Reaction kinetics for the heterogeneously resin-catalyzed and homogeneously self-catalyzed esterification of thioglycolic acid with 2-ethyl-1-hexanol

Producing 2-ethyl-1-hexyl thioglycolate(ETE)via esterification reaction with thioglycolic acid(TGA)aqueous solution as raw material by reactive-separation coupling technology is a promising process intensification method.To choose suitable reactive-separation coupling strategy,the kinetic studies of the esterification of TGA with 2-ethyl-1-hexanol(EHL)were carried out in a batch system.The commercial ion exchange resin was employed as an eco-friendly catalyst.The effects of temperature,catalyst concentration and molar ratio were determined.It was interesting to observe that the equilibrium conversion of TGA increased with the increase of catalyst mass fraction due to the adsorption of product water onto resin surface.The activity-based pseudo-homogeneous(PH),Eley-Rideal(ER)and Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Ho ugen-Watson(LHHW)models were used to fit the kinetics data of the resin-catalyzed reaction.The models of ER and LHHW performed better than the PH model.The kinetics of the TGA-self-catalyzed reaction was also determined.An activity-based homogeneous kinetics model could well describe this self-catalyzed reaction.These results would be meaningful to the selection and design of an appropriate reactionseparation strategy for the production of ETE,to realize the process intensification.

Cell Death Effects of the Phthalate 2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol on Human Linfoblast Cells

Phthalates have been used in a wide variety of consumer goods. Their versatility as plasticizers has translated into worldwide use in a vast array of consumer products. These compounds can leach into matrices, such as food and liquids that can be routed for human exposure. One of the most used phthalates is Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). Diethylhexyl phthalate and its metabolite 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (2-EH) have demonstrated biological effects which merit further evaluation. In this work, we expand on our previous work with DEHP and screen the 2-EH metabolite for different cell death endpoints such as growth inhibition, apoptosis, autophagy, caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and cell cycle arrest using fluorophores and the NC3000 instrument. Significant results (p 0.05) revealed higher toxicity for the 2-EH metabolite when compared to DEHP. Also, 2-EH presented apoptosis induction with characteristic hallmarks, such as loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase activation, DNA fragmentation and cell cycle arrest at the S phase. In addition, the presence of autophagosome was detected through L3CB protein staining. We conclude that 2-EH presents differences in cell death endpoints that interestingly differ from the DEHP parent compound. Further studies are needed to establish the molecular pathways responsible for the observed effects.

枯草芽孢杆菌PW2挥发性产物对黄曲霉的抑制作用

为探寻安全、高效的黄曲霉新型抑制物,采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用(HS-SPME-GC-MS)技术对枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)PW2所产具有抗霉活性的挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)进行了成分鉴定,并利用平板对扣法从鉴定出的成分中筛选具有强抗霉活性的目标化合物,通过平板对扣法和96孔板梯度稀释法测定目标化合物对黄曲霉的最小抑菌体积分数(MIC),使用黄曲霉毒素B_(1)(aflatoxin B_(1),AFB_(1))ELISA检测试剂盒分析了目标化合物对黄曲霉产AFB_(1)的抑制作用,使用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)观察受试黄曲霉孢子形态的变化和采用分光光度法测定受试黄曲霉细胞膜麦角甾醇相对含量,以探讨抗霉机理。结果显示,从PW2所产VOCs中共鉴定出41种组分,并从中筛选出异辛醇为目标化合物;平板对扣法和96孔板梯度稀释法测得异辛醇对黄曲霉的MIC分别为0.169μL/mL和6.25μL/mL;PDB培养基中异辛醇体积分数分别为3.13、6.25、12.50μL/mL时,均能有效抑制AFB_(1)的产生,且随异辛醇体积分数的升高,抑制效果增强;异辛醇处理可导致黄曲霉孢子表面凹陷和孢子破裂,并且影响细胞膜中麦角甾醇的相对含量,造成细胞膜受损。该研究可为开发以异辛醇为功能成分的黄曲霉抑制剂提供理论参考。

2-硝基-1 H-咪唑甲酸乙酯衍生物的合成

2-硝基咪唑是一种重要的医药中间体,可用于合成多种抗癌药物,通过对其结构进行修饰,有望开发新型活性药物分子。以2-氨基嘧啶和3-溴丙酮酸乙酯为起始原料,经过缩合环化、肼解、氧化和取代合成了一系列1-烷基-2-硝基-1 H-咪唑-5-甲酸乙酯(7a~7d)及其同分异构体1-烷基-2-硝基-1 H-咪唑-4-甲酸乙酯(8a~8d),该方法克服了传统合成路线中氮原子上取代基仅为甲基的局限性。研究不同取代基对2种异构体比例的影响,结果表明:随着取代基团的给电子能力增强,更加有利于化合物7的生成。所有合成化合物的结构都经过1 H NMR,13 C NMR和MS(ESI)确证或表征。

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Tri(4-(3-hydroxy2-ethyl-4-pyridinone-1-yl)-aniline Condensation Salicylaldehydato) Monohydratotricopper(II)Dimethylformamide Monohydrate Solvate

The title complex [Cu3L3(H2O)]DMFH2O (H2L = 4-(3-hydroxy-2-ethyl-4- pyridinone-1-yl)-aniline condensation salicylaldehyde) was obtained. The single-crystal X-ray study shows that it is a trinuclear compound [Cu3(C20H15N2O3)3(H2O)]DMFH2O. The coordi- nation sphere about each copper ion in the complex consists of two oxygen atoms from hydroxylpyridinone moiety of one ligand and one oxygen and one nitrogen atoms from salicyladehyde Schiff-base moiety of another ligand arranged in a slightly distorted square planar geometry. Among the three copper ions, one (Cu(2)) is coordinated by the other oxygen atom of water molecule on the fifth coordinate position to form a distorted square pyramid geometry. The crystal is of monoclinic, space group P21/c with a = 12.9202(5), b = 27.197(1), c = 17.0116(7) ? b = 100.588(1), V = 5875.9(4) 3, Z = 4, C63H57N7O12Cu3, Mr = 1294.78, Dc = 1.464 g/cm3, m = 1.146 mm-1, F(000) = 2668, R = 0.0784 and wR = 0.1546 for 6926 observed reflections with I > 2s(I). The differences of coordinate bond lengths are observed between anhydrous and hydrous units: in the former unit, the average bond lengths are 1.978 ?for CuN (azomethine), 1.883 ?for CuO (phenolic) in Schiff-base moiety, 1.959 ?for CuO (keto), and 1.919 ?for CuO (hydroxy) in hydroxypyridinone moiety; while those in the latter are longer with the following corresponding values: 1.985(5), 1.908(5), 1.993(5) and 1.919(4) ? respectively. The Cu(2)O (water) bond length is 2.375(6) ?

Effects of Two Anti-TNF-α Compounds: Etanercept and 5-Ethyl-1-Phenyl-2-(1H)-Pyridone on Secreted and Cell-Associated TNF-α <i>In Vitro</i>

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a potent inflammatory cytokine and its exaggerated production has been implicated in acute, chronic and autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Proteinaceous and non-proteinaceous anti-TNF-α agents have been developed to reduce its circulating levels either by neutralizing, binding or inhibiting the de novo synthesis with the aim of achieving desirable therapeutic effects. In the present study, we compared the effects of a protein-based anti-TNF-α drug, etanercept, and a non-protein-based anti-TNF-α small molecule, 5-ethyl-1-phenyl-2-(1H) pyridone (5-EPP), on the LPS-stimulated secretion of TNF-α in the medium and TNF-α associated with the THP-1 cells in vitro. Both drugs had marked concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on the LPS-stimulated secretion of TNF-α. However, their effects on the LPS-stimulated cell-associated TNF-α were diametrically opposed to each other. For instance, etanercept further increased the level by up to 12-fold, whereas 5-EPP inhibited the level in a dose dependent manner. In addition, 5-EPP caused a significant reduction in the elevated level of cell associated TNF-α caused by LPS + etanercept. The differences in the levels of cell-associated TNF-α as reported in the present study may partly explain the adverse effects of some protein-based anti-TNF-α drugs including etanercept as opposed to a non-protein-based anti-TNF-α drug such as pirfenidone, a structural analogue of 5-EPP, for treatment of some TNF-α mediated diseases. It was concluded from the findings of this study that drugs which elevate the levels of cell associated-TNF-α will potentially have more adverse events even after reducing the secreted levels of TNF-α than the drugs which reduce both the secreted and cell-associated TNF-α levels.

2-氨基-1-甲基-1H-咪唑-5-羧酸乙酯的合成

以肌氨酸乙酯盐酸盐为起始原料,经氨酯交换反应、Claisen-Schmidt反应、合环反应共3步反应,得到目标产物2-氨基-1-甲基-1H-咪唑-5-羧酸乙酯(1),产物结构经^(1)H NMR确证。优化了反应条件:第一步,n_((肌氨酸乙酯盐酸盐))∶n_((K2)CO_(3))=1∶1.5,反应时间为8h,反应温度为25℃;第二步,n_((3))∶n_((NaH))=1∶1.2;第三步,n_((4))∶n_((NH2)CN)=1∶2.5,n_((4))∶n_((NaOAc))=1∶3.2,优化条件下的总收率为43.7%。此合成途径操作简便、产品质量好、总收率高,利于大量生产。

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of (1S)-1,1'-Bis{[N-ethyl-N-(1-methylethyl)-amino]-carbonyl}-2-(hydroxydiphenylmethyl)-ferrocene

The title complex, （1S）-1,1＇-bis{[N-ethyl-N-（1-methylethyl）-amino]carbonyl}-2- （hydroxyldiphenylmethyl）-ferrocene （[Fe（C24H22NO2）（C11H16NO）]2·H2O, Mr = 1207.13）, was synthesized via （-）-Sparteine-mediated enantioselective directed ortho-lithiation of 1,1‘-bis{[N- ethyl-N-（1-methylethyl）-amino]carbonyl}-2-（hydroxydiphenylmethyl）-ferrocene. The structure of the rifle compound was determined by X-ray single-crystal diffraction. The crystal belongs to the orthorhombic system, space group P212121, with a = 10.266（2）, b = 17.676（4）, c = 34.097（7）A, V = 6187（2）A3, Z = 4, C70H86Fe2N4O7, Dc = 1.296 g/cm^3,μ = 0.527 mm^-1, T= 113（2） K, F（000） = 2568, the final R = 0.0469 and wR = 0.0984 for 13940 observed reflections with I 〉 2σ（I）. The neighboring ferrocene derivatives are joined into dimers via O-H…O=C intermolecular hydrogen bonding by a water molecule. Besides, the dimers form neat rows along the a axis.

2-(1-咪唑基)-乙酸的合成工艺改进

以咪唑和氯乙酸乙酯为原料,乙腈为溶剂,三乙胺为缚酸剂合成了2-(1-咪唑基)-乙酸乙酯,再经水解得到2-(1-咪唑基)-乙酸,并经1H NMR,13C NMR,IR确证了结构。考察了反应时间及三乙胺用量对反应收率的影响,结果表明,在反应时间4 h,n(三乙胺);n(咪唑)=1．3:1条件下,产物总收率为60．5％,含量(质量分数)大于98．6%。

2-(1-羟基)乙基二氢卟吩f及其醚衍生物的合成和肿瘤光生物活性

以蚕沙叶绿素稳定降解产物二氢卟吩f(2 )为关键中间体 ,设计合成了 2 (1 羟基 )乙基二氢卟吩f(3a)及其醚类衍生物 3b～ 3d、4b～ 4d ,其中 ,3a、3c、3d、4c、4d为新化合物 ,用UV、IR、1H NMR和FAB -MS确证了它们的结构。同时测定了目标物 3a、4b～ 4d对小鼠肉瘤 180移植瘤的光动力治疗作用 ,结果显示 :2 (1 羟基 )乙基二氢卟吩f醚衍生物 4b～ 4d对小鼠肉瘤 180移植瘤的光动力治疗效果均优于参比药物血卟啉衍生物 (HpD) ,且随醚链增长而增强 ,而 3a却无效 。

2-丙基-4-[(1-羟基-1-甲基)乙基]-1H-咪唑-5-羧酸乙酯的合成

用正丁酸与邻苯二胺为原料,在微波照射下缩合成2-丙基苯并咪唑,再氧化开环制得2-丙基咪唑二羧酸,再经酯化、Gringard反应制得抗高血压药物奥美沙坦的关键中间体2-丙基-4-[(1-羟基-1-甲基)乙基]-1H-咪唑-5-羧酸乙酯,总收率32.2%。

2-芳基-5-巯基-1,3,4-三唑衍生物的合成

报道了７种双（２－芳基－１，３，４－三唑－５－基）二硫化物（２ａ～２ｇ）和５种１－乙基－２－芳基－１，３，４－三唑－５－乙硫醚的合成，。化合物结构经元素分析、红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱及质谱确证。生物活性测定结果表明，２ｂ和３ｂ具有较强的抗菌活性。

乙酸乙酯-1,2-丙二醇二元系的密度、折射率和黏度

常压下测定了乙酸乙酯和1,2-丙二醇二元系在298.15~323.15 K下的密度、折射率和黏度,建立了混合液密度、黏度随组成和温度变化关系的方程。计算了过量摩尔体积VE,折射率偏差ΔnD,黏度偏差Δη和过量流动活化自由能ΔG＊E。结果表明,过量摩尔体积低温时在全浓度范围内为负值,但随温度升高,在富酯区变为正值;而折射率偏差高温时在富醇区为微小正值,其他情况都是负值;黏度偏差和过量流动活化自由能显示了相同的变化关系,均为负值,且都随温度降低而偏差增大。

4,4,4-三硝基丁酸-2-叠氮基-1-叠氮甲基乙酯的合成、表征和热性能

以4,6-二羟基嘧啶为原料,经过硝化-水解、加成得到4,4,4-三硝基丁酸(TNB),以1,3-二氯丙醇为原料,经叠氮化制备得到1,3-二叠氮基-2-丙醇(DAG),而后TNB和DAG经酯化反应制备得到新型含能增塑剂4,4,4-三硝基丁酸-2-叠氮基-1-叠氮甲基乙酯(DPTB)。通过红外、核磁、元素分析对DPTB的结构进行了表征。合成中,用二环己基碳二亚胺(DCC)和二甲氨基吡啶对甲苯磺酸盐(DPTS)催化酯化法代替传统方法,考察了物料比、反应温度、反应时间和溶剂用量对酯化反应的影响。用热重(TG)和差示扫描量热(DSC)法研究了DPTB的热分解性能。结果表明,DCC/DPTS催化酯化法代替传统方法,使DPTB的酯化收率由17.9%提高到44.9%。在215℃和230℃,DPTB的DSC曲线有两个分解放热峰。它的TG曲线可分为两个阶段:第一阶段,从147℃到220℃,伴随76.68%的质量损失,第二阶段,从220℃到351℃,伴随15.23%的质量损失,从分解反应开始到结束的总质量损失为91.19%。

香料2-甲基-2-乙基-1,3-二硫杂环己烷的合成

以丁酮和1,3-丙二硫醇为原料,采用TiSiW12O40/TiO2作催化剂,合成了一种新型香料化合物2-甲基-2-乙基-1,3-二硫杂环己烷,并用元素分析、IR、1HNMR对其结构进行了表征。采用正交试验研究了影响目标化合物产率的主要因素,得到了优化反应条件:n(丁酮)∶n(1,3-丙二硫醇)=1.1∶1.0,m(催化剂)∶m(1,3-丙二硫醇)=0.04∶1,不需要带水剂,反应3 h,目标产物的收率为87.6%。催化剂无需处理可直接重复使用8次以上。

长春西汀中间体-1-(2',2'-二羧乙酯乙基)-1-乙基-1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12b-八氢吲哚(2,3-a)喹嗪的合成

提出了一条以Wenkert's烯胺和二甲羧乙酯基乙烯为原料合成长春西汀的关键中间体-1-(2',2'-二羧乙酯乙基)-1-乙基-1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12b-八氢吲(2,3-a)喹嗪的新路线。对新工艺条件进行了优化,反应温度85℃,反应时间7h、催化剂用量5.1%,此优化条件下中间体收率达到85.5%。利用红外光谱、质谱和核磁共振确定了中间体的结构。

2-(1-羟基)乙基二氢卟吩f及其醚衍生物对小鼠肉瘤180移植瘤的光化学治疗作用

目的 探讨 2 (1 羟基 )乙基二氢卟吩f(3a)及其醚衍生物 (4b、4c、4d)对小鼠肉瘤 180移植瘤的光化学治疗作用。方法 雄性小鼠前胸皮下接种肉瘤 180 ,待肿瘤生长至直径为 6～ 8mm时 ,按体重和瘤径随机分成 6组 ,每组 8～ 10只。实验小鼠尾静脉注射给药 (3a、4b、4c和HpD组剂量均为 5mg kg,4d组为 2 5mg kg) 15min后用溴化亚铜蒸气 染料激光 (6 30nm)垂直照射瘤区 2 0min ,功率密度 15 0mW cm2 ,光斑直径 1 5cm ,能量密度 180J cm2 ,光照后肿瘤完全消失 ,并在 30天内不复发作为治愈。结果 3a、4b、4c、4d及HpD组的治愈小鼠数与实验小鼠数的比率分别为 0 10 ,6 8,8 9,10 10 ,2 10。 4b、4c、4d对小鼠肉瘤 180移植瘤的光化学治疗效果均优于参比药物血卟啉衍生物 (HpD) ,其中 ,又以 4d的疗效最强 ;而 3a无效。结论 2 (1 羟基 )乙基二氢卟吩f醚衍生物对小鼠肉瘤 180移植瘤的光化学治疗效果 ,随醚链增长而增强 ,这对我们今后进一步的构效关系研究具有重要的意义。

乙二醇促进制备高分散的Co/SiO_2催化剂及其催化乳酸乙酯转化为1,2-丙二醇的气相加氢活性（英文）

研究了利用乙二醇共浸渍方法制备高分散的二氧化硅负载钴催化剂,该催化剂有效地提高了乳酸乙酯的气相加氢反应活性。系统地考察了钴金属负载量、乙二醇与硝酸钴摩尔比、醇种类和焙烧温度等制备参数对四氧化三钴纳米粒子物性的影响。乙二醇与硝酸钴摩尔比和醇种类对二氧化硅负载的四氧化三钴纳米粒子大小有显著影响。与常规的浸渍方法相比较,共浸渍过程中的乙二醇增强了二价钴粒子和载体二氧化硅之间的相互作用力,从而引起金属钴分散度的提高以及四氧化三钴纳米粒子粒径从16 nm降到5 nm以下;金属钴的高分散与无定型硅酸钴的形成密切相关;同时显著地提高了乳酸乙酯的加氢活性,在反应条件下(2.5MPa、160°C和10%(w,质量分数)Co/SiO_2)乳酸乙酯的转化率从69.5%提高到98.6%,1,2-丙二醇的选择性达到98.0%。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、N_2吸脱附实验、H_2程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)等表征手段对共浸渍制备的Co/SiO_2催化剂结构和形貌进行了表征分析。

1-羟乙基-2-苯并咪唑氨基甲酸甲酯和1-乙基(2’一丙烯酸酯-1’-基)-2-苯并咪唑氨基甲酸甲酯的合成及用薄层一紫外分光光度法测定其含量

１－乙基（２’－丙烯酸酯－１’－基）－２－苯并咪唑氨基甲酸甲酯是合成多菌灵高 分子化学型缓释剂的重要单体。本文报道了１－乙基（２’－丙烯酸酯－１’－基）－２－苯并 咪唑氨基甲酸甲酯及其制备过程中的中间体－１－羟乙基－２－苯并咪唑氨基甲酸甲酯的 合成和分析方法。

1-取代-2-烷基-4-氯-1,6-二氢-6-甲基-5-嘧啶甲酸乙酯类化合物的合成及其降压活性

为寻找新的高效的非肽类血管紧张素 ( A )受体拮抗剂 ,以 losartan为先导 ,根据其 SAR,结合计算机辅助分子结构模拟研究结果 ,设计并合成了 8个 1-取代 - 2 -烷基 - 4-氯 - 1,6-二氢 - 6-甲基 - 5-嘧啶甲酸乙酯类衍生物。所有目标化合物均未见文献报道 ,其结构经 IR、1HNMR和 MS鉴定。初步药理研究表明 ,化合物