Scaling, as the translation of information across spatial, temporal, and organizational scales, is essential to predictions and understanding in all sciences and has become a central issue in ecology. A large body of ...Scaling, as the translation of information across spatial, temporal, and organizational scales, is essential to predictions and understanding in all sciences and has become a central issue in ecology. A large body of theoretical and empirical evidence concerning allometric scaling in terrestrial individual plants and plant communities has been constructed around the fractal volume-filling theory of West, Brown, and Enquist （the WBE model）. One of the most thought-provoking findings has been that the metabolic rates of plants, like those of animals, scale with their size as a 3/4 power law. The earliest, single most-important study cited in support of the application of the WBE model to terrestrial plants claims that whole-plant resource use in terrestrial plants scales as the 3/4 power of total mass, as predicted by the WBE model. However, in the present study we show that empirical data actually do not support such a claim. More recent studies cited as evidence for 3/4 scaling also suffer from several statistical and data-related problems. Using a forest biomass dataset including 1 266 plots of 17 main forest types across China, we explored the scaling exponents between tree productivity and tree mass and found no universal value across forest stands. We conclude that there is not sufficient evidence to support the existence of a single constant scaling exponent for the metabolism-biomass relationship for terrestrial plants.展开更多
针对电力工业三相四线制系统的零线电流、谐波、无功功率和三相不平衡问题,以及高电压、大容量有源电力滤波器APF(Active Power Filter)控制方案复杂的问题,提出一种单周控制的三电平三相四线制APF,其产生的补偿电流与负载的有害电流分...针对电力工业三相四线制系统的零线电流、谐波、无功功率和三相不平衡问题,以及高电压、大容量有源电力滤波器APF(Active Power Filter)控制方案复杂的问题,提出一种单周控制的三电平三相四线制APF,其产生的补偿电流与负载的有害电流分量大小相等、方向相反,从而使得经该APF补偿后,电源电流只含有负载电流的基波有功分量。主电路采用三相三桥臂结构的三电平二极管箝位变换器,既无需升、降压变压器,也无需动态均压电路;控制策略采用单周控制,其兼有调制和控制的双重性,控制器结构简单,具有控制精度高、补偿效果好,滤波器工作于恒定开关频率的特点,适合推广到工业应用。在建立数学模型的基础上进行了仿真研究,仿真结果证明其能有效地补偿系统谐波、零序和无功电流,从而提高输电线功率因数和传输效率。展开更多
We calculated a self-thinning exponent of 1.05 for tree mass using the 3/2 power equation in 93 Cunninghamia lanceolata plots.According to Weller’s allometric model,the self-thinning exponent for tree mass was calcul...We calculated a self-thinning exponent of 1.05 for tree mass using the 3/2 power equation in 93 Cunninghamia lanceolata plots.According to Weller’s allometric model,the self-thinning exponent for tree mass was calculated as 1.28 from the allometric exponents h and d.The both self-thinning exponents were significantly lower than 3/2.The self-thinning exponent of organs was estimated to be 1.42 for stems,0.93 for branches,0.96 for leaves,1.35 for roots and 1.28 for shoots,respectively.The self-thinning exponent of stem mass was not significantly different from 3/2,whereas thinning exponents of trees,branches,leaves and roots were significantly lower than 3/2.The stand leaf mass and stand branch mass were constant regardless of the stand density.The scaling relations among branch,leaf,stem,root and shoot mass（MB,ML,MS,MR and MA,respectively） showed that MB and ML scaled as the3/4 power of MS,whereas MS or MA scaled isometrically with respect to MR.展开更多
中点平衡问题是三相四线制三电平三桥臂有源电力滤波器(active power filter,APF)的一个固有问题,目前在矢量调制中尚无完善的控制理论完全解决此问题。该文通过对各种电流电压状态下每个三维空间矢量对直流中点电位的影响进行分析,提出...中点平衡问题是三相四线制三电平三桥臂有源电力滤波器(active power filter,APF)的一个固有问题,目前在矢量调制中尚无完善的控制理论完全解决此问题。该文通过对各种电流电压状态下每个三维空间矢量对直流中点电位的影响进行分析,提出了"中点控制度"(neutral-point control grades,NPCG)的概念,并给出了NPCG的计算公式;基于NPCG,在α-β-0坐标系下提出一种基于坐标平移原理的新型"三维矢量优化选择调制策略"(optimized3D space vector modulation,O3DSVM),该调制策略能优化选择NPCG值较高的矢量以合成目标矢量,从而达到最大程度控制直流中点电位偏移的目的。仿真分析验证了中点控制度理论及O3DSVM调制策略的正确性和可行性,采用该策略的APF不但中点电位得到了有效控制,且补偿效果良好。展开更多
基金中国科学院知识创新工程项目，the Natural Resources Research, the Chinese Academy of Sciences，中国科学院资助项目
文摘Scaling, as the translation of information across spatial, temporal, and organizational scales, is essential to predictions and understanding in all sciences and has become a central issue in ecology. A large body of theoretical and empirical evidence concerning allometric scaling in terrestrial individual plants and plant communities has been constructed around the fractal volume-filling theory of West, Brown, and Enquist （the WBE model）. One of the most thought-provoking findings has been that the metabolic rates of plants, like those of animals, scale with their size as a 3/4 power law. The earliest, single most-important study cited in support of the application of the WBE model to terrestrial plants claims that whole-plant resource use in terrestrial plants scales as the 3/4 power of total mass, as predicted by the WBE model. However, in the present study we show that empirical data actually do not support such a claim. More recent studies cited as evidence for 3/4 scaling also suffer from several statistical and data-related problems. Using a forest biomass dataset including 1 266 plots of 17 main forest types across China, we explored the scaling exponents between tree productivity and tree mass and found no universal value across forest stands. We conclude that there is not sufficient evidence to support the existence of a single constant scaling exponent for the metabolism-biomass relationship for terrestrial plants.
文摘针对电力工业三相四线制系统的零线电流、谐波、无功功率和三相不平衡问题,以及高电压、大容量有源电力滤波器APF(Active Power Filter)控制方案复杂的问题,提出一种单周控制的三电平三相四线制APF,其产生的补偿电流与负载的有害电流分量大小相等、方向相反,从而使得经该APF补偿后,电源电流只含有负载电流的基波有功分量。主电路采用三相三桥臂结构的三电平二极管箝位变换器,既无需升、降压变压器,也无需动态均压电路;控制策略采用单周控制,其兼有调制和控制的双重性,控制器结构简单,具有控制精度高、补偿效果好,滤波器工作于恒定开关频率的特点,适合推广到工业应用。在建立数学模型的基础上进行了仿真研究,仿真结果证明其能有效地补偿系统谐波、零序和无功电流,从而提高输电线功率因数和传输效率。
基金supported by Foundation of Guangdong Forestry Bureau (Nos.4400-F11031,4400-F11055)
文摘We calculated a self-thinning exponent of 1.05 for tree mass using the 3/2 power equation in 93 Cunninghamia lanceolata plots.According to Weller’s allometric model,the self-thinning exponent for tree mass was calculated as 1.28 from the allometric exponents h and d.The both self-thinning exponents were significantly lower than 3/2.The self-thinning exponent of organs was estimated to be 1.42 for stems,0.93 for branches,0.96 for leaves,1.35 for roots and 1.28 for shoots,respectively.The self-thinning exponent of stem mass was not significantly different from 3/2,whereas thinning exponents of trees,branches,leaves and roots were significantly lower than 3/2.The stand leaf mass and stand branch mass were constant regardless of the stand density.The scaling relations among branch,leaf,stem,root and shoot mass（MB,ML,MS,MR and MA,respectively） showed that MB and ML scaled as the3/4 power of MS,whereas MS or MA scaled isometrically with respect to MR.
文摘中点平衡问题是三相四线制三电平三桥臂有源电力滤波器(active power filter,APF)的一个固有问题,目前在矢量调制中尚无完善的控制理论完全解决此问题。该文通过对各种电流电压状态下每个三维空间矢量对直流中点电位的影响进行分析,提出了"中点控制度"(neutral-point control grades,NPCG)的概念,并给出了NPCG的计算公式;基于NPCG,在α-β-0坐标系下提出一种基于坐标平移原理的新型"三维矢量优化选择调制策略"(optimized3D space vector modulation,O3DSVM),该调制策略能优化选择NPCG值较高的矢量以合成目标矢量,从而达到最大程度控制直流中点电位偏移的目的。仿真分析验证了中点控制度理论及O3DSVM调制策略的正确性和可行性,采用该策略的APF不但中点电位得到了有效控制,且补偿效果良好。
