Implementation and verification of interface constitutive model in FLAC^(3D)

Due to the complexity of soil-structure interaction, simple constitutive models typically used for interface elements in general computer programs cannot satisfy the requirements of discontinuous deformation analysis of structures that contain different interfaces. In order to simulate the strain-softening characteristics of interfaces, a nonlinear strain-softening interface constitutive model was incorporated into fast Lagrange analysis of continua in three dimensions （FLAC3D） through a user-defined program in the FISH environment. A numerical simulation of a direct shear test for geosynthetic interfaces was conducted to verify that the interface model was implemented correctly. Results of the numerical tests show good agreement with the results obtained from theoretical calculations, indicating that the model incorporated into FLAC3D can simulate the nonlinear strain-softening behavior of interfaces involving geosynthetic materials. The results confirmed the validity and reliability of the improved interface model. The procedure and method of implementing an interface constitutive model into a commercial computer program also provide a reference for implementation of a new interface constitutive model in FLAC3D.

Thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) coupled simulation of the land subsidence due to aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) system in soft soils

Aquifer thermal energy storage(ATES)system has received attention for heating or cooling buildings.However,it is well known that land subsidence becomes a major environmental concern for ATES projects.Yet,the effect of temperature on land subsidence has received practically no attention in the past.This paper presents a thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)coupled numerical study on an ATES system in Shanghai,China.Four water wells were installed for seasonal heating and cooling of an agriculture greenhouse.The target aquifer at a depth of 74e104.5 m consisted of alternating layers of sand and silty sand and was covered with clay.Groundwater level,temperature,and land subsidence data from 2015 to 2017 were collected using field monitoring instruments.Constrained by data,we constructed a field scale three-dimensional(3D)model using TOUGH(Transport of Unsaturated Groundwater and Heat)and FLAC3D(Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua)equipped with a thermo-elastoplastic constitutive model.The effectiveness of the numerical model was validated by field data.The model was used to reproduce groundwater flow,heat transfer,and mechanical responses in porous media over three years and capture the thermo-and pressure-induced land subsidence.The results show that the maximum thermoinduced land subsidence accounts for about 60%of the total subsidence.The thermo-induced subsidence is slightly greater in winter than that in summer,and more pronounced near the cold well area than the hot well area.This study provides some valuable guidelines for controlling land subsidence caused by ATES systems installed in soft soils.

Modelling of Quasi 3-D Groundwater Flow and Studying of Equivalent Drainage Boundary in Beihai Peninsula,Guangxi

This paper describes a quasi 3-D finite element model of the groundwater flow in two -aquifer system which is constructed from a sequence of aquifer flow equations coupled by leakage terms representing flow through the aquitard . It is applied to evaluate the maximum rate of groundwater resources exploited from the coastal aquifer without seawater intrusion . The main task in this model is to determine the drainage boundary of the aquifer extending under the sea . The information of the boundary can be obtained from the fluctuations of the groundwater level caused by sea-tide fluctuations . A new idea, Equivalent Drainage Boundary (EDB), is proposed and the corresponding methods , determining the EDB, are developed with tidal fluctuations data observed in boreholes . The quasi 3-D model and the methods determining EDB have been applied to the aquifer system of Beihai peninsula , Guangxi Autonomous Region of China for calculating the available groundwater resources .

Identification of structure and parameters of rheological constitutive model for rocks using differential evolution algorithm

To determine structure and parameters of a rheological constitutive model for rocks,a new method based on differential evolution(DE) algorithm combined with FLAC3D(a numerical code for geotechnical engineering) was proposed for identification of the global optimum coupled of model structure and its parameters.At first,stochastic coupled mode was initialized,the difference in displacement between the numerical value and in-situ measurements was regarded as fitness value to evaluate quality of the coupled mode.Then the coupled-mode was updated continually using DE rule until the optimal parameters were found.Thus,coupled-mode was identified adaptively during back analysis process.The results of applications to Jinping tunnels in China show that the method is feasible and efficient for identifying the coupled-mode of constitutive structure and its parameters.The method overcomes the limitation of the traditional method and improves significantly precision and speed of displacement back analysis process.

2D Coupled 3D:A New Numerical Model for Dual - Structured - Aquifer System

This paper points out that a successful numerical simulation is to construct a correct conceptional model which is very dose to the natural condition. A new model, two dimensional coupled three dimensional model (2D -3D ) is presented in the Present paper,which is the most suitable one for the dual - structured - aquifer system. An example of Wenyinghu area is shown.By using the 2D-3D model, a satisfied result of the simulated area is achieved.

3D Cohesive Finite Element Minimum Invasive Surgery Simulation Based on Kelvin‑Voigt Model

Minimally invasive surgery is an important technique used for cytopathological examination.Recently,multiple studies have been conducted on a three-dimensional(3D)puncture simulation model as it can reveal the internal deformation state of the tissue at the micro level.In this study,a viscoelastic constitutive equation suitable for muscle tissue was derived.Additionally,a method was developed to define the fracture characteristics of muscle tissue material during the simulation process.The fracture of the muscle tissue in contact with the puncture needle was simulated using the cohesive zone model and a 3D puncture finite element model was established to analyze the deformation of the muscle tissue.The stress nephogram and reaction force under different parameters were compared and analyzed to study the deformation of the biological soft tissue and guide the actual operation process and reduce pain.

Kinematic error modeling and error compensation of desktop 3D printer

Desktop 3D printers have revolutionized how designers and makers prototype and manufacture certain products.Highly popular fuse deposition modeling(FDM)desktop printers have enabled a shift to low-cost consumer goods markets,through reduced capital equipment investment and consumable material costs.However,with this drive to reduce costs,the computer numerical control(CNC)systems implemented in FDM printers are often compromised by poor accuracy and contouring errors.This condition is most critical as users begin to use 3D-printed components in load-bearing applications or to perform mechanical functions.Improved methods of low-cost 3D printer calibration are needed before their open-design potential can be realized in applications,including 3D-printed orthotics and prosthetics.This paper applies methodologies associated with high-precision CNC machining systems,namely,kinematic error modeling and compensation coupled with standardized test methods from ISO230-4,such as the ballbar for kinematic and dynamic error measurements,to examine the influence and feasibility for use on low-cost CNC/3D printing platforms.Recently,the U.S.Food and Drug Administration's"Technical considerations for additive manufactured medical devices"highlighted the need to develop standards specific to additive manufacturing in regulated manufacturing environments.This paper shows the benefits of the methods described within ISO230-4 for error assessment,alongside applying kinematic error modeling and compensation to the popular kinematic configuration of an Ultimaker 3D printer.A Renishaw ballbar QC10 is used to quantify the Ultimaker's errors and thereby populate the error model.This method quantifies machine errors and populates these in a mathematical model of the CNC system.Then,a post-processor can be used to compensate the printing code.Subsequently,the ballbar is used to demonstrate the dramatic impact of the error compensation model on the accuracy and contouring of the Ultimaker printer with 58%reduction in overall circularity error and 90%reduction in squareness error.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF 3-D TURBULENT FLOWS OVER DREDGED TRENCHES

A 3- D free surface flow in open channels based on the Reynolds equations with the k-ε turbulence closure model is presented in this paper. Insted of the 'rigid lid' approximation, the solution of the free surface equation is implemented in the velocity-pressure iterative procedure on the basis of the conventional SIMPLE method. This model was used to compute the flow in rectangular channels with trenches dredged across the bottom. The velocity, eddy viscosity coefficient, turbulent shear stress, turbulent kinetic energy and elevation of the free surface can be obtained. The computed results are in good agreement with previous experimental data.

A three dimensional modeling method for spherical open cell aluminum foams based on spherical core stratification algorithm

Because of the complexity and irregularity of the internal structure of aluminum foam, it is difficult to establish a three-dimensional model that can accurately reflect this structure. In this study, an algorithm, named spherical core stratification algorithm, for three-dimensional modeling of spherical aluminum foam was proposed, and by using this algorithm, a three-dimensional model for sphere aluminum foam with random pores has been successfully constructed. The constructed model not only has a high similarity with the real structure of spherical open cell aluminum foam, but also can match its pore size and thickness by adjusting the size and number of holes in the random pore. In order to verify the feasibility of the modeling method, firstly, the three-dimensional model of the cylindrical spherical aluminum foam with a size of Φ35 mm × 20 mm and pore diameter of 5 mm has been generated by using the new algorithm. Secondly, taking the influence of relative density and shape function on the compressive properties of spherical open cell aluminum foams into consideration, a quasi-static constitutive model suitable for the material has been established based on the Sherwood-Frost classical compression constitutive model, which provides material parameters for quasi-static compression simulation. The comparison results show that the established constitutive equation has a good fit with the experiment, with a fitting correlation coefficient of above 0.99. Finally, the quasi-static compression simulation was carried out by ABAQUS, and the simulated nominal stress-strain curve was obtained. The simulation results indicate that the simulated stressstrain curve had the same trend with the one obtained by the quasi-static compression experiment with a small deviation.

Constitutive Modeling for Thixoforming of 9Cr18 Semi-solid Alloy and 3D Forecast Mapping

Thixotropic Compression tests were carried out on 9Cr18 semi-solid alloy through Gleeble-1500 thermal simulation machine. According to the experiment analysis, macro separation occurred during thixoforming. The liquid film was extruded outside to the surface and solidified to form eutectic structure. The solid particles were connected with each other and underwent plastic deformation. According to the comparison between Zhou-Guan model and modified Zhou-Guan model, it could be observed that the adding of thixotropic factor played an important role in the regression and the latter one was more credible. The modified Zhou-Guan model could well describe the thixoforming behavior. 3D forecast mapping was built for 9Cr18 semi solid alloy in thixoforming temperature range. It would provide valuable information for selecting process parameters during thixoforming in the manufacture process.

Finite Element Simulation of Flexible Roll Forming with Supplemented Material Data and the Experimental Verification

Flexible roll forming is a promising manufacturing method for the production of variable cross section products. Considering the large plastic strain in this forming process which is much larger than that of uniform deformation phase of uniaxial tensile test, the widely adopted method of simulating the forming processes with non-supplemented material data from uniaxial tensile test will certainly lead to large error. To reduce this error, the material data is supplemented based on three constitutive models. Then a finite element model of a six passes flexible roll forming process is established based on the supplemented material data and the original material data from the uniaxial tensile test. The flexible roll forming experiment of a B pillar reinforcing plate is carried out to verify the proposed method. Final cross section shapes of the experimental and the simulated results are compared. It is shown that the simulation calculated with supplemented material data based on Swift model agrees well with the experimental results, while the simulation based on original material data could not predict the actual deformation accurately. The results indicate that this material supplement method is reliable and indispensible, and the simulation model can well reflect the real metal forming process. Detailed analysis of the distribution and history of plastic strain at different positions are performed. A new material data supplement method is proposed to tackle the problem which is ignored in other roll forming simulations, and thus the forming process simulation accuracy can be greatly improved.

泡沫铝材料准静态本构关系的理论和实验研究

应用Chen和Lu提出的适用于可压缩弹塑性固体的唯象本构模型框架,建立了泡沫铝的准静态本构模型,推导了三维等比例加载和环向受约束轴向加载下的宏观应力-应变曲线.对两种泡沫铝材料(开孔和闭孔)进行了4类准静态试验,即单轴压缩、三维静水压缩、三维等比例压缩和侧向受约束轴向压缩实验.利用单轴压缩和三维静水压缩的实验结果得到了泡沫铝材料的本构参数曲线,并由此预测它在三维等比例压缩和侧向受约束轴向压缩情况下的响应.理论预测与相应实验结果相比较,三维等比例压缩的结果比较吻合,但与侧向受约束轴向压缩的结果却相差很大.分析表明,理论预测与侧向受约束轴向压缩实验结果的偏差是由于泡沫铝试件与约束筒之间的摩擦造成的.研究结果说明,Chen-Lu模型能够很好地描述泡沫铝材料在压缩占主导的应力状态下的响应.

一个考虑土体流变的修正剑桥粘弹塑性模型

在修正剑桥模型的基础上 ,考虑土的流变性 ,提出一种可较全面地反映土体变形的各种粘弹塑性特征的修正剑桥粘弹塑性模型 .进而运用该模型对室内三轴固结排水剪流变试验进行三维有限元模拟 ,并通过与其他模型的对比分析 。

一种三维纺织复合材料的本构关系及其性能分析

本文对一种三维增强纤维复合材料的结构与性能进行了研究。通过对手工纺织的三向纤维增强复合材料的分析，建立了其细观力学模型，并在此基础上导出了反映其宏观力学性能的本构关系，同时采用具有相同纺织结构的试件进行试验，对本文的理论结果进行了验证。此外，通过对三维复合材料与层合板的力学性能进行对比试验，说明三维增强复合材料的综合性能，尤其是层间剪切性能得到了很大的改善和提高。

龙首二级面板堆石坝三维真非线性地震反应分析和评价

基于土石料三维粘弹塑性动力本构模型,并采用新型三维各向异性有厚度薄单元来模拟面板和堆石的接触面特性,建立了高面板堆石坝地震反应分析的三维真非线性动力分析方法。利用坝料动力特性的大型三轴试验成果,分析计算了龙首二级(西流水)面板堆石坝的地震反应,主要包括加速度反应、堆石体应力反应及坝体单元抗震安全系数、面板应力反应和变形及接缝位移、高趾墙动力反应等。为大坝的抗震设计提供了有力的技术依据。

隧道软弱围岩挤压大变形非线性流变力学特征及其锚固机制研究

介绍围岩大变形的工程实例、隧道围岩挤压性大变形的定义及其工程特征。系统总结国际上隧道围岩挤压性大变形的3种预测方法,即:经验法、半经验半理论法和试验判定法。将Hoek(1999)对围岩挤压大变形的预测和判定方法(半经验半理论法)应用于乌鞘岭隧道岭脊段F7断层带开挖施工中的围岩稳定性判别,并对这种预测方法进行了可靠性评价,认为有支护情况下比无支护情况下变形预测失效概率要小得多,也就是说毛洞围岩变形收敛率的大小更难以掌控。介绍作者团队对隧道围岩挤压性大变形问题按三维非线性流变的理论分析、相应专用软件的研制;并将理论研究计算成果与现场实测数据进行对比,结果按大变形三维问题的计算值比按小变形二维平面问题的计算值更接近工程实际;同时,指出了有待进一步深化研讨的若干问题。最后,提出了管控/约束隧道围岩大变形持续发展的锚固技术措施--一种新型大尺度让压锚杆/预应力长锚索,分析其机制和优势,介绍其构造类型,并提出下一步的研究思路。该方法已在几处工地不同程度地成功实施,取得了应有的经济效益和技术成果。

一种新型结构性土三维本构模型

在NAKAI等基于应力张量t_(ij)和修正剑桥模型建立的能够描述中主应力影响且适用于描述正常固结土强度和变形规律的三维本构模型的基础上,通过引入能够描述土体密实度的状态变量ρ和土体黏结效应的状态变量ω,提出了适用于描述结构性土强度和变形规律的新型结构性三维本构模型。这一模型具有以下特点:结构性土三维本构模型在正常固结土的三维本构模型的基础上仅增加一个材料参数的情况下能够较好地描述三维应力状态下试样排水与不排水剪切特性、固结特性、围压对应力路径和应力应变曲线的影响及平均应力、偏应力增大时出现的应力路径可逆性等特点。应用新型结构性土三维本构模型对粉质黏土的固结试验和三轴剪切试验进行模拟计算,验证了其在模拟结构性土特征方面的可行性。

混凝土面板堆石坝三维非线性有限元应力变形分析

基于通用有限元分析系统ABAQUS的用户子程序二次开发实现Ducan-chang双曲线模型,对某混凝土面板堆石坝(CFRD)的填筑与蓄水过程三维非线性有限元仿真模拟,得到了坝体和混凝土面板的应力与变形、混凝土面板的垂直缝和周边缝沉陷、剪切和张开变形等结果,对工程坝体断面优化分区、接缝止水设计提供了参考依据。

有限弹塑性变形的三维组集式本构模型

本文将文[1]中提出的三维组集式弹塑性本构模型推广应用于有限变形分析,导出了全量型和增量型本构关系在初始构形上的拉格朗日(Total Lagrange)形式和瞬时构形上的拉格朗日(Updated Lagrange)形式。文中对晶体单轴拉伸中的宏观剪切带进行了分析。预测结果与实验吻合。从而说明这种本构模型能够模拟有限变形中的几何非线性效应和晶体材料塑性变形中的宏观力学行为。

煤层开采对地表变形影响的数值模拟研究

为研究分析煤层开采对地表变形的影响,本文通过FLAC3D数值模拟软件采用摩尔-库伦,弹性及德鲁克-普拉格3种本构模型分别模拟研究,对地表建筑物竖直和水平位移进行模拟研究,并与概率积分计算方法所得的理论计算结果进行对比分析得出:数值模拟计算与理论计算,均可得出竖直和水平位移均为靠近开采处逐渐增大,远离开采处逐渐减小并趋于稳定.在3种本构模型中,摩尔-库伦本构模型更适合用于煤层开采对地表变形影响的数值模拟.