Contribution to the Full 3D Finite Element Modelling of a Hybrid Stepping Motor with and without Current in the Coils

The paper presents our contribution to the full 3D finite element modelling of a hybrid stepping motor using COMSOL Multiphysics software. This type of four-phase motor has a permanent magnet interposed between the two identical and coaxial half stators. The calculation of the field with or without current in the windings (respectively with or without permanent magnet) is done using a mixed formulation with strong coupling. In addition, the local high saturation of the ferromagnetic material and the radial and axial components of the magnetic flux are taken into account. The results obtained make it possible to clearly observe, as a function of the intensity of the bus current or the remanent induction, the saturation zones, the lines, the orientations and the magnetic flux densities. 3D finite element modelling provide more accurate numerical data on the magnetic field through multiphysics analysis. This analysis considers the actual operating conditions and leads to the design of an optimized machine structure, with or without current in the windings and/or permanent magnet.

Analysis of ground vibrations due to underground trains by 2.5D finite/infinite element approach

The 2.5D finite/infinite element approach is adopted to study wave propagation problems caused by underground moving trains. The irregularities of the near field, including the tunnel structure and parts of the soil, are modeled by the finite elements, and the wave propagation properties of the far field extending to infinity are modeled by the infinite elements. One particular feature of the 2.5D approach is that it enables the computation of the three-dimensional response of the half-space, taking into account the load-moving effect, using only a two-dimensional profile. Although the 2.5D finite/infinite element approach shows a great advantage in studying the wave propagation caused by moving trains, attention should be given to the calculation aspects, such as the rules for mesh establishment, in order to avoid producing inaccurate or erroneous results. In this paper, some essential points for consideration in analysis are highlighted, along with techniques to enhance the speed of the calculations. All these observations should prove useful in making the 2.5D finite/infinite element approach an effective one.

Numerical simulation of high-speed train induced ground vibrations using 2.5D finite element approach

An efficient 2.5D finite element numerical modeling approach was developed to simulate wave motions generated in ground by high-speed train passages. Fourier transform with respect to the coordinate in the track direction was applied to re-ducing the three-dimensional dynamic problem to a plane strain problem which has been solved in a section perpendicular to the track direction. In this study, the track structure and supporting ballast layer were simplified as a composite Euler beam resting on the ground surface, while the ground with complicated geometry and physical properties was modeled by 2.5D quadrilateral elements. Wave dissipation into the far field was dealt with the transmitting boundary constructed with fre-quency-dependent dashpots. Three-dimensional responses of track structure and ground were obtained from the wavenumber expansion in the track direction. The simulated wave motions in ground were interpreted for train moving loads traveling at speeds below or above the critical velocity of a specific track-ground system. It is found that, in the soft ground area, the high-speed train operations can enter the transonic range, which can lead to resonances of the track structure and the sup-porting ground. The strong vibration will endanger the safe operations of high-speed train and accelerate the deterioration of railway structure.

3-D finite element modeling for evolution of stress field and interaction among strong earthquakes in Sichuan-Yunnan region

Based on the latest achievement about activities of geological structure, a 3-D finite-element model containing four layers of upper crust, lower crust (two layers) and upper mantle is established in the paper. By repeated tests and revisions, the boundary conditions of the model are determined. And then the background stress field, the stress field caused by fault creep and the stress field triggered by strong earthquake in Sichuan-Yunnan region, as well as their dynamic variations are calculated. The results indicate that the latter earthquake often occurs in the area with positive Coulomb rupture stress change associated with the former one, the former earthquake has a triggering effect on the latter one to a certain extent, and strong earthquake often occur in groups under the background of high stress, which is of great significance for distinguishing seismic anomalies, as well as for improving the level of earthquake prediction.

Propagations of Rayleigh and Love waves in ZnO films/glass substrates analyzed by three-dimensional finite element method

Propagation characteristics of surface acoustic waves（SAWs） in ZnO films/glass substrates are theoretically investigated by the three-dimensional（3D） finite element method. At first, for（11ˉ20） ZnO films/glass substrates, the simulation results confirm that the Rayleigh waves along the [0001] direction and Love waves along the [1ˉ100] direction are successfully excited in the multilayered structures. Next, the crystal orientations of the ZnO films are rotated, and the influences of ZnO films with different crystal orientations on SAW characterizations, including the phase velocity, electromechanical coupling coefficient, and temperature coefficient of frequency, are investigated. The results show that at appropriate h/λ, Rayleigh wave has a maximum k^2 of 2.4% in（90°, 56.5°, 0°） ZnO film/glass substrate structure; Love wave has a maximum k^2 of 3.81% in（56°, 90°, 0°） ZnO film/glass substrate structure. Meantime, for Rayleigh wave and Love wave devices, zero temperature coefficient of frequency（TCF） can be achieved at appropriate ratio of film thickness to SAW wavelength. These results show that SAW devices with higher k^2 or lower TCF can be fabricated by flexibly selecting the crystal orientations of ZnO films on glass substrates.

Finite Element Simulation of Flexible Roll Forming with Supplemented Material Data and the Experimental Verification

Flexible roll forming is a promising manufacturing method for the production of variable cross section products. Considering the large plastic strain in this forming process which is much larger than that of uniform deformation phase of uniaxial tensile test, the widely adopted method of simulating the forming processes with non-supplemented material data from uniaxial tensile test will certainly lead to large error. To reduce this error, the material data is supplemented based on three constitutive models. Then a finite element model of a six passes flexible roll forming process is established based on the supplemented material data and the original material data from the uniaxial tensile test. The flexible roll forming experiment of a B pillar reinforcing plate is carried out to verify the proposed method. Final cross section shapes of the experimental and the simulated results are compared. It is shown that the simulation calculated with supplemented material data based on Swift model agrees well with the experimental results, while the simulation based on original material data could not predict the actual deformation accurately. The results indicate that this material supplement method is reliable and indispensible, and the simulation model can well reflect the real metal forming process. Detailed analysis of the distribution and history of plastic strain at different positions are performed. A new material data supplement method is proposed to tackle the problem which is ignored in other roll forming simulations, and thus the forming process simulation accuracy can be greatly improved.

A multiscale 3D finite element analysis of fluid/solute transport in mechanically loaded bone

The transport of fluid, nutrients, and signaling molecules in the bone lacunar-canalicular system （LCS） is critical for osteocyte survival and function. We have applied the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching （FRAP） approach to quantify load-induced fluid and solute transport in the LCS in situ, but the measurements were limited to cortical regions 30-50 μm underneath the periosteum due to the constrains of laser penetration. With this work, we aimed to expand our understanding of load-induced fluid and solute transport in both trabecular and cortical bone using a multiscaled image-based finite element analysis （FEA） approach. An intact murine tibia was first re-constructed from microCT images into a three-dimensional （3D） linear elastic FEA model, and the matrix deformations at various locations were calculated under axial loading. A segment of the above 3D model was then imported to the biphasic poroelasticity analysis platform （FEBio） to predict load-induced fluid pressure fields, and interstitial solute/fluid flows through LCS in both cortical and trabecular regions. Further, secondary flow effects such as the shear stress and/or drag force acting on osteocytes, the presumed mechano-sensors in bone, were derived using the previously developed ultrastructural model of Brinkman flow in the canaliculi. The material properties assumed in the FEA models were validated against previously obtained strain and FRAP transport data measured on the cortical cortex. Our results demonstrated the feasibility of this computational approach in estimating the fluid flux in the LCS and the cellular stimulation forces （shear and drag forces） for osteocytes in any cortical and trabecular bone locations, allowing further studies of how the activation of osteocytes correlates with in vivo functional bone formation. The study provides a promising platform to reveal potential cellular mechanisms underlying the anabolic power of exercises and physical activities in treating patients with skeletal deficiencies.

A New Finite Element Model with Manufactured Error for Additive Manufacturing

Additive manufacturing(AM),adding materials layer by layer,can be used to produce objects of almost any shape or geometry.However,AM techniques cannot accurately build parts with large overhangs,especially for the large features close to horizontal,hanging over the void.The overhangs will make the manufactured model deviate from the design model,which will result in the performance of the manufactured model that cannot satisfy the design requirements.In this paper,we will propose a new finite element(FE)analysis model that includes the manufacturing errors by mimicking the AM layer by layer construction process.In such FE model,an overhang coefficient is introduced to each FE,which is defined by the support elements in the lower layer.By mimicking the AM process from the bottom layer to the top layer,all the FE properties are updated based on their overhang coefficients,which makes the computational model be able to predict the manufactured model with manufacturing errors.The proposed model can be used to predict the performance of the AM objects in the design stage,which will help the designers to improve their design by the simulation results.

OPTIMIZATION OF SHEET METAL FORMING PROCESSES USING FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATIONS

The paper focuses on the combination of the Finite Element simulation and optimization to improve process or product quality. Three different examples to illustrate the developed genetic approach are given. In all three examples is-DYNA3D is used to simulate the process and a general aptimiza- tion sensitivity based strategy is utilized to improve the design. The included examples are: 1) stretch bending of tubes, 2) bulging of tubes, and finally 3) hydromechanical deep drawing. these examples clearly illustrate the potential of systematic optimization in the area of metal processing.

STUDY ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL FINITE BODIES CONTAINING CRACKS USING THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD OF LINES

The three-dimensional finite element method of lines is presented, and the basic processing description of 3D FEMOL in cracking questions is given in detail. Applications to 3D bodies with cracks indicate that good accuracy can be obtained with relatively coarse girds. In particular, application to the tension specimen shows very good agreement with the evaluation of stress intensity factors, which is better than the results of other methods. This implies a considerable potential for using this method in the 3D analysis of finite geometry solids and suggests a possible extension of this technique to nonlinear material behavior.

3D Finite Elements Technique for Collapse Causes of the Pylons in Egyptian Temples: A Study of the Great Pylon of Ramesseum Temple, Luxor, Egypt

This research presents damage causes of the pylons in the ancient Egyptian temples based on 3D finite elements analysis. The main purpose of the research determines the failure causes of the first pylon of the Ramessium temple, which is situated in Upper Egypt, at Luxor “Thebes” on the west bank of the Nile River. The first pylon of Ramessium temple subjected to seismic activity effects on long term, combined with several structural damage factors such as the defects resulting from the construction technique, where the builder used the poor quality of stones in foundations of the pylon, the building materials residue was used as filler for the core of the pylon walls, and it lacked vertical joints between the courses. In addition to it founded on alluvial soil that is vulnerable to contaminated water, it is still suffering damage factors and urban trespasses at the moment. All of the former factors helped the pylon to be affected by the earthquakes loads that occurred on it. The structural behavior of the pylon under self-weight and earthquakes loads were carried out by Numerical analysis to find out the loads and stresses which caused collapsing of the pylon. Results of the study indicated that the pylon subjected to a horizontal displacement due to old earthquakes force, led to collapse of the pylon. Finally, the study represents use of modern technique to study the structural behavior of the most important architectural units in ancient Egyptian temples to identify the causes of its collapse.

Optimal Design Strategies of Femur Tumor Hyperthermia Based on Finite Element Analysis of Temperature Field

A 3D femoral model was built to obtain the three-dimensional temperature distribution of femur and its surrounding tissues and provide references for clinical applications. According to the relationship between gray-value and material properties,the model was assigned with various materials to make sure that it is more similar to the real femur in geometry and physical properties. 3D temperature distribution is obtained by using finite element analysis software ANSYS 11. 0 on the basis of heat conduction theory,Laplace equation,Pennes bio-heat transfer equation,thermo physical parameters of bone tissues,the boundary condition,and initial conditions. Taken the asymmetry of the 3D distribution of temperature into account,it is necessary to adopt the heating method with multiple heat sources. This method can ensure that the temperature fields match well with the tumor tissues and kill the tumor cells efficiently under the condition of protecting the normal tissues from damage. The analysis results supply important guidance for determining the needle position and the needle number and controlling the intensity of heating.

A study on Parallel Computation Based on Finite Element Forward Modeling of 2D Magnetotelluric

Magnetotelluric sounding method based on the difference of the rock’s resistivity is an exploration method about doing research in earth’s resistivity and phase using the native electromagnetic field. The paper adopts 2D finite element method as the magnetotelluric forward method and calculates the total field by primary field (also named background field) plus secondary field. We can?get more accurate forward result through the finite element method and we can get the result effected by the dense degree of grid slightly by the total field. But the method is not effective?enough when the model is divided into relative big grid. When the frequency changes, program solves relevant equation separately. According to the feature of the algorithm, we apply MPI parallel method in the algorithm. Every process solves relevant equation. The account of frequency?that a process needs to solve in parallel computation is less than the account that the process?needs to solve in serial algorithm. We can see that the forward result is the same with the serial algorithm and proves the correctness of algorithm. We do statistics about the efficiency of the parallel algorithm. When the account of processes is from 2 to 8, the speedup is from 1.63 to 2.64. It proves the effectiveness of the parallel algorithm.

3-D Finite-Element Numerical Simulation of Centrifugal Induction Electrosalg Casting Solidification Process

A 3-D finite-element numerical simulation model of temperature field for CIESC casting solidification process was developed with the aid of ANSYS software and a series of corresponding experiments were made. The results showed that the good agreement was obtained between the numerical simulation and the experiments. Based on the numerical simulation results, the characteristics of temperature distribution in the castings during CIESC solidification process were analyzed and summarized. According to the G/R-1/2 method and numerical simulation results, there is no any shrinkage defect in the CIESC casting and structure or casting is fine and compact.

3D Finite Element Analysis of a Man Hip Joint Femur under Impact Loads

Objective: The biomechanical characters of the bone fracture of the man femoral hip joint under impact loads are explored. Methods:A biosystem model of the man femoral hip joint by using the GE (General Electric) lightspeed multi-lay spiral CT is conducted. A 3D finite element model is established by employing the finite element software ANSYS. The FE analysis mainly concentrates on the effects of the impact directions arising from intense movements and the parenchyma on the femoral hip joint on the stress distributions of the proximal femur. Results:The parenchyma on the hip joint has relatively large relaxation effect on the impact loads. Conclusion:Effects of the angle δ of the impact load to the anterior direction and the angle γ of the impact load to the femur shaft on the bone fracture are given;δ has larger effect on the stress and strain distributions than the angle γ, which mainly represents the fracture of the upper femur including the femoral neck fracture when the posterolateral femur is impacted, consistent with the clinical results.

带式输送机不停机托辊更换车结构设计及特性分析

为提高煤矿带式输送机在更换损坏托辊时的维护效率,减小人工更换产生的安全风险,文中设计了一种可在带式输送机不停机状态下进行托辊更换的更换车。针对不停机更换托辊的工作要求,确定更换车的更换方案,并建立三维模型。采用D-H参数法建立更换车机械手的连杆坐标系,通过MATLAB软件机器人工具箱建立机械手模型,并用蒙特卡洛法确定机械手的工作空间,结果表明,其运动范围满足槽型托辊组3个托辊的更换。采用ADAMS软件对机械手拆卸和安装托辊过程进行仿真,得到损坏托辊和备用托辊的位移曲线,结合夹取结构的运动曲线和运行轨迹,结果表明,机械手的工作过程平稳流畅。采用ANSYS软件对更换车工作中关键受力部件支撑臂和支撑托辊架进行有限元分析,结果表明:两部件强度满足工作要求,保证更换车工作的可靠性。

降雨作用下抗滑桩与三维土工网垫植草护坡坡体的稳定分析

针对抗滑桩与三维土工网垫植草护坡在降雨作用下的稳定性问题,采用有限元强度折减法,利用ABAQUS建立抗滑桩与三维土工网垫植草护坡坡体的三维有限元模型,以坡底水平位移突变情况作为边坡失稳的判断标准,分别比较了不同工况下护坡安全系数随降雨时长的变化规律,以及降雨作用下抗滑桩桩位、桩长对抗滑桩与三维土工网垫植草护坡坡体的稳定性影响,并与未考虑降雨时的影响规律进行对比。结果表明:降雨时长对三维土工网垫植草工况的边坡稳定性影响较为明显;抗滑桩桩长对边坡稳定性影响较大,桩长宜取8 m;无降雨作用下将桩位置于坡中时边坡整体获得最大安全系数,降雨作用下将抗滑桩置于相对位置(L 0.4=4.8 m)时能够起到更好的抗滑效果;抗滑桩与三维土工网垫植草在降雨作用时加固护坡的效果比无降雨时更好,且优于原边坡。

基于非结构化网格的2.5D直流电阻率模拟

结合大型通用有限元软件ANSYS所提供的强大网格剖分功能，实现了2D地质模型的非结构化三角形网格剖分，并编写了2．5D直流电阻率有限元法FORTRAN语言计算程序。经计算对比表明，在节点数基本相同时，非结构化三角形网格比传统的矩形网格、矩形-三角形网格具有更高的计算精度，可以很好地拟合复杂地形和地质体边界。在此基础上，采用非结构化三角形网格，计算了起伏地形下2．5D地电模型的视电阻率异常，并利用比较法进行了地形改正。与水平地形时的结果对比表明，比较法可以较好地消除地形影响，突出局部地质体的异常。

高铁荷载下路堤和路堑段地面振动特性现场测试与数值分析

对巴黎-布鲁塞尔高速铁路地面振动开展现场测试,对比分析了高铁运行引起的路堤和路堑段地面振动特性以及传播衰减规律。基于2.5维有限元法基本原理,推导并建立了高铁荷载下路堤和路堑段2.5维有限元动力计算模型,详细讨论了路堤和路堑设计参数对地面振动特性的影响。结果表明:距轨道较近处的地面振动幅值主要受列车轴重影响,而距轨道较远处则由中间车相邻转向架轮对的叠加效应主导。高铁运行引起的路堤和路堑段地面振动随与轨道距离增加而减小,中高频成分振动的衰减速率显著大于其他频段。路堤和路堑段地面振动1阶主频主要由列车荷载的基频f_1主导,随车速提高逐渐向高频方向移动。路堤和路堑对地面振动的衰减规律有重要影响,路堤段地面振动随与轨道间距的衰减过程可分为两个阶段,而路堑段地面振动衰减过程则可分为三个阶段,且振动在堑顶处有较为明显的局部放大现象。当与路堤段轨道间距≥19.0 m(路堑段≥23.0 m)后,地面振动Z振级VL_Z均小于80.0 dB。同时,高铁荷载下地面振动随路堤高度或路堑深度的增加而减小,当超过某一限值时,继续增加路堤高度或路堑深度难以有效减小地面振动。路堤段地面振动随路堤弹性模量的增大而减小。此外,在确保稳定性的前提下,较陡的路堑边坡更有利于减小高铁运行引起的地面振动。

磁矢量势的全球电磁感应时间域三维有限元正演计算方法

全球电磁感应测深方法能获得地球深部电导率结构分布,目前被广泛应用于地球内部结构与热状态研究.地磁台站与地磁卫星观测的电磁感应数据为时间序列信号,在时间域分析全球电磁感应数据,特别是分析频谱极宽的磁暴脉冲响应,具有天然的优势.然而,当前的全球电磁感应数据解释技术一般在频率域进行,缺少时间域中的研究成果.为了弥补缺少时间域全球电磁感应数据解释方法的问题,本文开发了一种基于磁场矢量势的全球电磁感应时间域三维有限元并行正演求解方法,具备高精度快速计算源于地球外部时变电流源的地球感应电磁场时间序列的能力,特别适合于计算与分析频谱极宽的磁暴脉冲电磁感应时变响应.首先,建立基于磁场矢量势的全球电磁感应时间域微分控制方程,结合磁层外部电流源的物理属性建立边界条件和初始条件,从而构建出全球电磁感应时间域初始边界值问题.然后,利用四面体矢量有限元技术和无条件稳定的隐式后退欧拉公式,分别实现磁场矢量势的空间域和时间域离散,进而获得不同时刻的实系数大型有限元线性方程组,借助于高性能并行直接求解器,快速高精度地求解不同时刻的磁场矢量势与感应磁场.最后,利用理论模型验证本文算法的正确性.利用Dst磁暴环电流指数建立的时间域电流源与真实地球三维电性模型,研究"澳科一号"后续卫星200 km轨道对中国和澳大利亚下方地幔转换带高导体的探测能力,结果表明这些地幔转换带异常体在200 km卫星轨道高度能产生明显异常.综上所述,本文开发的时间域全球电磁感应方法不仅具备精确快速计算全球感应电磁场时间序列响应的能力,还能为反演与解释"澳科一号"等我国地磁卫星观测数据提供技术支持.