A"messenger zone hypothesis"based on the visual three-dimensional spatial distribution of motoneurons innervating deep limb muscles

Coordinated contraction of skeletal muscles relies on selective connections between the muscles and multiple classes of the spinal motoneuro ns.Howeve r,current research on the spatial location of the spinal motoneurons innervating differe nt muscles is limited.In this study,we investigated the spatial distribution and relative position of different motoneurons that control the deep muscles of the mouse hindlimbs,which were innervated by the obturator nerve,femoral nerve,inferior gluteal nerve,deep pe roneal nerve,and tibial nerve.Locations were visualized by combining a multiplex retrograde tracking technique compatible with three-dimensional imaging of solvent-cleared o rgans(3DISCO)and 3-D imaging technology based on lightsheet fluorescence microscopy(LSFM).Additionally,we propose the hypothesis that"messenger zones"exist as interlaced areas between the motoneuron pools that dominate the synergistic or antagonist muscle groups.We hypothesize that these interlaced neurons may participate in muscle coordination as messenger neurons.Analysis revealed the precise mutual positional relationships among the many motoneurons that innervate different deep muscles of the mouse.Not only do these findings update and supplement our knowledge regarding the overall spatial layout of spinal motoneurons that control mouse limb muscles,but they also provide insights into the mechanisms through which muscle activity is coordinated and the architecture of motor circuits.

A New Cadmium(Ш) Polymer Based on 3,5-Pyrazoledicarboxylic Acid:Hydrothermal Synthesis and Crystal Structure

The reaction of CdCl3.2.5H2O with 3,5-pyrazoledicaiboxylic acid under hydrother-mal conditions produce a novel three-dimensional（3-D） coordination polymer [Cd2（C5H2O4N2）2.2H2O]n.The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system,space group P21/c with a = 6.422（4）,b = 12.334（7）,c = 8.936（6） ,β = 104.793（7）°,V = 684.4（7） 3,Z = 4,Dc = 2.761 g/cm3,μ = 3.181 mm-1,F（000） = 544,R = 0.0248 and wR = 0.0624.In the crystal structure of the title compround,molecules are linked through N-H...O hydrogen bonds,forming chains running along the a axis.Every Cd（Ш） coordinates with four molecules of ligand and one water molecule,forming a pentagomal-bipyramidal geometry.

THREE—DIMENSIONAL GAS TURBINE COMBUSTOR PERFORMANCE MODELING

Numerical analysis of three-dimensional(3-D)two-phase reacting flowfield in an annular combustor wity the dump diffuser is developed in arbitrary curvilinear coordi-nates.Combustor performances are estimated by the em-pirical-analytical desing method.Ths influence of three inlet velocity profiles of the prediffuser and two operating conditions on combustor preformance and flow character-istic is predicted.

Three-dimensional cooperative guidance laws against stationary and maneuvering targets

This paper presents the cooperative strategies for salvo attack of multiple missiles based on the classical proportional navigation（PN） algorithm.The three-dimensional（3-D） guidance laws are developed in a quite simple formulation that consists of a PN component for target capture and a coordination component for simultaneous arrival.The centralized algorithms come into effect when the global information of time-to-go estimation is obtained, whereas the decentralized algorithms have better performance when each missile can only collect information from neighbors.Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed coordination algorithms are feasible to perform the cooperative engagement of multiple missiles against both stationary and maneuvering targets.The effectiveness of the 3-D guidance laws is also discussed.