. Correlations between 2AP in leaf and 2AP in grain were significantly in all five growth stages. The highest correlation coefficient was found between 2AP in leaf at booting and grain (r = 0.811**) and lowest was in the leaf at harvest (r = 0.564**). Results indicated that 2AP could be determined in leaf tissue at early growth stage.

CDK2-AP1基因过表达对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞增殖及周期的影响

目的:通过过表达手段上调细胞周期调节蛋白依赖性激酶2-关联蛋白1(CDK2-AP1)基因在乳腺癌细胞MCF-7中的表达,并观察其对MCF-7细胞生长和细胞周期调控的作用。方法:将CDK2-AP1基因的编码框构建于慢病毒表达载体,导入MCF-7细胞,应用实时定量PCR和Western印迹验证CDK2-AP1基因mRNA和蛋白的表达效率。利用MTT法绘制生长曲线、克隆形成实验观察CDK2-AP1基因过表达后MCF-7细胞生长的变化,PI染色流式细胞仪检测MCF-7细胞周期的改变。通过Western印迹检测CDK2-AP1过表达后,细胞周期相关蛋白(CDK2,CDK4,P16Ink4A,P21Cip1/Waf1)的表达。结果:过表达CDK2-AP1基因的慢病毒感染MCF-7细胞可上调其mRNA表达6.94倍,蛋白表达也十分显著地增高,两者相一致。生长曲线显示MCF-7细胞过表达CDK2-AP1基因后,增殖能力显著降低(P<0.05);克隆形成实验表明,其形成的克隆数目同样显著减少(P<0.05);流式细胞仪检测证实MCF-7细胞过表达CDK2-AP1能够使细胞周期出现G1期阻滞,并且出现凋亡峰;CDK2-AP1基因表达上调导致P21Cip1/Waf1和P16Ink4A蛋白表达上调,CDK2和CDK4蛋白表达下调。结论:CDK2-AP1基因具有抑癌基因的功能,在乳腺癌MCF-7细胞过表达该基因能够抑制细胞的生长和克隆形成能力,并且使细胞阻滞于G1期。

不同农艺措施对苏香粳3号中2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉(2-AP)含量的影响

香稻苏香粳3号因其具有天然浓郁的香味深受消费者欢迎,采取适当的农艺措施保持或者提高该品种的香味具有重要作用。以苏香粳3号为试验材料,研究播种期、收获期、生长调节剂(锌及含锌微肥)和加工过程中的白度调节等不同农艺措施对苏香粳3号中2-AP含量的影响,结果表明:LSE-1、硫酸锌和稀土铈3种生长调节剂均能显著提高2-AP的含量,其中LSE-1效果最好。采用直播方式种植的香稻中2-AP含量高于机栽和人工移栽的,精米机白度调节3档或者3.5档的香稻中2-AP含量显著高于其他处理。5月底到6月初播种处理的苏香粳3号中2-AP含量显著高于其他时期播种的处理,综合香味保持和实际生产2个因素考虑,最佳的播种期为5月25—30日,最佳收获期在9月25日前后,但不能过10月,否则香味损失严重。本研究为制定苏香粳3号的适宜保香栽培方法,以及该品种的推广种植和优质栽培提供了理论依据和技术指导。

急性脑梗死溶栓治疗中血浆PAI-1及α2-AP的观察

目的 :观察急性脑梗死 (ACI)溶栓治疗中血浆 PAI- 1(纤溶酶原激活物抑制物 )及 α2 - AP) (α2、抗纤溶酶 )的动态变化 ,探讨其临床意义。方法 :对 2 1例溶栓治疗组患者血浆 PAI- 1及 α2 - AP的活性进行动态监测 (OH,12 H,2 4 H,4 8H)并与 12例常规治疗组患者进行了比较。结果 :急性脑梗死患者 PAI- 1活性升高 ,溶栓后 12 H明显降低 ,2 4 H降至正常 ,4 8H仍处于正常水平。结论 :对急性脑梗死应用 5 0万 U尿激酶静脉点滴 ,12 H血浆 PAI- 1活性明显降低 ,2 4 H同剂量尿激酶再次应用 ,PAI- 1活性 80 %仍在降低 ,4 8H达正常水平。临床观察 ,2 1例病人无 1例并发出血。血浆 PAI- 1及 α2 -

CDK2-AP1通过调控细胞周期抑制乳腺癌生长

目的探讨CDK2-AP1在乳腺癌的作用及其机制。方法分别在正常乳腺组织及不同分期乳腺癌组织中检测CDK2-AP1的表达情况；进行CDK2-AP1的LOF＆GOF细胞功能实验；接种CDK2-APl干扰或过表达的乳腺癌细胞及对照细胞在裸鼠观察成瘤及相应指标。结果在乳腺癌存在CDK2-AP1表达降低／缺失CDK2／CyclinDl表达升高的情况，且CDK2-AP1的表达在正常乳腺组织细胞、乳腺导管原位癌、侵袭性乳腺癌、复发转移性乳腺癌渐次降低（P〈O．001），与CDK2／CyclinDl相反。体内、外实验均发现抑制CDK2-AP1表达后乳腺癌细胞周期后移、增殖加快；过表达CDK2-AP1的乳腺癌细胞周期阻滞在G0／G和G2／M期，生长受抑制、裸鼠成瘤速度及大小均受抑制。结论CDK2-AP1的表达降低以至缺失促进乳腺细胞进入恶性增殖形成肿瘤，缺乏细胞周期负性调控的乳腺癌细胞增殖能力增强。

乳腺癌MCF-7细胞的增殖及周期与CDK2-AP1基因的表达的相关性研究

目的探讨乳腺癌MCF-7细胞的增殖及周期与CDK2-AP1基因的表达的相关性研究,为临床乳腺癌的分子治疗提供基础。方法取我院研究所保存的人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7进行培养,并构建CDK2-AP1基因编码的病毒表达载体,应用实时定量PCR验证CDK2-AP1基因mRNA和蛋白的表达率。利用流式细胞仪检测MCF-7细胞周期的改变。结果过表达CDK2-AP1基因的慢病毒感染MCF-7细胞可上调其mRNA表达6.87倍。MCF-7细胞过表达CDK2-AP1基因后,增殖能力显著降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。流式细胞仪检测证实MCF-7细胞过表达CDK2-AP1能够使细胞周期出现G1期阻滞。结论 CDK2-AP1基因具有抑癌基因的功能,在乳腺癌MCF-7细胞过表达该基因能够抑制细胞的生长和克隆形成能力,并且使细胞阻滞于G1期。

牛乳腺炎无乳链球菌PI-2a菌毛岛屿AP_1-AP_2-BP基因亚单位抗体的制备

目的构建牛乳腺炎无乳链球菌菌毛岛屿PI-2a亚单位重组抗原AP_1-AP_2-BP,并制备其多亚单位抗体,为后期研制新型免疫疫苗和检测试剂提供实验基础。方法利用延伸PCR技术构建了AP_1-AP_2-BP三联基因,并将该串联基因进行转化,诱导,表达,纯化,并将纯化蛋白制作为抗原,对家兔免疫,制备多亚单位抗体,并通过亲和层析的方式从免疫后的血清中获得纯化的IgG,完成多亚单位抗体的制备。结果 AP_1-AP_2-BP三基因串联重组工程菌株通过诱导、表达,对产物亲和层析等方法获得的纯化蛋白,其相对分子质量为65 kDa,其含量达到3.3 mg/mL,并具有较好的免疫原性。经间接ELISA可知,经过4周的免疫抗体的滴度已达到1∶5 600的水平。通过Protein A280测量数据表明,纯化后的IgG的含量高达9.1 mg/mL。结论牛乳腺炎无乳链球菌的菌毛岛屿AP_1-AP_2-BP三基因串联重组工程菌经诱导、表达后获得的纯化蛋白AP_1-AP_2-BP多亚单位抗原有较好的免疫原性,为制备相应多亚单位抗体的制备提供了良好的多价抗原,同时为将研制新型工程疫苗及检测试剂提供了科学研究基础。

人CDK2-AP1(DOC-1)酵母双杂交诱饵质粒自激活作用鉴定

目的验证诱饵质粒pBD-DOC-1在酵母双杂交系统的自激活性及毒性作用,为应用酵母双杂交系统(yeasttwo-hybrid system)筛选与p12DOC-1/CDK2-AP1相互作用的蛋白建立实验基础。方法将诱饵质粒pBD-DOC-1转化到酵母细胞MAV203中,检测诱饵蛋白有无毒性和自激活作用。同时利用对照质粒组筛选组氨酸(His)本底表达抑制剂3AT(3-氨基-1,2,4-三唑)的合适工作浓度。结果诱饵质粒pBD-DOC-1成功转化到酵母细胞MAV203中,对宿主酵母细胞无毒性,对报告基因无自激活作用。确定了组氨酸(His)本底表达抑制剂3AT(3-氨基-1,2,4-三唑)的合适工作浓度。结论诱饵质粒pBD-DOC-1可以用于酵母双杂交实验,为进一步运用酵母双杂交技术在人类组织cDNA文库中筛选与之相互作用的蛋白奠定了基础。

利用CRISPR-Cas9技术编辑Badh2基因创制优质香型籼稻三系不育系

稻米香味是水稻的重要食味品质之一,其主要受第8染色体上编码甜菜碱脱氢酶基因Badh2控制,该基因突变可导致香味物质2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉(2-AP)的含量增加从而促进香味的产生。本研究以三明市农业科学研究院自主选育的优质籼型杂交稻保持系明太B为受体,利用CRISPR-Cas9技术对其Badh2基因进行编辑和敲除。获得2个T0代转基因纯合突变体植株并对其衍生的48个T1代单株进行鉴定和分析,获得1个不含转基因载体骨架且在第2外显子插入单个碱基T的纯合突变体株系明太B-badh2。利用半定量PCR和qRT-PCR技术以及气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC-MS)检测Badh2基因相对表达量和2-AP含量;同时采用农业行业标准(NY/T1433-2014)推荐的48对水稻SSR引物进行指纹图谱分析。结果表明,该株系Badh2基因RNA表达水平显著下调;籽粒中香味物质2-AP的含量显著增加;指纹图谱分析发现,仅1对引物Rm571在野生型和突变体之间鉴定到等位变异,两组材料遗传差异较小。此外,本研究还对野生型和突变体T2代植株表型性状、稻米蒸煮食味品质和外观品质指标进行了考察和测定分析。结果表明,所有指标在两组材料间均无显著差异。进一步采用测交和回交转育方法并结合Badh2位点测序分析,成功选育获得了其对应的纯合香型三系不育系明太A-badh2。通过与恢复系明恢703、明恢3009测配,其组合产量与国家审定品种明太优703、明太优3009相近且表现出较强的超标优势。此外,通过与香型恢复系明恢1831测配后发现其组合籽粒中香味物质2-AP含量极显著高于对照组合明太A/明恢1831。因此,利用CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术,可对水稻香味基因Badh2进行精准定向编辑和敲除,实现对水稻香味性状的改良,为创制香型籼稻不育系提供理论指导,从而加快香型杂交稻育种进程。

双分子荧光互补载体pBiFC-VN173-p12和pBiFC-VC173-Nbp的构建及鉴定

目的:应用双分子荧光互补技术,构建和鉴定真核表达载体pBiFC-VN173-p12,pBiFC-VC173-Nbp,为进一步研究p12CDK2-AP1蛋白和Nbp蛋白在活细胞内的相互作用奠定实验基础。方法:以原核载体pGEX-4T-1-p12,pGEX-4T-1-Nbp为模板扩增出p12CDK2-AP1蛋白和Nbp蛋白的目的基因序列,分别定向克隆到Venus双分子荧光互补载体pBiFC-VN173和pBiFC-VC173上,重新构建成真核表达载体pBiFC-VN173-p12和pBiFC-VC173-Nbp,双酶切及测序鉴定。结果:重新构建的真核表达载体pBiFC-VN173-p12和pBiFC-VC173-Nbp经双酶切及测序结果均正确。结论:成功构建了真核表达载体pBiFC-VN173-p12和pBiFC-VC173-Nbp,为进一步观察p12CDK2-AP1蛋白和Nbp蛋白在活细胞内的相互作用提供了实验基础。

Enriching Iodine and Regulating Grain Aroma,Appearance Quality,and Yield in Aromatic Rice by Foliar Application of Sodium Iodide

Applying iodine fertilizers to cultivate iodine-rich crops for daily intake is an effective approach for iodine supplementation,especially for aromatic rice.Field experiments were conducted during the early growing seasons of 2021 and 2022 to evaluate the impacts of foliar application of iodine fertilizer on aromatic rice and to explore the optimal iodine fertilizer concentration.At the full heading stage,six different concentrations of sodium iodide solutions of 0%(CK),0.010%(T1),0.025%(T2),0.050%(T3),0.075%(T4),and 0.100%(T5)were applied to indica aromatic rice cultivars Meixiangzhan 2 and Xiangyaxiangzhan.The results showed that sodium iodide treatments significantly increased the iodine and sodium contents in both leaves and grains.Compared with the CK,the T1 and T2 treatments increased the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline(2-AP)content in mature grains by 8.41%-101.66%and 13.58%-74.60%,respectively.Improvements in the contents of 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid,proline,1-pyrroline,and methylglyoxal,as well as the activity of proline dehydrogenase were also detected.Additionally,sodium iodide treatments remarkably decreased the chalky grain rate,chalkiness area,and chalkiness degree of aromatic rice,with the T2 treatment exhibiting a 17.79%-47.42%decrease in chalkiness degree compared with the CK.Meanwhile,T1 and T2 treatments showed beneficial impacts on chlorophyll content,photosynthetic characteristics,and yield components,while T3,T4,and T5 treatments exhibited adverse effects on leaf and grain yields.The linear discriminant analysis revealed significant differences between treatments.The correlation analysis and piecewise structural equation modeling showed that the iodine and sodium influenced the photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll content of the leaves,thereby regulating the 2-AP biosynthesis and yield components,ultimately affecting the 2-AP content and yield.Overall,this study suggests that foliar application of 0.025%sodium iodide is an effective method to enrich the iodine content in rice grains,improve the grain aroma and appearance quality of aromatic rice,without detrimental effects on grain yield.

Abiotic and Biotic Factors Controlling Grain Aroma along Value Chain of Fragrant Rice:A Review

The aroma of fragrant rice is one of the grain quality attributes that significantly influenceconsumer preferences and prices in world markets. The volatile compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) isrecognized as a key component of the aroma in fragrant rice. The variation in grain 2AP content amongvarious fragrant rice varieties is associated with the expression of the badh2 gene, with 19 alleles havingbeen identified so far. The grain 2AP content is strongly influenced by environmental and managementfactors during cultivation as well as post-harvest conditions. This review pinpointed the major abiotic andbiotic factors that control grain 2AP content. Abiotic factors refer to water, temperature, light quality,fertilizer application (both macro- and micro-nutrients), and soil properties, including salinity, while bioticfactors include microorganisms that produce aromatic compounds, thus influencing the grain aroma infragrant rice. Post-harvest management, including storage and drying conditions, can significantly impactthe grain 2AP content, and proper post-harvest conditions can intensify the grain aroma. This reviewsuggests that there are rice varieties that can serve as potential sources of genetic material for breedingrice varieties with high grain aroma content. It offers an overview of recent research on the major factorsaffecting the aroma content in fragrant rice. This knowledge will facilitate further research on theproduction of high-quality rice to meet the demands of farmers and consumers.

Sensory Phenotypic and Molecular Identification of Aromatic Rice Accessions Cultivated in Benin

Rice is one of the most widely cultivated cereals in the world, and its aroma is increasingly in demand. With the advancement of research, a major rice flavor gene has been identified on rice chromosome 8. It encodes non-functional betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase leading to the accumulation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline which is the major olfactory compound that confers the fragrant character to rice. The aroma of rice is considered a special trait of enormous economic importance that determines the prime price in world trade. To satisfy the needs of the population and reduce rice imports into Benin, we conducted this study to identify aromatic rice accessions grown in Benin. Seventy-two rice accessions collected across Benin were PCR amplified with three SSR markers RM 7049, Aro 7, and RM 223, linked to the fgr (fragrance of rice) aroma gene. Molecular analysis revealed that 12 of the 72 accessions, namely Bagou 19, Bagou 22, Tchaka 34, Foun 15, Tchaka 41, Nana 32, Kan 61, Kung 69, Kung 67, Bagou 20, Agbab 101 and Koum 55 possess the fgr gene and can be considered as aromatic rice accessions. A sensory phenotypic test using KOH was carried out on rice accessions carrying fgr gene. Of the twelve positives, only one had the smell of aromatic rice, like the Azucena control. These results show that Benin also has aromatic rice varieties that can be sold on national and international markets.

Studies on Flavonoids ⅩⅩ——A Novel Synthesis of β-Naphthaflavanones From 1-Acetyl-2-naphthol

1-Acetyl-2-naphthol was treated with aromatic aldehydes in the presence of piperidine for the preparation of the hydroxynaphthachalcones. However, the experimental result showed that the expected product was not formed, but the β-naphthaflavanones were obtained instead. The synthesis of β-naphthaflavanones from β-naphtholethanone directly using piperidine as catalyst has not been reported so far.

Germplasm Resources,Genes and Perspective for Aromatic Rice

Aromatic rice is considered an important commodity in the global market because of its strong aroma and eating and cooking quality.Asian countries,such as India and Pakistan,are the leading traders of Basmati rice,whereas Thailand is the major supplier of Jasmine rice in the international market.The strong aroma of rice is associated with more than 300 volatile compounds,among which 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline(2-AP)is the principal component.2-AP is a phenotypic expression of spontaneous mutations in the recessive gene OsBadh2 or Badh2.The present review focuses on the origin,evolution and diversity of genetic resources of aromatic rice available worldwide.A brief discussion is presented on the genes responsible for quality traits along with details of their molecular genetics.This compilation and discussion will be useful for future breeding programs and the biofortification of quality traits of aromatic rice to ensure food security and nutritional need.