3-D Fracture Network Modelling in Hydropower Engineering Based on Optimal Monte Carlo Simulation

Effectively and accurately modelling the spatial relation of fracture surfaces is crucial in the design and construction of large hydropower dams having a complex underlying geology. However, fracture surfaces are randomly formed and vary greatly with respect to their spatial distribution, which makes the construction of accurate 3-D models challenging. In this study, we use an optimal Monte Carlo simulation and dynamic conditioning to construct a fracture network model. We found the optimal Monte Carlo simulation to effectively reduce the error associated with the Monte Carlo method and use dynamic conditioning to ensure the consistency of the model with the actual distribution of fractures on the excavation faces and outcrops. We applied this novel approach to a hydropower station on the Jinshajiang River, China. The simulation results matched the real sampled values well, confirming that the model is capable of effectively and accurately simulating the spatial relations in a fracture network.

SIMULATION OF 3-D DEFORMATION AND MATERIAL FLOW DURING ROLL FORGING PROCESS USING SYSTEM OF OVAL-ROUND GROOVE

Basing on the analysis of the traits of the roll forging process, a system-model of computer simulation has been established. Three-dimensional rigid-plastic FEM has been used for the simulation of the deformation process in the oval and round pass rolling, including the entering, rolling, and separating stages. The analysis was conducted using the Deform-3D ver.5.0 code. The important information concerned with the deformation area characteristic, material flow, and velocity field has been presented. Otherwise, the location of the neutral plane in the deformation area was shown clearly.

Simulation of subcritical flow pattern in 180° uniform and convergent open-channel bends using SSIIM 3-D model

In meandering rivers, the flow pattern is highly complex, with specific characteristics at bends that are not observed along straight paths. A numerical model can be effectively used to predict such flow fields. Since river bends are not uniform-some are divergent and others convergent-in this study, after the SSIIM 3-D model was calibrated using the result of measurements along a uniform 180° bend with a width of 0.6 m, a similar but convergent 180v bend, 0.6 m to 0.45 m wide, was simulated using the SSI1M 3-D numerical model. Flow characteristics of the convergent 180° bend, including lengthwise and vertical velocity profiles, primary and secondary flows, lengthwise and widtbwise slopes of the water surface, and the helical flow strength, were compared with those of the uniform 180° bend. The verification results of the model show that the numerical model can effectively simulate the flow field in the uniform bend. In addition, this research indicates that, in a convergent channel, the maximum velocity path at a plane near the water surface crosses the channel＇s centerline at about a 30° to 40° cross-section, while in the uniform bend, this occurs at about the 50° cross-section. The varying range of the water surface elevation is wider in the convergent channel than in the uniform one, and the strength of the helical flow is generally greater in the uniform channel than in the convergent one. Also, unlike the uniform bend, the convergent bend exhibits no rotational cell against the main direction of secondary flow rotation at the 135° cross-section.

3-D Simulation Study on Seismic Response of Bridge Piles in Landslide

The anti-slide support structure is widely used in the anti-seismic reinforcement of bridge foundations,but related experimental research was processing slowly. Based on the prototype of the Jiuzhaigou bridge at the Chengdu-Lanzhou Railway,a 3-D simulation model was established on the basis of the shaking table model test,and the rationality of the dynamic analysis model was verified by indicators such as the bending moment of the bridge piles,peak soil pressure,and PGA amplification factors. The results show that the inertia force of the bridge pier has an important influence on the deformation of the pile foundation. The bending moment and shearing force are larger in lateral bridge piles,and the maximum value is near the pile top. The PGA amplification factor is stronger in the back of the rear anti-slide piles and so is it in front of the bridge pier,and the soil is prone to slip and damage. The bedrock is rigid and the dynamic response is maintained at a low level. The anti-slide piles in the rear row play a major role in the anti-seismic reinforcement design,and the anti-slide piles in the front row can be used as an auxiliary support structure.

3-D Finite-Element Numerical Simulation of Centrifugal Induction Electrosalg Casting Solidification Process

A 3-D finite-element numerical simulation model of temperature field for CIESC casting solidification process was developed with the aid of ANSYS software and a series of corresponding experiments were made. The results showed that the good agreement was obtained between the numerical simulation and the experiments. Based on the numerical simulation results, the characteristics of temperature distribution in the castings during CIESC solidification process were analyzed and summarized. According to the G/R-1/2 method and numerical simulation results, there is no any shrinkage defect in the CIESC casting and structure or casting is fine and compact.

栅场板型Ga_(2)O_(3)MOSFET器件单粒子烧毁仿真研究

设计了1种抗单粒子烧毁(single event burnout,SEB)效应能力较强的栅场板型结构Ga_(2)O_(3)MOSFET器件,并与平面型结构进行了对比,采用基于计算机辅助设计(technology computer aided design,TCAD)的商用半导体器件仿真模拟软件研究了2款器件发生SEB前后内部载流子浓度、电流密度等电学参数分布特性,深入研究了Ga_(2)O_(3)MOSFET器件发生SEB的机理及引入栅场板结构后SEB阈值电压增大的原因。在此基础上,对器件的结构进行优化,获得了抗SEB性能较好的结构参数。研究结果表明:2款Ga_(2)O_(3)MOSFET器件发生SEB的机理都是由于其内部难以实现p型掺杂,主要是电子导电,当器件处于关断状态时,栅极下方会形成耗尽区,而重离子入射碰撞离化产生的电子在耗尽区的积累会对衬底层中电子通道的开启具有显著影响。当器件发生SEB时,源极的电子会通过V型的电子通道流向漏极,使得器件发生短路,产生大电流并烧毁;与平面型Ga_(2)O_(3)MOSFET器件相比,引入栅场板结构的器件在沟道区域的峰值电场强度由2.9 MV·cm^(-1)降低至1.7 MV·cm^(-1),从而降低了重离子入射器件后,碰撞离化产生载流子的速率,另一方面,引入栅场板结构也扩大了耗尽区的范围,使得栅极的控制能力增强,将器件发生SEB的阈值电压从110 V提升至340 V;最后通过仿真优化SiO_(2)钝化层的厚度以及栅场板的长度,得到了抗SEB能力更强的器件结构参数,进一步将器件SEB阈值电压提升至380 V。

高k栅介质增强型β-Ga_(2)O_(3) VDMOS器件的单粒子栅穿效应研究

以增强型β-Ga_(2)O_(3)VDMOS器件作为研究对象,利用TCAD选择不同的栅介质材料作为研究变量,观察不同器件的单粒子栅穿效应敏感性。高k介质材料Al_(2)O_(3)和HfO_(2)栅介质器件在源漏电压200 V、栅源电压-10 V的偏置条件下能有效抵御线性能量转移为98 MeV·cm^(2)/mg的重离子攻击,SiO_(2)栅介质器件则发生了单粒子栅穿效应(Single event gate rupture,SEGR)。采用HfO_(2)作为栅介质时源漏电流和栅源电流分别下降92%和94%,峰值电场从1.5×10^(7)V/cm下降至2×10^(5)V/cm,避免了SEGR的发生。SEGR发生的原因是沟道处累积了大量的空穴,栅介质中的临界电场超过临界值导致了击穿,而高k栅介质可以有效降低器件敏感区域的碰撞发生率,抑制器件内电子空穴对的进一步生成,降低空穴累积的概率。

Magnetic field of mathematical modeling and simulation of 3D magnetic pole array spherical actuator

In this paper a new spherical actuator is designed and its advantages are compared to an existing spherical actuator, which function is limited by several design bottlenecks. First the output torque is too small. Second, the attitude is difficult to be accurately detected. The new three-dimen- sional magnetic pole array can solve these major problems. The new actuator features an outer rotor with multiple permanent magnet （PM） poles. Using an analytical solution and the finite element so- lution simulation, the feasibility of the approach is verified. A prototype was developed, tested, and experiments were conducted to obtain the practical value of the magnetic flux density.

Simulation of Polymer Melt Flow Fields in Intermeshing Co-Rotating Three-Screw Extruders

Three-dimension isothermal flows of polymer melt in the kneading blocks of triangularly-arranged and parallelly-arranged intermeshing co-rotating three-screw extruders are simulated using the finite element package POLYFLOW. Based on the velocity fields calculated, the particle trajectories in both machines are visualized using particle tracking technique. The numerical results indicate that the flow patterns in three-screw extruders are similar to those in twin-screw extruders. The triangularly-arranged three-screw extruder has the largest pumping capacity and also the highest extrusion stability in terms of flowrate fluctuation with screw rotation. The instantaneous mixing and cumulative residence time distribution （RTD） characteristics are also analyzed and compared with traditional intermeshing co-rotating twin-screw extruders. It is shown that the start section of the cumulative RTD curve for the triangularly-arranged machine has a small shoulder, which is attributed to the faster flow in the central region of this type of extruder.

Aseismic ridge subduction and flat subduction:Insights from three-dimensional numerical models

Flat subduction can significantly influence the distribution of volcanism,stress state,and surface topography of the overriding plate.However,the mechanisms for inducing flat subduction remain controversial.Previous two-dimensional(2-D)numerical models and laboratory analogue models suggested that a buoyant impactor(aseismic ridge,oceanic plateau,or the like)may induce flat subduction.However,three-dimensional(3-D)systematic studies on the relationship between flat subduction and buoyant blocks are still lacking.Here,we use a 3-D numerical model to investigate the influence of the aseismic ridge,especially its width(which is difficult to consider in 2-D numerical models),on the formation of flat subduction.Our model results suggest that the aseismic ridge needs to be wide and thick enough to induce flat subduction,a condition that is difficult to satisfy on the Earth.We also find that the subduction of an aseismic ridge parallel to the trench or a double aseismic ridge normal to the trench has a similar effect on super-wide aseismic ridge subduction in terms of causing flat subduction,which can explain the flat subduction observed beneath regions such as Chile and Peru.

The Application of 3-D Visible Technology to Reservoir Management

The paper deals with the application of 3 -D visible technology to reservoir management. Making use of this method for expanding - spread data point in reservoir management, can discard the false and retain the true during data recording. As a result, The quality of data recording is ensured. In reservoir description, the reservoir characteristics, such as space distribution,physical change and fluid distribution may be identified by restoring palaeostructures, building - up 3-D facics tract model and 3-D fracture system model. Seismic interpretation, geologic modeling and numerical simulation are well integrated so that they can be promote reservoir performance management to develop into the intensive management pattern.

Comparison of Fully 3-D,Simplified 3-D and 2-D Numerical Simulations on a Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler

Based on the fully three-dimensional(3-D)and two-dimensional(2-D)comprehensive CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)combustion models for a circulating fluidized bed boiler,a simplified 3-D computational domain considering the corrections of furnace side wall openings is proposed.It aims to compensate for the deficiencies of the large amount of computation in the fully 3-D model and improve the air and gas flow treatments at the openings in the simplified 2-D model.Three different computational domains,named as the fully 3-D model,simplified 3-D model and 2-D model,were implemented to perform a comparative CFD analysis in an ultra-supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler including the hydrodynamics,penetration depth of secondary air,temperature and species distribution.The simulation results computed by the simplified3-D model yield better agreement with the fully 3-D simulation results than those of the 2-D model.The simplified 3-D model is recommended as an alternative computational domain for the conventional 2-D model in the numerical simulation of large-scale circulating fluidized bed boiler.

一种具有高能量分辨率Al_(2)O_(3)钝化结区的PIN探测器

提出了一种Al_(2)O_(3)钝化结区的PIN探测器,与传统PIN探测器不同的是,在器件正面的pn结和背面的高低结处沉积了10 nm厚的Al_(2)O_(3)薄膜。经TCAD仿真结果表明,该探测器具有更低的漏电流和保护环处的电子电流密度,能对高能粒子射线入射产生良好的响应。设计了两种探测器的制备步骤并制备了器件,通过薄膜少子寿命的表征、器件的暗态I-V测试和^(241)Am元素能谱测试对其进行了评估。测试结果表明,与传统的PIN探测器相比,Al_(2)O_(3)钝化结区的PIN探测器的少子寿命提升至1 061μs,漏电流降低至5 nA,能量分辨率提升至521 eV,表现出更好的探测性能。

Numerical simulation on the evolution of cloud particles in 3-D convective cloud

A 3-D convective cloud model with compressible non-hydrostatic dynamics and the spectral bin microphysics of a 2-D slab-symmetric model has been used to simulate an observed supercell storm occurring on 29 June, 2000 near Bird City, Kansas, USA. The main objective of this paper is to study the evolution of particles in this convective storm with bin spectral microphysics scheme. Graupels form and grow through two mechanisms, deposition and riming, with the riming process dominant on top of the inflow and in the upper portion of main updraft. Over the outflow and during the developing and mature stages of the storm, graupel particles mainly grow through deposition with dominant unimodal spectra. Most fall out after growing up. Reducing initial relative humidity disturbance (increasing initial potential temperature disturbance) has negative impact on the formation and growth of graupels over the inflow (outflow). This study shows that large graupel and hail could be suppressed by altering the deposition and coalescence process over the inflow and main updraft. At different locations of the convective cells and with different initial humidity and potential temperature disturbance, the graupel formation and growth mechanisms are different, so as to the feasible hail suppression locations and methods.

APPLICATION OF VIDEO ANAGLYPH MAKER FOR 3-D FLOW SIMULATION

In this article,the anaglyph video maker is employed for generating realistic 3-D flows and the software FlowAnimator is developed using that technology.Based on Microsoft Windows Presentation Foundation（WPF）,the real 3-D scene is set up and marker particles are distributed in it randomly in order to create a more natural flow scenario.The trajectory of the particle motion is calculated with Lagrangian description in 3-D space.During the simulation,the viewport can be changed in order to focus on different parts of the model by panning,zooming,rotating and inclination variation etc.Marker particles may appear in different shapes：spheres,tracking-balls,cylinders and ribbons in order to fit different flows.It is the first time that the video anaglyph technology is employed in the 3-D hydrodynamic simulation,which removes the obstacles for 3-D scenes to be rendered on a flat-panel display.

Device topological thermal management of β-Ga_(2)O_(3) Schottky barrier diodes

The ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor β gallium oxide(β-Ga_(2) O_(3)) gives promise to low conduction loss and high power for electronic devices. However, due to the natural poor thermal conductivity of β-Ga_(2) O_(3), their power devices suffer from serious self-heating effect. To overcome this problem, we emphasize on the effect of device structure on peak temperature in β-Ga_(2) O_(3) Schottky barrier diodes(SBDs) using TCAD simulation and experiment. The SBD topologies including crystal orientation of β-Ga_(2) O_(3), work function of Schottky metal, anode area, and thickness, were simulated in TCAD, showing that the thickness of β-Ga_(2) O_(3) plays a key role in reducing the peak temperature of diodes. Hence, we fabricated β-Ga_(2) O_(3) SBDs with three different thickness epitaxial layers and five different thickness substrates. The surface temperature of the diodes was measured using an infrared thermal imaging camera. The experimental results are consistent with the simulation results. Thus, our results provide a new thermal management strategy for high power β-Ga_(2) O_(3) diode.

End-to-end simulation of the C-ADS Injector Ⅱ with a 3-D field map

The InjectorⅡ, one of the two parallel injectors of the high-current superconducting proton driver linac for the China Accelerator-Driven System （C-ADS） project, is being designed and constructed by the Institute of Modern Physics. At present, the design work for the injector is almost finished. End-to-end simulation has been carried out using the TRACK multiparticle simulation code to check the match between each acceleration section and the performance of the injector as a whole. Moreover, multiparticle simulations with all kinds of errors and misalignments have been performed to define the requirements of each device. The simulation results indicate that the lattice design is robust. In this paper, the results of end-to-end simulation and error simulation with a 3-D field map are presented.

Stability Conditions for Wave Simulation in 3-D Anisotropic Media with the Pseudospectral Method

Simulation of elastic wave propagation has important applications in many areas such as inverse problemand geophysical exploration.In this paper,stability conditions for wave simulation in 3-D anisotropic media with the pseudospectral method are investigated.They can be expressed explicitly by elasticity constants which are easy to be applied in computations.The 3-Dwave simulation for two typical anisotropic media,transversely isotropic media and orthorhombic media,are carried out.The results demonstrate some satisfactory behaviors of the pseudospectral method.

Ensemble Cloud Model Application in Simulating the Catastrophic Heavy Rainfall Event

An attempt has been made in the present research to simulate a deadly flash-flood event over the City of Skopje,Macedonia on 6 August 2016.A cloud model ensemble forecast method is developed to simulate a super-cell storm’s initiation and evolutionary features.Sounding data are generated using an ensemble approach,that utilizes a triple-nested WRF model.A three-dimensional(3-D)convective cloud model(CCM)with a very fine horizontal grid resolution of 250-m is initialized,using the initial representative sounding data,derived from the WRF 1-km forecast outputs.CCM is configured and run with an open lateral boundary conditions LBC,allowing explicit simulation of convective scale processes.This preliminary study showed that the ensemble approach has some advantages in the generation of the initial data and the model initialization.The applied method minimizes the uncertainties and provides a more qualitative-quantitative assessment of super-cell storm initiation,cell structure,evolutionary properties,and intensity.A high-resolution 3-D run is capable to resolve detailed aspects of convection,including high-intensity convective precipitation.The results are significant not only from the aspect of the cloud model’s ability to provide a qualitative-quantitative assessment of intense precipitation but also for a deeper understanding of the essence of storm development,its vortex dynamics,and the meaning of micro-physical processes for the production and release of large amounts of precipitation that were the cause of the catastrophic flood in an urban area.After a series of experiments and verification,such a system could be a reliable tool in weather services for very short-range forecasting(now-casting)and early warning of weather disasters.

Numerical simulation of three-dimensional breaking waves and its interaction with a vertical circular cylinder

Wave breaking plays an important role in wave-structure interaction. A novel control volume finite element method with adaptive unstructured meshes is employed here to study 3-D breaking waves. The numerical framework consists of a ＂volume of fluid＂ type method for the interface capturing and adaptive unstructured meshes to improve computational efficiency. The numerical model is validated against experimental measurements of breaking wave over a sloping beach and is then used to study the breaking wave impact on a vertical circular cylinder on a slope. Detailed complex interfacial structures during wave impact, such as plunging jet formation and splash-up are captured in the simulation, demonstrating the capability of the present method.