Geostatistical seismic inversion and 3D modelling of metric flow units,porosity and permeability in Brazilian presalt reservoir

Flow units(FU)rock typing is a common technique for characterizing reservoir flow behavior,producing reliable porosity and permeability estimation even in complex geological settings.However,the lateral extrapolation of FU away from the well into the whole reservoir grid is commonly a difficult task and using the seismic data as constraints is rarely a subject of study.This paper proposes a workflow to generate numerous possible 3D volumes of flow units,porosity and permeability below the seismic resolution limit,respecting the available seismic data at larger scales.The methodology is used in the Mero Field,a Brazilian presalt carbonate reservoir located in the Santos Basin,who presents a complex and heterogenic geological setting with different sedimentological processes and diagenetic history.We generated metric flow units using the conventional core analysis and transposed to the well log data.Then,given a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm,the seismic data and the well log statistics,we simulated acoustic impedance,decametric flow units(DFU),metric flow units(MFU),porosity and permeability volumes in the metric scale.The aim is to estimate a minimum amount of MFU able to calculate realistic scenarios porosity and permeability scenarios,without losing the seismic lateral control.In other words,every porosity and permeability volume simulated produces a synthetic seismic that match the real seismic of the area,even in the metric scale.The achieved 3D results represent a high-resolution fluid flow reservoir modelling considering the lateral control of the seismic during the process and can be directly incorporated in the dynamic characterization workflow.

Cellular interplay to 3D in vitro microphysiological disease model:cell patterning microbiota-gut-brain axis

The microbiota-gut-brain axis(MGBA)has emerged as a key prospect in the bidirectional communication between two major organ systems:the brain and the gut.Homeostasis between the two organ systems allows the body to function without disease,whereas dysbiosis has long-standing evidence of etiopathological conditions.The most common communication paths are the microbial release of metabolites,soluble neurotransmitters,and immune cells.However,each pathway is intertwined with a complex one.With the emergence of in vitro models and the popularity of three-dimensional(3D)cultures and Transwells,engineering has become easier for the scientific understanding of neurodegenerative diseases.This paper briefly retraces the possible communication pathways between the gut microbiome and the brain.It further elaborates on three major diseases:autism spectrum disorder,Parkinson’s disease,and Alzheimer’s disease,which are prevalent in children and the elderly.These diseases also decrease patients’quality of life.Hence,understanding them more deeply with respect to current advances in in vitro modeling is crucial for understanding the diseases.Remodeling of MGBA in the laboratory uses many molecular technologies and biomaterial advances.Spheroids and organoids provide a more realistic picture of the cell and tissue structure than monolayers.Combining them with the Transwell system offers the advantage of compartmentalizing the two systems(apical and basal)while allowing physical and chemical cues between them.Cutting-edge technologies,such as bioprinting and microfluidic chips,might be the future of in vitro modeling,as they provide dynamicity.

3D Road Network Modeling and Road Structure Recognition in Internet of Vehicles

Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a new system that enables individual vehicles to connect with nearby vehicles,people, transportation infrastructure, and networks, thereby realizing amore intelligent and efficient transportationsystem. The movement of vehicles and the three-dimensional (3D) nature of the road network cause the topologicalstructure of IoV to have the high space and time complexity.Network modeling and structure recognition for 3Droads can benefit the description of topological changes for IoV. This paper proposes a 3Dgeneral roadmodel basedon discrete points of roads obtained from GIS. First, the constraints imposed by 3D roads on moving vehicles areanalyzed. Then the effects of road curvature radius (Ra), longitudinal slope (Slo), and length (Len) on speed andacceleration are studied. Finally, a general 3D road network model based on road section features is established.This paper also presents intersection and road section recognition methods based on the structural features ofthe 3D road network model and the road features. Real GIS data from a specific region of Beijing is adopted tocreate the simulation scenario, and the simulation results validate the general 3D road network model and therecognitionmethod. Therefore, thiswork makes contributions to the field of intelligent transportation by providinga comprehensive approach tomodeling the 3Droad network and its topological changes in achieving efficient trafficflowand improved road safety.

3D Modelling of Biological Systems for Biomimetics

With the advanced development of computer-based enabling technologies, many engineering, medical, biology, chemistry, physics and food science etc have developed to the unprecedented levels, which lead to many research and development interests in various multi-discipline areas. Among them, biomimetics is one of the most promising and attractive branches of study. Biomimetics is a branch of study that uses biological systems as a model to develop synthetic systems. To learn from nature, one of the fundamental issues is to understand the natural systems such animals, insects, plants and human beings etc. The geometrical characterization and representation of natural systems is an important fundamental work for biomimetics research. 3D modeling plays a key role in the geometrical characterization and representation, especially in computer graphical visualization. This paper firstly presents the typical procedure of 3D modelling methods and then reviews the previous work of 3D geometrical modelling techniques and systems developed for industrial, medical and animation applications. Especially the paper discusses the problems associated with the existing techniques and systems when they are applied to 3D modelling of biological systems. Based upon the discussions, the paper proposes some areas of research interests in 3D modelling of biological systems and for Biomimetics.

A Web-Based Approach for the Efficient Management of Massive Multi-source 3D Models

Effectively managing extensive,multi-source,and multi-level real-scene 3D models for responsive retrieval scheduling and rapid visualization in the Web environment is a significant challenge in the current development of real-scene 3D applications in China.In this paper,we address this challenge by reorganizing spatial and temporal information into a 3D geospatial grid.It introduces the Global 3D Geocoding System(G_(3)DGS),leveraging neighborhood similarity and uniqueness for efficient storage,retrieval,updating,and scheduling of these models.A combination of G_(3)DGS and non-relational databases is implemented,enhancing data storage scalability and flexibility.Additionally,a model detail management scheduling strategy(TLOD)based on G_(3)DGS and an importance factor T is designed.Compared with mainstream commercial and open-source platforms,this method significantly enhances the loadable capacity of massive multi-source real-scene 3D models in the Web environment by 33%,improves browsing efficiency by 48%,and accelerates invocation speed by 40%.

Advancing Wound Filling Extraction on 3D Faces:An Auto-Segmentation and Wound Face Regeneration Approach

Facial wound segmentation plays a crucial role in preoperative planning and optimizing patient outcomes in various medical applications.In this paper,we propose an efficient approach for automating 3D facial wound segmentation using a two-stream graph convolutional network.Our method leverages the Cir3D-FaIR dataset and addresses the challenge of data imbalance through extensive experimentation with different loss functions.To achieve accurate segmentation,we conducted thorough experiments and selected a high-performing model from the trainedmodels.The selectedmodel demonstrates exceptional segmentation performance for complex 3D facial wounds.Furthermore,based on the segmentation model,we propose an improved approach for extracting 3D facial wound fillers and compare it to the results of the previous study.Our method achieved a remarkable accuracy of 0.9999993% on the test suite,surpassing the performance of the previous method.From this result,we use 3D printing technology to illustrate the shape of the wound filling.The outcomes of this study have significant implications for physicians involved in preoperative planning and intervention design.By automating facial wound segmentation and improving the accuracy ofwound-filling extraction,our approach can assist in carefully assessing and optimizing interventions,leading to enhanced patient outcomes.Additionally,it contributes to advancing facial reconstruction techniques by utilizing machine learning and 3D bioprinting for printing skin tissue implants.Our source code is available at https://github.com/SIMOGroup/WoundFilling3D.

Coping with uncertainties through an automated workflow for 3D reservoir modelling of carbonate reservoirs

Reliable 3D modelling of underground hydrocarbon reservoirs is a challenging task due to the complexity of the underground geological formations and to the availability of different types of data that are typically affected by uncertainties. In the case of geologically complex depositional environments, such as fractured hydrocarbon reservoirs, the uncertainties involved in the modelling process demand accurate analysis and quantification in order to provide a reliable confidence range of volumetric estimations. In the present work, we used a 3D model of a fractured carbonate reservoir and populated it with different lithological and petrophysical properties. The available dataset also included a discrete fracture network(DFN) property that was used to model the fracture distribution. Uncertainties affecting lithological facies, their geometry and absolute positions(related to the fault system), fracture distribution and petrophysical properties were accounted for. We included all different types of uncertainties in an automated approach using tools available in today’s modelling software packages and combining all the uncertain input parameters in a series of statistically representative geological realizations. In particular, we defined a specific workflow for the definition of the absolute permeability according to an equivalent, single porosity approach, taking into account the contribution of both the matrix and the fracture system. The results of the analyses were transferred into a 3D numerical fluid-dynamic simulator to evaluate the propagation of the uncertainties associated to the input data down to the final results, and to assess the dynamic response of the reservoir following a selected development plan. The "integrated approach" presented in this paper can be useful for all technicians involved in the construction and validation of 3D numerical models of hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs and can potentially become part of the educational training for young geoscientists and engineers, since an integrated and well-constructed workflow is the backbone of any reservoir study.

Modelling of Quasi 3-D Groundwater Flow and Studying of Equivalent Drainage Boundary in Beihai Peninsula,Guangxi

This paper describes a quasi 3-D finite element model of the groundwater flow in two -aquifer system which is constructed from a sequence of aquifer flow equations coupled by leakage terms representing flow through the aquitard . It is applied to evaluate the maximum rate of groundwater resources exploited from the coastal aquifer without seawater intrusion . The main task in this model is to determine the drainage boundary of the aquifer extending under the sea . The information of the boundary can be obtained from the fluctuations of the groundwater level caused by sea-tide fluctuations . A new idea, Equivalent Drainage Boundary (EDB), is proposed and the corresponding methods , determining the EDB, are developed with tidal fluctuations data observed in boreholes . The quasi 3-D model and the methods determining EDB have been applied to the aquifer system of Beihai peninsula , Guangxi Autonomous Region of China for calculating the available groundwater resources .

Mesh representation matters:investigating the influence of different mesh features on perceptual and spatial fidelity of deep 3D morphable models

Background Deep 3D morphable models(deep 3DMMs)play an essential role in computer vision.They are used in facial synthesis,compression,reconstruction and animation,avatar creation,virtual try-on,facial recognition systems and medical imaging.These applications require high spatial and perceptual quality of synthesised meshes.Despite their significance,these models have not been compared with different mesh representations and evaluated jointly with point-wise distance and perceptual metrics.Methods We compare the influence of different mesh representation features to various deep 3DMMs on spatial and perceptual fidelity of the reconstructed meshes.This paper proves the hypothesis that building deep 3DMMs from meshes represented with global representations leads to lower spatial reconstruction error measured with L_(1) and L_(2) norm metrics and underperforms on perceptual metrics.In contrast,using differential mesh representations which describe differential surface properties yields lower perceptual FMPD and DAME and higher spatial fidelity error.The influence of mesh feature normalisation and standardisation is also compared and analysed from perceptual and spatial fidelity perspectives.Results The results presented in this paper provide guidance in selecting mesh representations to build deep 3DMMs accordingly to spatial and perceptual quality objectives and propose combinations of mesh representations and deep 3DMMs which improve either perceptual or spatial fidelity of existing methods.

Review of Artificial Intelligence for Oil and Gas Exploration: Convolutional Neural Network Approaches and the U-Net 3D Model

Deep learning, especially through convolutional neural networks (CNN) such as the U-Net 3D model, has revolutionized fault identification from seismic data, representing a significant leap over traditional methods. Our review traces the evolution of CNN, emphasizing the adaptation and capabilities of the U-Net 3D model in automating seismic fault delineation with unprecedented accuracy. We find: 1) The transition from basic neural networks to sophisticated CNN has enabled remarkable advancements in image recognition, which are directly applicable to analyzing seismic data. The U-Net 3D model, with its innovative architecture, exemplifies this progress by providing a method for detailed and accurate fault detection with reduced manual interpretation bias. 2) The U-Net 3D model has demonstrated its superiority over traditional fault identification methods in several key areas: it has enhanced interpretation accuracy, increased operational efficiency, and reduced the subjectivity of manual methods. 3) Despite these achievements, challenges such as the need for effective data preprocessing, acquisition of high-quality annotated datasets, and achieving model generalization across different geological conditions remain. Future research should therefore focus on developing more complex network architectures and innovative training strategies to refine fault identification performance further. Our findings confirm the transformative potential of deep learning, particularly CNN like the U-Net 3D model, in geosciences, advocating for its broader integration to revolutionize geological exploration and seismic analysis.

3D and 2D topographic correction to estimated geothermal gradient from the base of gas hydrate stability zone in the Andaman Forearc Basin

Methane gas hydrate related bottom-simulating reflectors(BSRs)are imaged based on the in-line and cross-line multi-channel seismic(MCS)data from the Andaman Forearc Basin.The depth of the BSR depends on pressure and temperature and pore water salinity.With these assumptions,the BSR depth can be used to estimate the geothermal gradient(GTG)based on the availability of in-situ temperature measurements.This calculation is done assuming a 1D conductive model based on available in-situ temperature measurement at site NGHP-01-17 in the study area.However,in the presence of seafloor topography,the conductive temperature field in the subsurface is affected by lateral refraction of heat,which focuses heat in topographic lows and away from topographic highs.The 1D estimate of GTG in the Andaman Forearc Basin has been validated by drilling results from the NGHP-01 expedition.2D analytic modeling to estimate the effects of topography is performed earlier along selected seismic profiles in the study area.The study extended to estimate the effect of topography in 3D using a numerical model.The corrected GTG data allow us to determine GTG values free of topographic effect.The difference between the estimated GTG and values corrected for the 3D topographic effect varies up to~5℃/km.These conclude that the topographic correction is relatively small compared to other uncertainties in the 1D model and that apparent GTG determined with the 1D model captures the major features,although the correction is needed prior to interpreting subtle features of the derived GTG maps.

UAV-based transient electromagnetic 3D forward modeling and inversion and analysis of exploration capability

Unmanned aerial vehicle transient electromagnetic(UAV-TEM)is a novel airborne exploration method that offers advantages such as low cost,simple operation,high exploration efficiency and suitability for near-surface exploration in complex terrain areas.To improve the accuracy of data interpretation in this method,the authors conducted a systematic three-dimensional(3D)forward modeling and inversion of the UAV-TEM.This study utilized the finite element method based on unstructured tetrahedral elements and employed the second-order backward Euler method for time discretization.This allowed for accurate 3D modeling and accounted for the effects of complex terrain.Based on these,the influence characteristics of flight altitudes and the sizes,burial depths,and resistivities of anomalies are compared and analyzed to explore the UAV-TEM systems’exploration capability.Lastly,four typical geoelectrical models of landslides are designed,and the inversion method based on the Gauss-Newton optimization method is used to image the landslide models and analyze the imaging effect of the UAV-TEM method on landslide geohazards.Numerical results showed that UAV-TEM could have better exploration resolution and fine imaging of nearsurface structures,providing important technical support for monitoring,early warning,and preventing landslides and other geological hazards.

Design and Application of Modern Interior Design Style System Based on Unity3D

With the constant change of fashion trends,interior design styles are changing day by day.Based on Unity3D technology,this paper develops a system for modern interior-style design and application.Taking the residential interior as a case study,the interior style design is achieved through 3D modeling and texture rendering and then combined with the Unity3D engine to achieve scene roaming and interactive design.The system enables designers to express design concepts more intuitively and efficiently and also improves customer participation and satisfaction.Through the experience of designers and customers,the system is verified to have more practical value than traditional interior design solutions.

A Semantic-Sensitive Approach to Indoor and Outdoor 3D Data Organization

Building model data organization is often programmed to solve a specific problem,resulting in the inability to organize indoor and outdoor 3D scenes in an integrated manner.In this paper,existing building spatial data models are studied,and the characteristics of building information modeling standards(IFC),city geographic modeling language(CityGML),indoor modeling language(IndoorGML),and other models are compared and analyzed.CityGML and IndoorGML models face challenges in satisfying diverse application scenarios and requirements due to limitations in their expression capabilities.It is proposed to combine the semantic information of the model objects to effectively partition and organize the indoor and outdoor spatial 3D model data and to construct the indoor and outdoor data organization mechanism of“chunk-layer-subobject-entrances-area-detail object.”This method is verified by proposing a 3D data organization method for indoor and outdoor space and constructing a 3D visualization system based on it.

The Use of Different Data Sets in 3D Modelling

The needs for photo-realistic modelling of the complete details, and geometrically accurate 3D models are growing rapidly in several fields, especially in engineering and cultural heritage documentation. This paper explored the geometry of the Pictometry images （vertical and oblique） and the possibility of using this imagery in 3D modelling to produce photo-realistic and accurate models. In addition, merging terrestrial imagery with Pictometry imagery to get more ground level details has been investigated. All work has been carried out using the available software packages at the IESSG （Institute of Engineering Surveying and Space Geodesy） and using data provided by Blom Aerofilms Ltd. The results of the aerial triangulation of different Pictometry blocks showed that high quality image measurements have been achieved for all the image blocks. Extraction of 3D geometry for all buildings in the study area has been performed using both vertical Pictometry imagery and UltraCamD imagery. The successful combining of vertical and oblique Pictometry images provided an excellent opportunity to produce an efficient method of high quality urban model texturing. The integration of terrestrial images of building facades （whose texture needs enhancement） with the combined aerial imagery block has been successfully and automatically performed.

Simulation on deposition and solidification processes of 7075 Al alloy droplets in 3D printing technology

In order to study the successive deposition and solidification processes of uniform alloy droplets during the drop-on-demand three dimensional（3D） printing method,based on the volume of fluid（VOF） method,a 3D numerical model was employed.In this model,the 7075 alloy with larger temperature range for phase change was used.The simulation results show that the successive deposition and solidification processes of uniform 7075 alloy droplets can be well characterized by this model.Simulated droplets shapes agree well with SEM images under the same condition.The effects of deposition and solidification of droplets result in vertical and L-shaped ridges on the surface of droplets,and tips of dendrites appear near the overlap of droplets due to rapid solidification.

Cavity 3D modeling and correlative techniques based on cavity monitoring

According to the mining method for Dongguashan Copper Mine and Tongkeng Mine in China, and with the help of the cavity monitoring system（CMS） and mining software Surpac, the 3D cavity models were established exactly. A series of correlative techniques for calculating stope over-excavation and under-excavation, stope dilution and ore loss rates, and the blasting design of the pillar with complicated irregular boundaries were developed. These techniques were applied in Dongguashan Copper Mine and Tongkeng Mine successfully. Using these techniques, the dilution rates of stopes 52-2^#, 52-6^#, 52-8^#and 52-10^# of Dongguashan Copper Mine are calculated to be 2.12%, 8.46%, 12-67% and 10.68%, respectively, and the ore loss rates of stopes 52-6^# and 5-8^# are 4.41% and 3.70%, severally. Furthermore, according to the design accomplished by the technique for a pillar of Tongkeng Mine with irregular boundary, the volume, total length of boreholes and the dynamite quantity of the pillar are computed to be 1.2 ×10^4 m^3, 2.98 km and 10.97 t, correspondingly.

Research and development of fringe projection-based methods in 3D shape reconstruction

This paper discusses current research and development of fringe projection-based techniques. A system based on Fourier transform profilometry (FTP) is proposed for three-dimensional (3D) shape recovery. The system improves the method of phase unwrapping to gain accurate 3D shapes of objects. The method uses a region-growing algorithm for the path prediction guided by the quality map to increase the recovering accuracy and provides a fast and simple tool for 3D shape recovery. The shape measurement and data recovery are integrated to offer a new method of 3D modelling. Examples are presented to verify the feasibility of the proposed method.

Numerical analysis of the failure process of soil-rock mixtures through computed tomography and PFC3D models

Soil-rock mixture （SRM） is a unique type of geomaterial characterized by a heterogeneous composition and a complicated structure. It is intractable for the continuum-based soil and rock mechanics theories to accurately characterize and predict the SRM＇s mechanical properties. This study reports a novel numerical method incorporating microfocus computed tomography and PFC3D codes to probe the deformation and failure processes of SRM. The three-dimensional （3D） PFC models that represent the SRM＇s complex structures were built. By simulating the entire failure process in PFC3D, the SRM＇s strength, elastic modulus and crack growth were obtained. The influence of rock ratios on the SRM＇s strength, deformation and failure processes, as well as its internal mesoscale mechanism, were analyzed. By comparing simulation results with experimental data, it was verified that the 3D PFC models were in good agreement with SRM＇s real structure and the SRM＇s compression process, deformation and failure patterns; its intrinsic mesomechanism can be effectively analyzed based on such 3D PFC models.

The parallel 3D magnetotelluric forward modeling algorithm

The workload of the 3D magnetotelluric forward modeling algorithm is so large that the traditional serial algorithm costs an extremely large compute time. However, the 3D forward modeling algorithm can process the data in the frequency domain, which is very suitable for parallel computation. With the advantage of MPI and based on an analysis of the flow of the 3D magnetotelluric serial forward algorithm, we suggest the idea of parallel computation and apply it. Three theoretical models are tested and the execution efficiency is compared in different situations. The results indicate that the parallel 3D forward modeling computation is correct and the efficiency is greatly improved. This method is suitable for large size geophysical computations.