Debris flow simulation 2D(DFS 2D):Numerical modelling of debris flows and calibration of friction parameters

Debris flows are rapid mass movements with a mixture of rock,soil and water.High-intensity rainfall events have triggered multiple debris flows around the globe,making it an important concern from the disaster management perspective.This study presents a numerical model called debris flow simulation 2D(DFS 2D)and applicability of the proposed model is investigated through the values of the model parameters used for the reproduction of an occurred debris flow at Yindongzi gully in China on 13 August 2010.The model can be used to simulate debris flows using three different rheologies and has a userfriendly interface for providing the inputs.Using DFS 2D,flow parameters can be estimated with respect to space and time.The values of the flow resistance parameters of model,dry-Coulomb and turbulent friction,were calibrated through the back analysis and the values obtained are 0.1 and 1000 m/s^(2),respectively.Two new methods of calibration are proposed in this study,considering the crosssectional area of flow and topographical changes induced by the debris flow.The proposed methods of calibration provide an effective solution to the cumulative errors induced by coarse-resolution digital elevation models(DEMs)in numerical modelling of debris flows.The statistical indices such as Willmott's index of agreement,mean-absolute-error,and normalized-root-mean-square-error of the calibrated model are 0.5,1.02 and 1.44,respectively.The comparison between simulated and observed values of topographic changes indicates that DFS 2D provides satisfactory results and can be used for dynamic modelling of debris flows.

A Numerical Simulation of Air Flow in the Human Respiratory System Based on Lung Model

The lung is an important organ that takes part in the gas exchange process. In the study of gas transport and exchange in the human respiratory system, the complicated process of advection and diffusion (AD) in airways of human lungs is considered. The basis of a lumped parameter model or a transport equation is modeled during the inspiration process, when oxygen enters into the human lung channel. The quantitative measurements of oxygen are detached and the model equation is solved numerically by explicit finite difference schemes. Numerical simulations were made for natural breathing conditions or normal breathing conditions. The respiratory flow results for the resting conditions are found strongly dependent on the AD effect with some contribution of the unsteadiness effect. The contour of the flow rate region is labeled and AD effects are compared with the variation of small intervals of time for a constant velocity when breathing is interrupted for a negligible moment.

Numerical Modeling of Sediment Transport and Its Effect on Algal Biomass Distribution in Lake Pontchartrain Due to Flood Release from Bonnet CarréSpillway

In order to protect the city of New Orleans from the Mississippi River flooding, the Bonnet Carré Spillway (BCS) was constructed from 1929 to 1936 to divert flood water from the river into Lake Pontchartrain and then into the Gulf of Mexico. During the BCS opening for flood release, large amounts of freshwater, nutrients, sediment, etc. were discharged into Lake Pontchartrain, and caused a lot of environmental problems. To evaluate the environmental impacts of the flood water on lake ecosystems, a two-dimensional numerical model was developed based on CCHE2D and applied to simulate the flow circulation, sediment transport and algal biomass distribution in Lake Pontchartrain. The effect of sediment concentration on the growth of algae was considered in the model. The numerical model was calibrated using field measured data provided by USGS, and then it was validated by the BCS Opening Event in 1997. The simulated results were generally in good agreement with filed data and satellite imagery. The field observation and numerical model show that during the spillway opening for flood release, the sediment concentration is very high, which greatly restricts the growth of algae, so there is no algal bloom observed in the lake. After the closure of BCS, the sediment concentration in the lake reduces gradually, and the nutrient concentration of the lake is still high. Under these conditions, numerical results and satellite imagery showed that the chlorophyll concentration was high and algal bloom might occur.

2-D智能纳米黑卡微观驱油机理可视化实验

由中国石油大学(北京)非常规油气科学技术研究院自主研发的2-D智能纳米黑卡是一种具有尺寸小、比表面积大等优势的片状纳米材料(尺寸为80×60×1.2 nm,比表面积约57 m^2/g)。本文使用不同孔隙度、渗透率的二维可视化模型,进行2-D智能纳米黑卡微观驱替可视化实验。通过分析岩心渗透率、颗粒浓度和注入速率等因素对驱油效果的影响,研究在微观条件下该纳米材料的微观渗流机理和运移规律。研究表明,该材料具有优异的亲水亲油平衡性,能够改变岩石表面润湿性,在两相界面产生楔形渗透压,形成微观回旋流,相对于以往如SiO2等球型纳米颗粒,具有更大的表面接触性。2-D智能纳米黑卡可有效驱替地层剩余油,剥离微小孔喉壁面上的油膜,扩大低渗层波及体积,提高原油采收率。

Two Dimensional Hydrodynamic Modelling of Northern Bay of Bengal Coastal Waters

Mathematical models have advancement to a point where they are considered to be an effective tool for simulating natural phenomena in coastal regions. This paper discusses the development of Bay of Bengal Model (BoBM), updating of the model with the recent bathymetry and shore line of islands and coastline and upgrading from rectangular grid to finer size of mesh grids by using latest version of MIKE21 FM modeling system. This model is very useful for the hydrodynamic study in the coastal region of Bangladesh. The article also presents the model set-up, boundary conditions and few calibration results of the model. The model applications clearly show the variation of the flow structure, their speed and direction separately for monsoon and dry season around the model area which covers the northern part of Bay of Bengal.

MIKE 21二维非恒定流模型在北京市延芳淀湿地洪水影响分析中的应用

为了研究拟建在北运河滩地上的延芳淀湿地对河道防洪安全的影响,控制湿地建设规模,不增加北运河50年一遇洪水出境洪峰流量,搭建了北运河MIKE 21二维非恒定流模型,模拟湿地建设前后北运河50年一遇洪水演进情况。采用2016年北运河"7.20"洪水监测数据,对模型进行了参数率定;分析了延芳淀湿地建设前后,50年一遇洪水下北运河河道及滩地槽蓄能力、河道水位、流速、流势等水力条件的时空变化。结果表明:滩地内建设延芳淀湿地降低了北运河槽蓄能力,减少了滩地消减洪峰量值,但通过调整湿地地形高程,仍能满足规划要求;湿地建设同时抬升了北运河洪水位,改变了洪水流势,对河道堤防建设有一定影响。研究成果不仅能够为延芳淀湿地的设计建设提供相关水力条件支持,也可以为北运河河道治理及防洪预案修订提供参考。

A VERTICAL 2D MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR HYDRODYNAMIC FLOWS WITH FREE SURFACE IN σ COORDINATE

Numerical models with hydrostatic pressure have been widely utilized in studying flows in rivers, estuaries and coastal areas. The hydrostatic assumption is valid for the large-scale surface flows where the vertical acceleration can be ignored, but for some particular cases the hydrodynamic pressure is important. In this paper, a vertical 2t） mathematical model with non-hydrostatic pressure was implemented in the σ coordinate. A fractional step method was used to enable the pressure to be decomposed into hydrostatic and hydrodynamic components and the predictor-corrector approach was applied to integration in time domain. Finally, several computational cases were studied to validate the importance of contributions of the hydrodynamic pressure.

考虑不同水流交换模式的城市洪涝一维二维双向耦合模型

为准确模拟城市洪涝过程,以地表二维流动模型和SWMM一维管流模型为基础,同时考虑地表径流与地下管流交换的3种模式,构建了城市地表与地下管流双向耦合的水动力学模型。采用水槽试验算例和理论算例对耦合模型进行验证,并将耦合模型应用到英国Glasgow城市街区,分析排水管网和不同地表地下水流交换模式对城市洪涝过程的影响。结果表明:模型在试验算例和理论算例的模拟中均具有较好的精度和可靠性,模型能够准确地模拟具有排水管网的城市洪涝演进过程;与无排水系统相比,检查井简化法、雨水口法和雨水口-检查井法3种水流交换模式下Glasgow城市街区模拟的最大淹没面积分别减少9.3%、23.2%和24.5%,其中对重度积水的消减作用更显著,淹没面积分别减少43.6%、79.9%和80.9%;检查井简化法的消减作用要远小于雨水口法和雨水口-检查井法,后两者差异较小。雨水口法和雨水口-检查井法比较符合实际情况,且雨水口-检查井法的计算效率更高更简单,因此,在城市洪涝模拟中采用雨水口-检查井法考虑地表径流与地下管流交换过程更符合实际。

ONE-AND TWO-DIMENSIONAL COUPLED HYDRODYNAMICS MODEL FOR DAM BREAK FLOW

1-D and 2-D mathematical models for dam break flow were established and verified with the measured data in laboratory. The 1-D and 2-D models were then coupled, and used to simulate the dam break flow from the reservoir tail to the dam site, the propagation of dam break waves in the downstream channel, and the submergence of dam break flow in the downstream town with the hydrodynamics method. As a numerical example, the presented model was employed to simulate dam break flow of a hydropower station under construction. In simulation, different dam-break durations, upstream flows and water levels in front of dam were considered, and these influencing factors of dam break flow were analyzed, which could be referenced in planning and designing hydropower stations.

Navigable flow condition simulation based on two-dimensional hydrodynamic parallel model

Navigable flow condition simulations can provide detailed information on water depth and velocity distribution, simulation speed is one of the key factors which influence real-time navigation. In this paper, a navigable flow condition simulation system is developed to provide useful information for waterway management and shipping safety. To improve the simulation speed of 2-D hydrodynamic model, an explicit finite volume method and Open MP are used to realize parallel computing. Two mesh schemes and two computing platforms are adopted to study the parallel model＇s performance in the Yangtze River, China. The results show that the parallel model achieves dramatic acceleration, with a maximum speedup ratio of 34.94？. The parallel model can determine the flow state of the navigable channel in about 4 min, efficiency is further improved by a flow simulation scheme database. The developed system can provide early warning information for shipping safety, allowing ships to choose better routes and navigation areas according to real-time navigable flow conditions.

河道立面二维非恒定水温及污染物分布预报模型

通过建立一种立面二维模型 ,考虑自由水面的变化 ,采用全显式的有限体积法模拟了河道流动的水温及悬浮污染物质分布 .该模型适用于大尺度水域中较长期的流动、水温及悬浮物质迁移问题 .通过优化取水口位置高程将水体中污染物质残存总量控制到最少 ,对水库实际流动、水温、悬浮物质分布的模拟结果与实际观测符合良好 .

两种空化模型计算二维水翼空化流动研究

采用混合多相流模型和空化模型对攻角为6.5°的NACA66型二维水翼的空化流动进行数值研究.使用Singhal全空化模型(FCM)和Zwart-Gerber-Belamri(Z-G-B)空化模型,以实验数据为基准,对这两种空化模型得到的翼型表面压力分布系数和升、阻力系数以及流场结构进行了比较和分析,结果表明:FCM中,不凝结气体质量分数对计算结果影响较大,空化区长度随着不凝结气体质量分数的减小而变小;Z-G-B空化模型中,蒸发系数和凝结系数对结果有较大影响.总体说来,通过选取合理的经验系数,两种空化模型都给出了令人满意的空化流动结果.

天然分汊河道平面二维水流泥沙数值模拟研究

基于无结构化网格,采用有限元方法,建立起一种适合于分汊河道的平面二维水沙数学模型,模型采用质量集中的简化处理和预估校正的时间推进算法,较好地解决有限元计算存储量和计算速度。并以武汉天兴洲汊道段为例,进行水沙验证计算,验证结果与实际符合较好,证明模型能较好地模拟天然分汊河道的水流泥沙运动及河床变形情况,因此可为分汊型河道的整治提供技术支持。

变态对河工模型中弯道水流相似性的影响

河工模型采用变态模型,其相似性会受到影响。采用平面二维模型,在数学模型的基础上,计算变率使河工模型弯道水流在相似性上产生的影响。在河工模型的条件下,选取不同变态模型,对环流进行了计算,研究了变率对弯道水流的相似的影响,并给出了初步分析。最后得出结论为在变态的河工模型中,弯道的水流动力轴线在弯顶附近会变缓,而且横向水面比降会减小。

长江重庆河段平面二维非恒定水沙数值模拟

本文针对长江重庆河段复杂的水沙运动特点和地形条件 ,考虑悬移质和推移质运动 ,采用有限元方法建立了平面二维非恒定水沙数学模型 ,对重庆河段的水流运动和泥沙冲淤进行了模拟。模型中采用张红武提出的不平衡输沙理论以及引入符合重庆河段水沙特点的悬移质挟沙力公式和推移质输沙率公式 ,对现有三峡库区数学模型进行了改进 ,并利用重庆河段正态模型试验和原型观测资料对模型进行了验证。结果表明 ,模型计算的沿程水位、断面流速分布和河床冲淤变化与资料符合较好。

蓄滞洪区洪水演进模拟

系统地研究了描述洪水在蓄滞洪区内演进过程的一维不恒定流模型和二维流模型，突出对河流与沿河堤外洼地间水流交换的描述和对淹没区各蓄水单元间水流交换的描述及河流与调蓄区水流连接的描述．最后简要介绍了实例．

连续弯道水流模拟中二次流修正效果评价

为了选择适用于复杂连续弯道的二次流修正方法,选取了线性方法中两种典型的计算模式,通过在正交曲线坐标系二维浅水动量方程中增加扩散应力项开发了考虑二次流影响的平面二维水流模型。基于不同复杂度的4个连续弯道试验的水位和流速分布资料,通过理论分析和数值试验对比定量评估了传统二维模型和两种二次流修正方法在连续弯道水流模拟中的效果。测试结果表明,Delft3D模型的二次流修正方法自由度较高,适用于不同复杂度的连续弯道水流模拟,而Lien模型二次流修正方法适用于微弯或中弯,应用于中弯时需要慎重选用,不适用于急弯连续弯道模拟。两种方法比较,建议连续弯道水流模拟中优选Delft3D模型的二次流修正方法。

考虑环流横向输沙及河岸变形的平面二维扩展数学模型

本文考虑弯道环流输沙效应,在泥沙运动基本方程中增加了反映环流横向输沙附加项,对平面二维水沙数学模型的悬移质、推移质输沙方程和河床变形过程进行了扩展。借助土力学中关于边坡稳定性理论中的圆弧滑动法,并引入多杈树搜索方法,建立了适用于平面二维数学模型的河岸崩塌变形计算方法。经扩展后的平面二维水沙数学模型能模拟环流横向输沙及由其引起的河床冲淤和河岸变形,并应用该模型模拟了弯道发生、发展过程,计算结果与已有的认识是一致的。

考虑河岸冲刷的弯曲河道水流及河床变形的数值模拟

本文将正交曲线坐标系下的平面二维水沙数学模型和粘性河岸的冲刷模型结合 ,用于模拟弯道内的水流运动、悬移质泥沙的输移、河床的纵向及横向变形 .用水槽试验资料验证了本文提出的水流模型 ,结果表明流速分布、水位等计算结果与实测值相当符合 .应用建立的水沙数学模型以及河岸冲刷模型 ,模拟了一概化弯道在持续清水冲刷下的主流线位置、断面形态、主槽比降的变化过程 。

采砂工程对河道影响分析研究

建立了一般曲线坐标系下的平面二维水沙数学模型,并运用长江武汉河段实测水沙数据对模型进行系统的率定与验证;模拟了不同流量级下该河段采砂后水位、流速变化规律。进一步选取了典型水沙系列年,对采砂后河段冲淤变化及采区内泥沙回淤率进行了预测。模型成果为本河段采砂的可行性及采砂规模控制提供了较科学的参考依据。