Proppant transport in rough fracture networks using supercritical CO_(2)

Proppant transport within fractures is one of the most critical tasks in oil,gas and geothermal reservoir stimulation,as it largely determines the ultimate performance of the operating well.Proppant transport in rough fracture networks is still a relatively new area of research and the associated transport mechanisms are still unclear.In this study,representative parameters of rough fracture surfaces formed by supercritical CO_(2) fracturing were used to generate a rough fracture network model based on a spectral synthesis method.Computational fluid dynamics(CFD)coupled with the discrete element method(DEM)was used to study proppant transport in this rough fracture network.To reveal the turning transport mechanism of proppants into branching fractures at the intersections of rough fracture networks,a comparison was made with the behavior within smooth fracture networks,and the effect of key pumping parameters on the proppant placement in a secondary fracture was analyzed.The results show that the transport behavior of proppant in rough fracture networks is very different from that of the one in the smooth fracture networks.The turning transport mechanisms of proppant into secondary fractures in rough fracture networks are gravity-driven sliding,high velocity fluid suspension,and fracture structure induction.Under the same injection conditions,supercritical CO_(2)with high flow Reynolds number still has a weaker ability to transport proppant into secondary fractures than water.Thickening of the supercritical CO_(2)needs to be increased beyond a certain value to have a significant effect on proppant carrying,and under the temperature and pressure conditions of this paper,it needs to be increased more than 20 times(about 0.94 m Pa s).Increasing the injection velocity and decreasing the proppant concentration facilitates the entry of proppant into the branching fractures,which in turn results in a larger stimulated reservoir volume.The results help to understand the proppant transport and placement process in rough fracture networks formed by reservoir stimulation,and provide a theoretical reference for the optimization of proppant pumping parameters in hydraulic fracturing.

基于三维点云计算的CO_(2)-水-岩反应程度量化表征方法

CO_(2)地质封存是减少大气中CO_(2)排放,降低温室效应的重要途径,CO_(2)注入含水地层中时,CO_(2)-水-岩反应可能引起岩石矿物的侵蚀,对CO_(2)地质封存安全性产生显著影响。在室内实验中,通过表征岩石表面的形貌特征可以有效地评估CO_(2)-水-岩反应程度,为CO_(2)地质封存的安全性评估提供科学依据。通过三维点云计算可以精确量化地表征CO_(2)-水-岩反应程度,这种方法首先运用三维激光扫描技术,构建岩石表面的三维模型,确定CO_(2)-水处理前岩石表面三维模型的基准面,并基于处理前的均方根粗糙度确定处理后岩石表面三维模型的基准面。基于三维模型点云信息,提出了两种不同的体积计算新方法,并通过对规则模型体积的计算比较了两种计算方法的准确性与适用性,可根据实际情况选择两种计算方法量化表征CO_(2)-水处理前后岩石表面的侵蚀体积。最后,以陕西省咸阳市某煤矿煤样为例,开展了CO_(2)-水-岩反应模拟试验,验证了计算的可行性。试验结果表明:该文提出的侵蚀体积计算方法可有效地量化表征CO_(2)-水-岩反应程度,CO_(2)-水处理后岩石表面不同区域的侵蚀差异性明显,岩石表面的侵蚀体积与均方根粗糙度之间存在显著的正比关系,随着均方根粗糙度的增大,侵蚀体积也相应上升。

CeO_(2)/PTFE涂层微粗糙结构的构筑及其超疏水性能

采用熔盐法制备呈八面体状、粒径尺寸分布在300~500 nm的CeO_(2)颗粒,借助喷涂法制备CeO_(2)/PTFE涂层,目的是通过CeO_(2)颗粒的加入填充或者嵌入在PTFE的网络结构上,以此构筑CeO_(2)/PTFE涂层微粗糙结构提高其疏水性能.探讨不同的CeO_(2)颗粒含量在不同硬度铝基底上(Al 3003和Al 3004)对CeO_(2)/PTFE涂层疏水性能的影响,进而从“CeO_(2)颗粒的显微结构”和“微粗糙结构的构筑”两个方面阐明CeO_(2)/PTFE涂层的超疏水机理.结果表明:当CeO_(2)颗粒含量为0.5 wt%时,从SEM图中看出CeO_(2)/PTFE涂层的表面出现大量突起且呈现密集均匀排布即构筑出“单层连续网络结构”;CeO_(2)颗粒嵌入PTFE涂层的网络结构中CeO_(2)/PTFE涂层疏水性能最佳,从润湿性分析得到在Al 3003和Al 3004接触角分别为154.7°和153.3°.当CeO_(2)颗粒含量小于0.5 wt%时,构筑涂层表面呈现“孤岛状结构”;大于0.5 wt%时,构筑涂层表面呈现“多层不连续网络结构”.

CO_(2)液滴在粗糙固体壁面上的润湿特性

CO_(2)在粗糙固体壁面上的润湿行为对CO_(2)冷凝捕集技术具有重要意义。采用分子动力学方法探究微结构、势能及温度对CO_(2)液滴润湿的影响。结果表明:相较于平板壁面,微结构壁面提高了CO_(2)液滴的接触角;在微结构壁面上势能参数影响CO_(2)液滴的润湿状态,在栏栅结构壁面上CO_(2)液滴从Cassie-Baxter状态转向Wenzel状态,而在三角和斜坡结构壁面上CO_(2)液滴均保持Wenzel状态,3种壁面上CO_(2)液滴的接触角均随势能参数的增大而减小;此外随着体系温度升高,CO_(2)分子克服界面能垒由液相转向气相,使得液滴尺寸变小,液滴的接触角稍有减小。

基于SF_(6)/Ar的电感耦合等离子体干法刻蚀β-Ga_(2)O_(3)薄膜

使用SF_(6)/Ar混合气体作为刻蚀气体,采用电感耦合等离子体(ICP)刻蚀方法,研究了不同激励功率和偏置功率对Ga_(2)O_(3)薄膜刻蚀速率的影响以及不同刻蚀时间对表面粗糙度的影响,并观察了光刻胶的损伤情况以调整刻蚀工艺参数。实验结果表明,适度地增大激励功率和偏置功率可以提高刻蚀速率;合适的刻蚀时间可以在得到低粗糙度表面的同时不会过度损伤光刻胶掩膜。通过优化工艺参数,在激励功率为600 W、偏置功率为150 W、刻蚀时间为17 min下,可得到30 nm/min的Ga_(2)O_(3)薄膜刻蚀速率,刻蚀表面的垂直度高、粗糙度低,同时光刻胶掩膜形貌完好。

An ensemble learning method to retrieve sea ice roughness from Sentinel-1 SAR images

Sea ice surface roughness(SIR)affects the energy transfer between the atmosphere and the ocean,and it is also an important indicator for sea ice characteristics.To obtain a small-scale SIR with high spatial resolution,a novel method is proposed to retrieve SIR from Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar(SAR)images,utilizing an ensemble learning method.Firstly,the two-dimensional continuous wavelet transform is applied to obtain the spatial information of sea ice,including the scale and direction of ice patterns.Secondly,a model is developed using the Adaboost Regression model to establish a relationship among SIR,radar backscatter and the spatial information of sea ice.The proposed method is validated by using the SIR retrieved from SAR images and comparing it to the measurements obtained by the Airborne Topographic Mapper(ATM)in the summer Beaufort Sea.The determination of coefficient,mean absolute error,root-mean-square error and mean absolute percentage error of the testing data are 0.91,1.71 cm,2.82 cm,and 36.37%,respectively,which are reasonable.Moreover,K-fold cross-validation and learning curves are analyzed,which also demonstrate the method’s applicability in retrieving SIR from SAR images.

“K_(2)O-Na_(2)O-CaO-BaO-SrO”复合熔剂熔融特性及对陶瓷岩板釉面性能的影响

以“BaO-Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)”三元系统相图为基础,选取烧氧化锌、碳酸钡、超细石英和S17#高锶熔块为变量原料,采用正交试验方法系统研制出复合溶剂型亚光釉料并制备出相应的釉饰陶瓷岩板产品;借助灰熔点测定了复合溶剂釉的熔融温度范围,采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和原子力显微镜等研究了釉面的组成,结构和表面平整度;研究结果表明:当釉料配方中烧氧化锌为5%、碳酸钡为6%、超细石英为3%和S17#熔块为45%时,其所制备出对应的产品釉层可在1169~1185℃烧成温度范围内出现不同形状的(K,Na,Sr,Ba)Al_(x)Si_(x)O_(8)长石晶体,从而产生了漫反射,达到釉面的亚光效果;其釉层表面粗糙度Ra为0.91μm、Rz为8.12μm,轮廓显微形貌相对比较完整且平缓,有利于提升陶瓷岩板产品釉面的细腻平滑、易清洁性能。

基于PECVD的SiO_(2)薄膜制备研究进展

二氧化硅(SiO_(2))薄膜因其卓越的光学性能,在半导体器件、集成电路、光学涂层等领域具有巨大的应用潜力。然而,SiO_(2)薄膜制备过程中面临表面粗糙度、杂质控制和致密性等问题。为解决这些问题,研究者们通过工艺改进和表面修饰等手段来提高SiO_(2)薄膜的性能。在众多SiO_(2)薄膜制备技术中,等离子体增强化学气相沉积(Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition,PECVD)技术由于沉积SiO_(2)薄膜所需温度低、原位生长等优势,成为制备SiO_(2)薄膜最常用的方法。综述了用PECVD技术制备SiO_(2)薄膜的发展历程,并探讨了关键工艺参数和后处理工艺对薄膜质量的影响。对PECVD技术的深入研究,有助于实现对SiO_(2)薄膜生长的更精准控制,进一步拓展其广泛的应用前景。

轴承表面 Al_(2)O_(3) 基陶瓷绝缘涂层的粗糙度预测

为了提升轴承表面Al_(2)O_(3)基陶瓷绝缘涂层的粗糙度预测精度,提出基于光谱共焦原理的砂轮表面测量及磨粒特征参数量化方法,以砂轮表面的磨粒特征参数K,砂轮线速度vs,工件进给速度f,切削深度ap及法向磨削力F为输入参数,建立能够直接反映砂轮表面时变状态的工件表面粗糙度BP神经网络预测模型,并通过已知磨削样本及砂轮磨损后的4组未知样本对网络预测模型性能进行验证。结果表明:已知样本的BP网络模型粗糙度预测结果与实际结果的规律及数值较为一致,其网络输出误差均<±0.04μm;4组未知样本的网络预测精度下降,但其相对误差最大值的绝对值不超过20.00%。建立的包含砂轮表面磨粒特征参数的神经网络预测模型,可以适应砂轮磨粒磨损时变状态下的轴承表面Al_(2)O_(3)基陶瓷绝缘涂层的粗糙度预测,且其对未知样本具有一定的泛化能力。

金刚石工具加工SiO_(2)f/SiO_(2)复合材料的可行性研究

针对石英纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料(SiO_(2)f/SiO_(2))制造的薄壁壳体零件加工过程中存在加工效率低、切削力较大易导致零件破裂和加工表面粗糙度不易达到要求等问题,为寻求零件可行的加工刀具和工艺参数,在阐述微刃切削原理基础上,用其研制的整体多刃PCD刀具和电镀金刚石磨头,开展金刚石工具加工SiO_(2)f/SiO_(2)复合材料的可行性研究。结果表明:采用基于微刃切削原理设计的整体多刃PCD刀具加工SiO_(2)f/SiO_(2),因刀具锋利和多刃特点可以实现较大的切深并获得较大的切削效率,但是切削力相对较大;相比于整体多刃PCD刀具,电镀金刚石磨头加工SiO_(2)f/SiO_(2)时切削力较小,加工后工件表面质量较好,且其表面粗糙度较低.

La_(2)O_(3)刻蚀对金刚石单晶性能的影响

以氮气为保护气氛,在820~980℃下用La_(2)O_(3)刻蚀人造金刚石单晶表面,研究稀土氧化物La_(2)O_(3)刻蚀对人造金刚石单晶性能的影响。利用扫描电子显微镜观测刻蚀后金刚石单晶不同晶面的表面形貌,通过人造金刚石单晶表面粗糙度、单颗粒抗压强度、抗冲击韧性和铜基结合剂金刚石节块抗弯强度来表征刻蚀前后金刚石单晶性能的变化。结果表明:La_(2)O_(3)对金刚石{100}面和{111}面的刻蚀是各向异性的;当刻蚀温度从820℃升高到980℃时,{100}面表面粗糙度从0.40μm增加至2.28μm,{111}面表面粗糙度从0.70μm增加到3.32μm,金刚石单颗粒的抗压强度由未刻蚀金刚石的576 N降低到最小530 N,冲击韧性由92.94%下降到89.21%。当金刚石体积分数为5%时,刻蚀后金刚石节块的抗弯强度增幅达到17.9%。

Solution of scattering from rough surface with a 2D target above it by a hybrid method based on the reciprocity theorem and the forward-backward method

This paper proposes a hybrid method based on the forward-backward method （FBM） and the reciprocity theorem （RT） for evaluating the scattering field from dielectric rough surface with a 2D target above it. Here, the equivalent electric/magnetic current densities on the rough surface as well as the scattering field from it are numerically calculated by FBM, and the scattered field from the isolated target is obtained utilizing the method of moments （MOM）. Meanwhile, the rescattered coupling interactions between the target and the surface are evaluated employing the combination of FBM and RT. Our hybrid method is first validated by available MOM results. Then, the functional dependences of bistatic and monostatic scattering from the target above rough surface upon the target altitude, incident and scattering angles are numerically simulated and discussed. This study presents a numerical description for the scattering mechanism associated with rescattered coupling interactions between a target and an underlying randomly rough surface.

Fractal characteristics investigation on electromagnetic scattering from 2-D Weierstrass fractal dielectric rough surface

A normalized two-dimensional band-limited Weierstrass fractal function is used for modelling the dielectric rough surface. An analytic solution of the scattered field is derived based on the Kirchhoff approximation. The variance of scattering intensity is presented to study the fractal characteristics through theoretical analysis and numerical calculations. The important conclusion is obtained that the diffracted envelope slopes of scattering pattern can be approximated as a slope of linear equation. This conclusion will be applicable for solving the inverse problem of reconstructing rough surface and remote sensing.

Surface characteristics analysis of fractures induced by supercritical CO_(2)and water through three-dimensional scanning and scanning electron micrography

Morphology of hydraulic fracture surface has significant effects on oil and gas flow,proppant migration and fracture closure,which plays an important role in oil and gas fracturing stimulation.In this paper,we analyzed the fracture surface characteristics induced by supercritical carbon dioxide(SC-CO_(2))and water in open-hole and perforation completion conditions under triaxial stresses.A simple calculation method was proposed to quantitatively analyze the fracture surface area and roughness in macro-level based on three-dimensional(3D)scanning data.In micro-level,scanning electron micrograph(SEM)was used to analyze the features of fracture surface.The results showed that the surface area of the induced fracture increases with perforation angle for both SC-CO_(2)and water fracturing,and the surface area of SC-CO_(2)-induced fracture is 6.49%e58.57%larger than that of water-induced fracture.The fractal dimension and surface roughness of water-induced fractures increase with the increase in perforation angle,while those of SC-CO_(2)-induced fractures decrease with the increasing perforation angle.A considerable number of microcracks and particle peeling pits can be observed on SC-CO_(2)-induced fracture surface while there are more flat particle surfaces in water-induced fracture surface through SEM images,indicating that fractures tend to propagate along the boundary of the particle for SC-CO_(2)fracturing while water-induced fractures prefer to cut through particles.These findings are of great significance for analyzing fracture mechanism and evaluating fracturing stimulation performance.

斜切角对β-Ga_(2)O_(3)(100)面衬底加工的影响研究

本文研究了斜切角的引入对β-Ga_(2)O_(3)(100)面衬底加工的影响,分析了斜切角分别为0°、1°、6°时,(100)面衬底在加工过程中的形貌变化及不同抛光参数对衬底抛光的影响。实验结果表明,随着斜切角的增大,(100)面衬底在加工过程中的解理损伤问题得以改善,加工后表面粗糙度降低,材料去除方式出现了脆性去除-脆塑性混合去除-塑性去除的转变。较小的抛光压力可以有效减少解理损伤,改善表面质量。斜切角为6°时的(100)面衬底抛光效率高,抛光后表面粗糙度可达到Ra≤0.2 nm。

2-Tuple and Rough Set Based Reduction Model for Multi-sensory Evaluation Indicators

In order to lessen adverse influences of excessive evaluative indicators of the initial set in multi-sensory evaluation,a2-tuple and rough set based reduction model is built to simplify the initial set of evaluative indicators. In the model,a great variety of descriptive forms of the multi-sensory evaluation are also taken into consideration. As a result,the method proves effective in reducing redundant indexes and minimizing index overlaps without compromising the integrity of the evaluation system. By applying the model in a multi-sensory evaluation involving community public information service facilities,the research shows that the results are satisfactory when using genetic algorithm optimized BP neural network as a calculation tool. It shows that using the reduced and simplified set of indicators has a better predication performance than the initial set,and 2-tuple and rough set based model offers an efficient way to reduce indicator redundancy and improves prediction capability of the evaluation model.

4-component 2-D CFDFD method in analysis of lossy circular waveguide with fractal rough surface

In this paper, equivalent surface impedance boundary condition （ESIBC）, which takes fractal parameters （D, G） into SIBC, is implemented in the 4-component 2-D compact finite difference frequency domain （2-D CFDFD） method to an- alyze the propagation characteristics of lossy circular waveguide with fractal rough surface based on Weierstrass-Mandelbrot （W-M） function. Fractal parameters’ effects on attenuation constant are presented in the 3 mm lossy circular waveguide, and the attenuation constants of the first three modes vary monotonically with scaling constant （G） and decrease as the fractal dimension （D） increasing.

Fabrication of low-loss SiO2/Si channel waveguides by roughness reduction

An experimental study of the dependence of SiO2 waveguide side wall roughness on the etch condi- tions and etch masks in CHF3/O2 based reactive ion etching plasma was reported. When working under standard low-pressure （20mtorr） etching conditions, a novel etch roughening phenomenon has been observed in the plasma, that is, the roughness of the etched front surface increases with the amount of material etched, independent of etch rate, RF power, and gas composition. Besides, the etched underlying side wall will be tapered as the upper SU-8 resist pattern degradation transfers downward. A process using double-layered mask, consisting of SU-8 resist and thin Chromium film, was developed for improving the side wall smoothness. Based on the studies, SiO2/Si channel waveguides with the propagation loss less than 0. 07dB/cm were fabricated at last.

Experimentation on Tool Wear and Surface Roughness in AISI D2 Steel Turning with WC Insert

The Taguchi method, based on an orthogonal arrangement (L9, 33), the vari-ance analysis, the signal-to-noise ratios and the response surface methodol-ogy have been used to optimize maximum flank wear (VBmax) and surface roughness (Ra) of the cutting tool when turning a hardened steel AISI D2 (65 HRC) with PVD—TiAlN coated WC insert upon dry environment. By em-ploying regression models;cutting speed, cutting depth and feed rate, which optimize maximum flank wear and surface roughness were validated. Results of relation signal-to-noise ratios, showed that with cutting speed of 200 m/min, cutting depth of 0.2 mm and feed rate of 0.20 mm/rev, Ra is opti-mized. With cutting speed of 150 m/min, cutting depth of 0.4 mm and feed rate of 0.3 mm/rev, VBmax is optimized. Through the variance analysis it was concluded that the depth of cut was the main parameter that affected on the surface roughness;whereas, the feed rate was the most influential parameter on the flank wear. Confirmation test results showed that the Taguchi method was very successful in the optimization of machining parameters for mini-mum surface roughness and flank wear in the turning of the D2 steel.

ZnO对2219铝合金在氢氧化钠溶液中化铣行为的影响

针对高含铜铝合金化铣后粗糙度大的问题,本文以2219铝合金为研究对象,通过电化学测试、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、能谱仪(EDS)以及微观形貌测试等研究了2219铝合金在氢氧化钠溶液中的溶解行为,并探讨了2219铝合金化铣后表面粗糙度的控制机理,以此来寻找合适的添加剂,达到降低化铣后表面粗糙度的效果。结果表明:2219铝合金在氢氧化钠溶液溶解时,由于富铜相和富铝相电极电位的差异造成了两者之间溶解速率的差异,使得溶解较慢的富铜相(Al_(2)Cu)裸露形成凸起或者脱落形成凹坑,造成表面粗糙度增大。此外,ZnO的加入可以使锌沉积在富铝相表面,抑制富铝相的溶解,促进富铜相和富铝相的溶解速率相互接近。实验结果也验证了ZnO的加入确实降低了化铣后试样表面的粗糙度,粗糙度可低至3.8μm。