Infrared and Visible Image Fusion Based on Res2Net-Transformer Automatic Encoding and Decoding

A novel image fusion network framework with an autonomous encoder and decoder is suggested to increase thevisual impression of fused images by improving the quality of infrared and visible light picture fusion. The networkcomprises an encoder module, fusion layer, decoder module, and edge improvementmodule. The encoder moduleutilizes an enhanced Inception module for shallow feature extraction, then combines Res2Net and Transformerto achieve deep-level co-extraction of local and global features from the original picture. An edge enhancementmodule (EEM) is created to extract significant edge features. A modal maximum difference fusion strategy isintroduced to enhance the adaptive representation of information in various regions of the source image, therebyenhancing the contrast of the fused image. The encoder and the EEM module extract features, which are thencombined in the fusion layer to create a fused picture using the decoder. Three datasets were chosen to test thealgorithmproposed in this paper. The results of the experiments demonstrate that the network effectively preservesbackground and detail information in both infrared and visible images, yielding superior outcomes in subjectiveand objective evaluations.

Localized wave solutions and interactions of the (2+1)-dimensional Hirota-Satsuma-Ito equation

This paper studies the(2+1)-dimensional Hirota-Satsuma-Ito equation.Based on an associated Hirota bilinear form,lump-type solution,two types of interaction solutions,and breather wave solution of the(2+1)-dimensional Hirota-Satsuma-Ito equation are obtained,which are all related to the seed solution of the equation.It is interesting that the rogue wave is aroused by the interaction between one-lump soliton and a pair of resonance stripe solitons,and the fusion and fission phenomena are also found in the interaction between lump solitons and one-stripe soliton.Furthermore,the breather wave solution is also obtained by reducing the two-soliton solutions.The trajectory and period of the one-order breather wave are analyzed.The corresponding dynamical characteristics are demonstrated by the graphs.

Dynamics of Nonlinear Waves in(2+1)-Dimensional Extended Boiti-Leon-Manna-Pempinelli Equation

Based on the Hirota bilinear method,this study derived N-soliton solutions,breather solutions,lump solutions and interaction solutions for the(2+1)-dimensional extended Boiti-Leon-Manna-Pempinelli equation.The dynamical characteristics of these solutions were displayed through graphical,particularly revealing fusion and ssion phenomena in the interaction of lump and the one-stripe soliton.

A color image encryption scheme based on a 2D coupled chaotic system and diagonal scrambling algorithm

A novel color image encryption scheme is developed to enhance the security of encryption without increasing the complexity. Firstly, the plain color image is decomposed into three grayscale plain images, which are converted into the frequency domain coefficient matrices(FDCM) with discrete cosine transform(DCT) operation. After that, a twodimensional(2D) coupled chaotic system is developed and used to generate one group of embedded matrices and another group of encryption matrices, respectively. The embedded matrices are integrated with the FDCM to fulfill the frequency domain encryption, and then the inverse DCT processing is implemented to recover the spatial domain signal. Eventually,under the function of the encryption matrices and the proposed diagonal scrambling algorithm, the final color ciphertext is obtained. The experimental results show that the proposed method can not only ensure efficient encryption but also satisfy various sizes of image encryption. Besides, it has better performance than other similar techniques in statistical feature analysis, such as key space, key sensitivity, anti-differential attack, information entropy, noise attack, etc.

Bifurcations, Analytical and Non-Analytical Traveling Wave Solutions of (2 + 1)-Dimensional Nonlinear Dispersive Boussinesq Equation

For the (2 + 1)-dimensional nonlinear dispersive Boussinesq equation, by using the bifurcation theory of planar dynamical systems to study its corresponding traveling wave system, the bifurcations and phase portraits of the regular system are obtained. Under different parametric conditions, various sufficient conditions to guarantee the existence of analytical and non-analytical solutions of the singular system are given by using singular traveling wave theory. For certain special cases, some explicit and exact parametric representations of traveling wave solutions are derived such as analytical periodic waves and non-analytical periodic cusp waves. Further, two-dimensional wave plots of analytical periodic solutions and non-analytical periodic cusp wave solutions are drawn to visualize the dynamics of the equation.

Evaluation of Ventricular-vascular Coupling in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Using 2-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Imaging

The elastic and functional coupling of heart and vessels makes the stroke work （SW） of the heart optimal. Speckle tracking imaging （STI） can evaluate the myocardial strain and function. We studied ventricular-vascular coupling in 80 diabetic patients with different systolic function using STI. The patients were divided into two groups according to ejection fraction （EF）： the diabetes mel- litus with normal EF （DMN） group and the diabetes mellitus with abnormal EF （DMA） group. Forty-two volunteers served as control group. The relative wall thickness （RWT）, left ventricular mass index （LVMI）, stroke volume （SV）, SW, rate-pressure product （RPP）, systemic vascular resis- tance index （SVRI）, left ventricular end-systolic elastance （Ees）, effective arterial elasticity （Ea） and ventricular-vascular coupling index （VVI） were measured and calculated by conventional echocardi- ography. The longitudinal strain （LS） at basement （LSBA）, papillary muscle （LSvM） and cardiac apex （LSAv） was assessed with STI. It was found： （A） compared with control group, in DMN and DMA groups, LSBA, LSvM and LSAp decreased, and they were lower in DMA group. （B） VVI, RPP and SVRI increased, and they were higher in DMN group; Ees decreased, and it was lower in DMA group. （C） LSBA, LSpM, and LSAv had negative correlation with VVI. LSAp, RWT, LVMI and SW were independent predictors for VVI. The area under the receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curves was used for identification of DMA and DMN with LSBA, LSpM, and LSAp, and the area under the ROC of LSAp was the largest. This study supports that myocardial LS could reflect the ventricu- lar-vascular coupling. Different segments had an order to “respond to” the state of the coupling, and the cardiac apex might be the earliest.

Image Dehazing with Hybrid λ2-λ0 Penalty Mode

Due to the presence of turbid media, such as microdust and water vapor in the environment, outdoor pictures taken under hazy weather circumstances are typically degraded. To enhance the quality of such images, this work proposes a new hybrid λ2-λ0 penalty model for image dehazing. This model performs a weighted fusion of two distinct transmission maps, generated by imposing λ2 and λ0 norm penalties on the approximate regression coefficients of the transmission map. This approach effectively balances the sparsity and smoothness associated with the λ0 and λ2 norms, thereby optimizing the transmittance map. Specifically, when the λ2 norm is penalized in the model, an updated guided image is obtained after implementing λ0 penalty. The resulting optimization problem is effectively solved using the least square method and the alternating direction algorithm. The dehazing framework combines the advantages of λ2 and λ0 norms, enhancing sparse and smoothness, resulting in higher quality images with clearer details and preserved edges.

Analysis of Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Images of Protein from Posterior Silk Gland of Silkworm (Bombyx mori) on Day 1 and Day 4 in the 5th Instar Stage

The posterior silk gland （PSG） of silkworm is an important organ where fibroin is synthesized and secreted exclusively. Because fibroin constitutes 75-80% of the silk filament, the mechanism governing fibroin secretion, quality and yield of cocoon can be elucidated by the study on the PSG. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis （2-DE） and image analysis system, the changes in the protein composition in the PSG cell were investigated on the day 1 （D1） and day 4 （D4） in the 5th instar stage from five different strains of silkworm （Bombyx mori）. While differences at protein level between days and strains were far less than those observed at the gene level using EST analysis. The change trends in protein composition from D1 to D4 were diverse among the different strains. The results suggest that the secretion of fibroin is regulated by multiple proteins. The site of regulation and the proteins responsible for the regulation vary with the strain, which leads to differences between strains in the capacity of fibroin secretion in the PSG cell.

Segmentation of retinal fluid based on deep learning:application of three-dimensional fully convolutional neural networks in optical coherence tomography images

AIM: To explore a segmentation algorithm based on deep learning to achieve accurate diagnosis and treatment of patients with retinal fluid.METHODS: A two-dimensional(2D) fully convolutional network for retinal segmentation was employed. In order to solve the category imbalance in retinal optical coherence tomography(OCT) images, the network parameters and loss function based on the 2D fully convolutional network were modified. For this network, the correlations of corresponding positions among adjacent images in space are ignored. Thus, we proposed a three-dimensional(3D) fully convolutional network for segmentation in the retinal OCT images.RESULTS: The algorithm was evaluated according to segmentation accuracy, Kappa coefficient, and F1 score. For the 3D fully convolutional network proposed in this paper, the overall segmentation accuracy rate is 99.56%, Kappa coefficient is 98.47%, and F1 score of retinal fluid is 95.50%. CONCLUSION: The OCT image segmentation algorithm based on deep learning is primarily founded on the 2D convolutional network. The 3D network architecture proposed in this paper reduces the influence of category imbalance, realizes end-to-end segmentation of volume images, and achieves optimal segmentation results. The segmentation maps are practically the same as the manual annotations of doctors, and can provide doctors with more accurate diagnostic data.

Three-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography combined with high resolution T2-weighted imaging in preoperative evaluation of microvascular decompression

BACKGROUND Neurovascular compression(NVC) is the main cause of primary trigeminal neuralgia(TN) and hemifacial spasm(HFS). Microvascular decompression(MVD) is an effective surgical method for the treatment of TN and HFS caused by NVC. The judgement of NVC is a critical step in the preoperative evaluation of MVD, which is related to the effect of MVD treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) technology has been used to detect NVC prior to MVD for several years. Among many MRI sequences, three-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography(3D TOF MRA) is the most widely used. However, 3D TOF MRA has some shortcomings in detecting NVC. Therefore, 3D TOF MRA combined with high resolution T2-weighted imaging(HR T2WI) is considered to be a more effective method to detect NVC.AIM To determine the value of 3D TOF MRA combined with HR T2WI in the judgment of NVC, and thus to assess its value in the preoperative evaluation of MVD.METHODS Related studies published from inception to September 2022 based on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were retrieved. Studies that investigated 3D TOF MRA combined with HR T2WI to judge NVC in patients with TN or HFS were included according to the inclusion criteria. Studies without complete data or not relevant to the research topics were excluded. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies checklist was used to assess the quality of included studies. The publication bias of the included literature was examined by Deeks’ test. An exact binomial rendition of the bivariate mixed-effects regression model was used to synthesize data. Data analysis was performed using the MIDAS module of statistical software Stata 16.0. Two independent investigators extracted patient and study characteristics, and discrepancies were resolved by consensus. Individual and pooled sensitivities and specificities were calculated. The I_(2) statistic and Q test were used to test heterogeneity. The study was registered on the website of PROSERO(registration No. CRD42022357158).RESULTS Our search identified 595 articles, of which 12(including 855 patients) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Bivariate analysis showed that the pooled sensitivity and specificity of 3D TOF MRA combined with HR T2WI for detecting NVC were 0.96 [95% confidence interval(CI): 0.92-0.98] and 0.92(95%CI: 0.74-0.98), respectively. The pooled positive likelihood ratio was 12.4(95%CI: 3.2-47.8), pooled negative likelihood ratio was 0.04(95%CI: 0.02-0.09), and pooled diagnostic odds ratio was 283(95%CI: 50-1620). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.98(95%CI: 0.97-0.99). The studies showed no substantial heterogeneity(I2 = 0, Q = 0.001 P = 0.50).CONCLUSION Our results suggest that 3D TOF MRA combined with HR T2WI has excellent sensitivity and specificity for judging NVC in patients with TN or HFS. This method can be used as an effective tool for preoperative evaluation of MVD.

Crack Length Quantification Based on Planar Eddy-Current Sensor Array and Two-Dimensional Image

Eddy-current (EC) testing is an effective electromagnetic non-destructive testing (NDT) technique.Planar eddy-current sensor arrays have several advantages such as good coherence,fast response speed,and high sensitivity,which can be used for micro-damage inspection of crucial parts in mechanical equipments and aerospace aviation.The main purpose of this research is to detect the defect in a metallic material surface and identify the length of a crack using planar eddy-current sensor arrays in different directions.The principle and characteristics of planar eddy-current sensor arrays are introduced,and a crack length quantification algorithm in different directions is investigated.A damage quantitative detection system is established based on a field programmable gate array and ARM processor.The system is utilized to inspect the micro defect in a metallic material,which is carved to micro crack with size of 7mm(length)×0.1mm(width)×1mm(depth).The experimental data show that the sensor arrays can be used for the length measurement repeatedly,and that the uncertainty of the length measurement is below ±0.2mm.

MRI T_2 star mapping、T_1 images与3D DESS融合图在隐匿性膝关节软骨损伤中的应用

目的探讨T_2 star mapping、T_1 images与3D DESS融合伪彩图在关节软骨损伤中的诊断价值。方法对26例关节软骨损伤患者行T_2 star mapping、T_1 images和3D DESS扫描,并将T_1 images、T_2 star mapping与3D DESS图像融合,评价患者股骨、胫骨、髌骨关节软骨损伤程度并与关节镜结果对比,计算融合伪彩图诊断软骨损伤的特异性、敏感性及与关节镜诊断结果一致性。结果 T_1 images-3D DESS融合伪彩图诊断关节软骨损伤的敏感度、特异度及Kappa值分别为92.8%、93.0%、0.769,T_2 star mapping-3D DESS融合伪彩图诊断关节软骨损伤的敏感度、特异度及Kappa值分别为91.4%、94.2%、0.787。结论 T_2 star mapping、T_1 images与3D DESS融合伪彩图在关节软骨早期损伤评价上优于关节镜。

基于Image 2和岭回归模型估测肉牛体尺、体重

为了建立快速、经济、准确、可行的预测肉牛体尺、体重性状指标的方法,试验利用Image 2图像识别技术和岭回归模型预测肉牛的体尺、体重,并与实测值进行比较,经过交叉验证该模型估测结果的准确性。结果表明:试验肉牛预测体尺与真实体尺的相关性>40%,其预测平均偏差小于0.04m。利用岭回归模型预测体重,通过3倍的交叉验证获得93%以上的准确率。说明可以利用图像识别技术与岭回归模型直接预测肉牛体尺、体重。

IMAGE 2型糖尿病预防指南要点与点评

新近,欧洲糖尿病预防指南与培训标准工作组(Development and Implementation of a European Guideline and Training Standards for Diabetes Prevention,IMAGE)颁布了2型糖尿病(T2DM)预防指南,其要点摘译如下:

T2-weighted imaging-based radiomic-clinical machine learning model for predicting the differentiation of colorectal adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND The study on predicting the differentiation grade of colorectal cancer(CRC)based on magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)has not been reported yet.Developing a non-invasive model to predict the differentiation grade of CRC is of great value.AIM To develop and validate machine learning-based models for predicting the differ-entiation grade of CRC based on T2-weighted images(T2WI).METHODS We retrospectively collected the preoperative imaging and clinical data of 315 patients with CRC who underwent surgery from March 2018 to July 2023.Patients were randomly assigned to a training cohort(n=220)or a validation cohort(n=95)at a 7:3 ratio.Lesions were delineated layer by layer on high-resolution T2WI.Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression was applied to screen for radiomic features.Radiomics and clinical models were constructed using the multilayer perceptron(MLP)algorithm.These radiomic features and clinically relevant variables(selected based on a significance level of P<0.05 in the training set)were used to construct radiomics-clinical models.The performance of the three models(clinical,radiomic,and radiomic-clinical model)were evaluated using the area under the curve(AUC),calibration curve and decision curve analysis(DCA).RESULTS After feature selection,eight radiomic features were retained from the initial 1781 features to construct the radiomic model.Eight different classifiers,including logistic regression,support vector machine,k-nearest neighbours,random forest,extreme trees,extreme gradient boosting,light gradient boosting machine,and MLP,were used to construct the model,with MLP demonstrating the best diagnostic performance.The AUC of the radiomic-clinical model was 0.862(95%CI:0.796-0.927)in the training cohort and 0.761(95%CI:0.635-0.887)in the validation cohort.The AUC for the radiomic model was 0.796(95%CI:0.723-0.869)in the training cohort and 0.735(95%CI:0.604-0.866)in the validation cohort.The clinical model achieved an AUC of 0.751(95%CI:0.661-0.842)in the training cohort and 0.676(95%CI:0.525-0.827)in the validation cohort.All three models demonstrated good accuracy.In the training cohort,the AUC of the radiomic-clinical model was significantly greater than that of the clinical model(P=0.005)and the radiomic model(P=0.016).DCA confirmed the clinical practicality of incorporating radiomic features into the diagnostic process.CONCLUSION In this study,we successfully developed and validated a T2WI-based machine learning model as an auxiliary tool for the preoperative differentiation between well/moderately and poorly differentiated CRC.This novel approach may assist clinicians in personalizing treatment strategies for patients and improving treatment efficacy.

Three-dimensional imaging identified the accessory bile duct in a patient with cholangiocarcinoma

The development of diagnostic imaging technology, such as multidetector computed tomography(MDCT) and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography(MRCP), has made it possible to obtain detailed images of the bile duct. Recent reports have indicated that a 3-dimensional(3D) reconstructed imaging system would be useful for understanding the liver anatomy before surgery. We have investigated a novel method that fuses MDCT and MRCP images. This novel system easily made it possible to detect the anatomical relationship between the vessels and bile duct in the portal hepatis. In this report, we describe a very rare case of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma associated with an accessory bile duct from the caudate lobe connecting with the intrapancreatic bile duct. We were unable to preoperatively detect this accessory bile duct using MDCT and MRCP. However, prior to the second operation, we were able to clearly visualise the injured accessory bile duct using our novel 3D imaging modality. In thisreport, we suggest that this imaging technique can be considered a novel and useful modality for understanding the anatomy of the portal hepatis, including the hilar bile duct.

Exotic Localized Coherent Structures of New (2+1)-Dimensional Soliton Equation

The variable separation approach is used to obtain localized coherent structures of the new (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear partialdifferential equation. Applying the Backlund transformation and introducing the arbitraryfunctions of the seed solutions, the abundance of the localized structures of this model are derived. Some special types ofsolutions solitoff, dromions, dromion lattice, breathers and instantons are discussed by selecting the arbitrary functionsappropriately. The breathers may breath in their amplititudes, shapes, distances among the peaks and even the numberof the peaks.

A Variable Separation Approach to Solve the Integrable and Nonintegrable Models:Coherent Structures of the (2 + 1)-Dimensional KdV Eqnation

We study the localized coherent structures ofa generally nonintegrable (2+ 1 )-dimensional KdV equation via a variable separation approach. In a special integrable case, the entrance of some arbitrary functions leads to abundant coherent structures. However, in the general nonintegrable case, an additional condition has to be introduced for these arbitrary functions. Although the additional condition has been introduced into the solutions of the nonintegrable KdV equation, there still exist many interesting solitary wave structures. Especially, the nonintegrable KdV equation possesses the breather-like localized excitations, and the similar static ring soliton solutions as in the integrable case. Furthermor,in the integrable case, the interaction between two travelling ring solitons is elastic, while in the nonintegrable case we cannot find even the single travelling ring soliton solution.

Evaluation of Airway Obstruction at Soft Palate Level in Male Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea Syndrome:Dynamic 3-Dimensional CT Imaging of Upper Airway

This study examined the dynamic characteristics of upper airway collapse at soft palate level in patients with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome（OSAHS） by using dynamic 3-Dimensional（3-D） CT imaging.A total of 41 male patients who presented with 2 of the following symptoms,i.e.,daytime sleepiness and fatigue,frequent snoring,and apnea with witness,were diagnosed as having OSAHS.They underwent full-night polysomnography and then dynamic 3-D CT imaging of the upper airway during quiet breathing and in Muller＇s maneuver.The soft palate length（SPL）,the minimal cross-sectional area of the retropalatal region（mXSA-RP）,and the vertical distance from the hard palate to the upper posterior part of the hyoid（hhL） were compared between the two breathing states.These parameters,together with hard palate length（HPL）,were also compared between mild/moderate and severe OSAHS groups.Association of these parameters with the severity of OSAHS [as reflected by apnea hypopnea index（AHI） and the lowest saturation of blood oxygen（LSaO2）] was examined.The results showed that 31 patients had severe OSAHS,and 10 mild/moderate OSAHS.All the patients had airway obstruction at soft palate level.mXSA-RP was significantly decreased and SPL remarkably increased during Muller＇s maneuver as compared with the quiet breathing state.There were no significant differences in these airway parameters（except the position of the hyoid bone） between severe and mild/moderate OSAHS groups.And no significant correlation between these airway parameters and the severity of OSAHS was found.The position of hyoid was lower in the severe OSAHS group than in the mild/moderate OSAHS group.The patients in group with body mass index（BMI）≥26 had higher collapse ratio of mXSA-RP,greater neck circumference and smaller mXSA-RP in the Muller＇s maneuver than those in group with BMI26（P0.05 for all）.It was concluded that dynamic 3-D CT imaging could dynamically show the upper airway changes at soft palate level in OSAHS patients.All the OSAHS patients had airway obstruction of various degrees at soft palate level.But no correlation was observed between the airway change at soft palate level and the severity of OSAHS.The patients in group with BMI≥26 were more likely to develop airway obstruction at soft palate level than those with BMI26.

Role of 2-dimensional Doppler echo-cardiography in screening portopulmonary hypertension in portal hypertension patients

BACKGROUND: Portopulmonary hypertension (PPH) is difficult to recognize in the early and middle stages because it is frequently asymptomatic. As right ventricular function is impaired in patients with moderate and severe PPH, any dramatic hemodynamic changes in liver transplantation or other procedures may result in death from pulmonary and cardiac events. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of PPH in patients with portal hypertension (PHT) mainly caused by hepatitis B virus, and evaluated the effect of 2-dimensional Doppler echocardiography (2D-ECHO) in screening for PPH. METHODS: One hundred and five PHT patients received transthoracic 2D-ECHO preoperatively, systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (SPAP, normal range <30 mmHg) and pulmonary acceleration time (PAT, normal range >= 120 msec) were measured to screen for PPH (positive result: SPAP >= 30 mmHg and/or PAT <100 msec). Subsequently, pulmonary hemodynamic parameters were measured by right heart catheterization (RHC) for definitive diagnosis of PPH. The results of the two methods were compared to assess the screening effect of 2D-ECHO. RESULTS: The prevalence of PPH in this study was 3.8% (4/105). About 90% (95/105) of patients had a detectable tricuspid regurgitation by 2D-ECHO and the mean SPAP was 27.7 +/- 5.9 mmHg. Twenty-two of these 95 patients had an SPAP >30 mmHg. The mean PAT of all patients was 140 23 msec and 5 were <100 msec. Twenty-two patients were screened out by 2D-ECHO and 4 were diagnosed by RHC. A positive significant correlation (r=0.55, P<0.01) was found between SPAP measured by 2D-ECHO and mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) measured by RHC, and a weak but significant negative correlation (r=-0.27, P=0.005) existed between PAT and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). The sensitivity, specificity, agreement rate, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the screening test were 100%, 82%, 83%, 18% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of PPH in this study is lower than in Western countries. As a screening test, 2D-ECHO has very high sensitivity and negative predictive value. A negative test result can directly be used to exclude PPH, while a positive result should be confirmed by RHC.