A Higher-Efficient Non-Hydrostatic Finite Volume Model for Strong Three-Dimensional Free Surface Flows and Sediment Transport

In order to accurately simulate strong three-dimensional （3-D） free surface flows and sediment transport, the fully 3- D non-hydrostatic pressure models are developed based on the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and convection-diffusion equation of sediment concentration with the mixing triangle and quadrilateral grids. The governing equations are discretized with the unstructured finite volume method in order to provide conservation properties of mass and momentum, and flexibility with practical application. It is shown that it is first-order accurate on nonuniform plane two-dimensional （2-D） grids and second-order accurate on uniform plane grids. A third-order approximation of the vertical velocity at the top-layer is applied. In such a way, free surface zero stress boundary condition is satisfied maturely, and very few vertical layers are needed to give an accurate solution even for complex discontinuous flow and short wave simulation. The model is applied to four examples to simulate strong 3-D free surface flows and sediment transport where non-hydrostatic pressures have a considerable effect on the velocity field. The newly developed model is verified against analytical solutions with an excellent agreement.

Simulation of subcritical flow pattern in 180° uniform and convergent open-channel bends using SSIIM 3-D model

In meandering rivers, the flow pattern is highly complex, with specific characteristics at bends that are not observed along straight paths. A numerical model can be effectively used to predict such flow fields. Since river bends are not uniform-some are divergent and others convergent-in this study, after the SSIIM 3-D model was calibrated using the result of measurements along a uniform 180° bend with a width of 0.6 m, a similar but convergent 180v bend, 0.6 m to 0.45 m wide, was simulated using the SSI1M 3-D numerical model. Flow characteristics of the convergent 180° bend, including lengthwise and vertical velocity profiles, primary and secondary flows, lengthwise and widtbwise slopes of the water surface, and the helical flow strength, were compared with those of the uniform 180° bend. The verification results of the model show that the numerical model can effectively simulate the flow field in the uniform bend. In addition, this research indicates that, in a convergent channel, the maximum velocity path at a plane near the water surface crosses the channel＇s centerline at about a 30° to 40° cross-section, while in the uniform bend, this occurs at about the 50° cross-section. The varying range of the water surface elevation is wider in the convergent channel than in the uniform one, and the strength of the helical flow is generally greater in the uniform channel than in the convergent one. Also, unlike the uniform bend, the convergent bend exhibits no rotational cell against the main direction of secondary flow rotation at the 135° cross-section.

Investigation of Key Parameters for 3-D Dredging Plume Model Validation

Dredging plume dispersion studies, use dredging plume models to predict the fate of sediment plumes resulting from dredging activities and dredge spoil disposal. The model results are applied as input to environmental impact assessment of the proposed dredging, particularly those associated with suspended sediments and sedimentation. Model validation and performance are still not resolved because of the difficulty of site measurements and the understanding of the parameters used in the model. This paper presents a 3-D dredging plume model based on the MIKE3 software package to investigate parameters which affect the model performances. As a result of lack of site data for the public domain uses, the model scenarios are designed artificially for sensitive runs to identify the key parameters affecting plume behaviours. The factors include dredging spill rates using different dredging methods, equipment and sediment settling velocities. The influence of wave and wind effects combined with tidal forces on the sediment re-suspended rates and the advection/dispersion scales are also assessed.

Formation of the Tibetan Plateau during the India-Eurasia Convergence:Insight from 3-D Multi-Terrane Thermomechanical Modeling

Various models exist to explain the formation of the Tibetan Plateau,including“tectonic escape”,“pure shear thickening”,“convective removal of the lithospheric mantle”,and“lower crustal flow”model.The first two models are primarily constructed on pure mechanical models but are unable to reasonably explain the tension and shear phenomena inside the plateau.The latter two are rheological dynamic models based on deep geophysical observations.However,the spatial range of the lower crustal flow and its role in the plateau formation/uplift remain controversial.Five multi-terrane viscoplastic thermomechanical models were constructed to simulate the uplift and lithospheric structure change of the Tibetan Plateau during the post-collision stage(since 35 Ma)under the convergence of the Indian Plate.Results show that the plateau's formation begins with crustal thickening,blocked by strong terranes at the northern plateau,and expanded laterally to the east.The lithosphere thickens gradually and experiences delamination at its base,elevating temperature within the crust and forming partial melting layers in the central plateau.As convergence persists on the southern side,the northern plateau's lithosphere bends downward and undergoes delamination,further heating the crust and promoting the northward and eastward flow of partial melting layers,leading to secondary uplift around the plateau.

Numerical simulations of flow and sediment transport within the Ning-Meng reach of the Yellow River,northern China

Effective management of a river reach requires a sound understanding of flow and sediment transport generated by varying natural and artificial runoff conditions. Flow and sediment transport within the Ning-Meng reach of the Yellow River（NMRYR）, northern China are controlled by a complex set of factors/processes, mainly including four sets of factors：（1） aeolian sediments from deserts bordering the main stream;（2） inflow of water and sediment from numerous tributaries;（3） impoundment of water by reservoir/hydro-junction; and（4） complex diversion and return of irrigation water. In this study, the 1-D flow ＆ sediment transport model developed by the Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research was used to simulate the flow and sediment transport within the NMRYR from 2001 to 2012. All four sets of factors that primarily control the flow and sediment transport mentioned above were considered in this model. Compared to the measured data collected from the hydrological stations along the NMRYR, the simulated flow and sediment transport values were generally acceptable, with relative mean deviation between measured and simulated values of 〈15%. However, simulated sediment concentration and siltation values within two sub-reaches（i.e., Qingtongxia Reservoir to Bayan Gol Hydrological Station and Bayan Gol Hydrological Station to Toudaoguai Hydrological Station） for some periods exhibited relatively large errors（the relative mean deviations between measured and simulated values of 18% and 25%, respectively）. These errors are presumably related to the inability to accurately determine the quantity of aeolian sediment influx to the river reach and the inflow of water from the ten ephemeral tributaries. This study may provide some valuable insights into the numerical simulations of flow and sediment transport in large watersheds and also provide a useful model for the effective management of the NMRYR.

A New Efficient Finite Volume Modeling of Small Amplitude Free Surface Flows with Unstructured Grid

A staggered finite-volume technique for non-hydrostatic, small amplitude free surface flow governed by the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is presented there is a proper balance between accuracy and computing time. The advection and horizontal diffusion terms in the momentum equation are discretized by an integral interpolation method on the orthogonal unstructured staggered mesh and, while it has the attractive property of being conservative. The pressure-correction algorithm is employed for the non-hydrostatic pressure in order to achieve second-order temporal accuracy. A conservative scalar transport algorithm is also applied to discretize k - c equations in this model. The eddy viscosity is calculated from the k-c turbulent model. The resulting model is mass and momentum conservative. The model is verified by two examples to simulate unsteady small amplitude free surface flows where non-hydrostatic pressures have a considerable effect on the velocity field, and then applied to simulate the tidal flow in the Bohai Sea.

A NUMERICAL MODEL FOR 3-D FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS

A 3-D model based on the Reynolds equations with closed k-ε turbulence model is presented in this paper,which can be used to predict surface water flow in open channels.In- stead of the“rigid lid”approximation,the solution of the free surface equation is implemented in the velocity-pressure iterative procedure on the basis of the conventional SIMPLE method.This model was used to compute the flow in rectangular channels with trenches dredged across the bot- tom.The velocity,eddy viscosity coefficient,turbulent shear stress,turbulent kinetic energy and elevation of the free surface over the trenches dredged in the main channel,can be obtained. The computed results are in good agreement with existing experimentaing data.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL MODELING OF SECONDARY FLOWS IN A WIDE CURVED CHANNEL

Most natural rivers are curved channels, where the turbulent flows have a complex helical pattern, as has been extensively studied both numerically and experimentally. The helical flow structure in curved channels has an important bearing on sediment transport, riverbed evolution, and pollutant transport study. In this article, different turbulence closure schemes i.e., the mixing-length model and the k-ε model with different pressure solution techniques i. e., hydrostatic assumptions and dynamic pressure treatments are applied to study the helical secondary flows in an experiment curved channel. The agreements of vertically-averaged velocities between the simulated results obtained by using different turbulence models with different pressure solution techniques and the measured data are satisfactory. Their discrepancies with respect to surface elevations, superelevations and secondary flow patterns are discussed.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF 3-D TURBULENT BEND FLOWS IN OPEN CHANNEL

A generalized hend flow model, treating a 90° single bend and 60° continuous hends, was designed to quantitatively describe 3-D turhulenee mechanism of circulating notfully-developed flow in open channels with hends. The 3-D fluctuating veloeities of turbulent flow were measured and analyzed with a 3 D acoustic-Doppler velocimeter. Formula for 3 D turbulent intensity was derived using the dimension analysis approaeh. Expressions of vertical turbulent intensity distributions were obtained with the multivariant-rcgression theo ry, whieh agree with experiment data. Distrihutions of turbulent intensity and turbulent stress were characterized, and their relationships were concluded. In the bend-turbulent flow core region, longitudinal and lateral turbulent-intensity distri hutions are coincident with linear distribution, hut in nearwall region are coincident with the Gamma distribution. Verotical turbulent intensity distributions are coincident with the Rayleigh distribution. Herein, it is concluded that the bend turbulence is anisotropic.

基于欧拉固液两相流模型的泵站进水侧流场三维模拟

针对泵站过水建筑物中出现大量的泥沙淤积和不良流态,基于欧拉固液两相流模型对大型泵站进水侧流场进行三维CFD数值模拟。数值模拟结果表明,泵站原始的布置方案会引起低速区、漩涡以及回流等不良的进水流态,会导致在泵站前池出现泥沙淤积的现象。为了改善泵站进水流态和减少前池的泥沙淤积,对泵站分水堰形状进行修改并在引渠段加设整流底坎。数值模拟结果显示,通过对泵站原始布置方案的修改,消除了前池内的回流,漩涡的范围也有所减小,泥沙淤积的现象得到了较大的改善,水流中的泥沙体积分数平均减少了13%。

弯道三维水沙数值模拟中推移质输移方向的选取

在曲线坐标同位网格下,采用不平衡输沙方程建立了弯道三维水沙数学模型,并考虑了弯道处横坡与纵坡存在对泥沙起动的影响。模型采用有限体积法对方程进行离散,采用与动量插值技术相结合的SIMPLEC算法来进行模型求解。通过弯道试验的计算表明,模型能够有效地模拟出弯道处二次流及河床的冲淤变化情况,实测值与计算值吻合较好。在此基础上,进一步分析了弯道处推移质输移方向选取对冲淤模拟结果的影响,选取推移质输移方向与近底0.08倍水深处流速方向一致时,模拟效果较好。

大潮差河口闸下水流的流动特性分析

福建数座河口水闸发生剧烈淘刷,闸上游和下游的最大冲刷深度达到闸室高度的0.5~1.2倍,且屡修屡毁。有的水闸经多次除险加固后,不得不再花巨资重建。通过数学模型和物理模型揭示了河口水闸下游水位因受东海大潮差海潮影响发生剧烈波动时的变化规律,发现了水闸泄流过程中的间歇性淹没及非常工况甚至出现逆流的独特流动现象,给出了典型日孔流及堰流泄流能力动态变化过程线,分析了消能工变化对闸址水流结构的显著影响,并对水闸水毁修复前后闸下冲刷进行了预测。结果表明:水闸修复前闸下涨急最高水位4.53 m,修复后下降0.67 m,水闸修复后逆流现象减弱。修复后首次水跃位置往上游移动了35 m,平均水跃高度下降47.46%,闸后及二级池末端最大流速2.27 m/s和0.08 m/s,较修复前分别下降了40.58%和96.48%。常遇泄流条件下,水闸的淹没度和泄流能力呈现不断变化的动态过程。当西溪水闸62#先启孔全开,上游保持正常高水位3.2 m,下游为最低潮位-0.72 m时,修复后最大冲刷深度减少64.48%,消能防冲效果十分明显。研究成果对河口水闸安全运行具有一定的参考价值。

宁夏水洞沟水库三维水沙运移数值模拟研究

为了研究水洞沟水库的水沙运移情况。建立了三维水沙数学模型,采用非结构网格的有限体积法,对两种工况下水库的水沙运动进行了数值模拟研究,对三个典型层的流场、部分断面的流速分布及部分断面的河床高程进行了分析。结果表明:流场的模拟值符合水流运动的一般规律,即从底层到表层流速逐渐增大;断面流速的分布规律也是合理的;几个典型断面的河床高程的模拟值与实测值较为一致。从而说明建立的数学模型可应用于跟水洞沟水库类似的工业供水水库。

海河隧道工程防洪影响分析

海河隧道线路全长2 303.4 m,其中主河道沉管段长240 m,沉管断面宽度37.4 m,高9.8 m,共设置两节,每节120 m。河道沉管段采用水中沉管法施工。管段安装会对河道的防洪安全产生较大的影响,故须对河段的水沙条件有严格的要求。本文采用三维分层水流泥沙数学模型,通过错层处理,较好地解决了同层网格产生急剧变化,在突变点处隔层网格物理量的影响远大于层间网格的影响问题。对隧道管段悬浮状态、沉放过程中的过流能力、水流流态和河段水流泥沙运移规律进行了深入分析,提出管段对河段水沙的影响程度及解决措施。本研究拓展了三维分层水流泥沙数学模型的应用范围,为保证工程施工安全提供了理论基础。

黄河钓口河口行水期泥沙输运过程的三维数值模拟

由于钓口流路行水时期普遍缺乏对河口和近海的系统观测,基于1976年黄河三角洲实测水深数据和汛期水沙数据,采用EFDC三维数值模式对钓口河口泥沙沉积动力过程进行了数值模拟研究。模型结果表明,钓口河口的羽状流和异重流的时空分布具有显著的潮周期变化特征。受与岸线平行的涨落潮流作用,表层羽状流的侧向摆动幅度较大,河口羽状流输沙主要平行于岸线方向,跨等深线的泥沙输运受到限制。汛期黄河入海的高浓度泥沙在钓口河口形成潜没的异重流,在底层沿河口轴线向北输运泥沙至三角洲前缘区域,泥沙输运通量比表层羽状流的输送通量高出一个数量级,且随着离岸距离的增大而呈指数形式快速衰减。随着水深增大,单宽泥沙通量的衰减速率逐渐减小。计算结果显示,由于汛期高浓度泥沙入海,钓口河口的异重流稳定存在,导致约75%的入海泥沙沉积在10m水深以浅的区域,25%的入海泥沙淤积在三角洲前缘外侧,异重流过程对汛期钓口河口泥沙向深水区输运和沉积具有控制作用。数值模拟结果与前人根据水深变化揭示的三角洲冲淤分布格局一致,与钻孔的沉积记录基本吻合。

SIMULATION OF SEDIMENT DEPOSITION IN A CAVITY WITH FREE SURFACE

Studies of the flow and sediment movement in a cavity with free surface were mostly limited to physical modeling experiments. In this study, the sediment movement is characterized in detail using a 3-D turbulent numerical model. To close the Reynolds equations, the standard k-ε model is employed. The VOF method is adopted to capture the time varying free surface and the porosity method is introduced to deal with the irregular boundary and the varying bed deformation. The computation results agree well with the experimental data in major aspects such as the vertical distribution of the sediment concentration and the deposition topography in the cavity. The comparisons show that this model can well predict the flow structure and the sediment movement and also the river bed deformation in a cavity.