3-D seismic interpretation of stratigraphic and structural features in the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous sequence of the Gullfaks Field,Norwegian North Sea:A case study of reservoir development

The 3-D seismic dataset is a key tool to analyze and understand the mechanism of structural and stratigraphic hydrocarbon(HC)trapping in the subsurface.Conventionally used subsurface seismic characterization methods for fractures are based on the theory of effective anisotropy medium.The aim of this work is to improve the structural images with dense sampling of 3-D survey to evaluate structural and stratigraphic models for reservoir development to predict reservoir quality.The present study of the Gullfaks Field,located in the Norwegian North Sea Gullfaks sector,identifies the shallowest structural elements.The steepness of westward structural dip decreases eastward during the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous deposition.Reservoir sands consist of the Middle Jurassic deltaic deposits and Lower Jurassic fluvial channel and delta plain deposits.Sediment supply steadily prevails on sea-level rise and the succession displays a regressive trend indicated by a good continuous stacking pattern.The key factor for the development of reservoirs in the Gullfaks Field is fault transmissibility with spatially distributed pressure.The majority of mapped faults with sand-to-sand contacts are non-sealing,which provide restriction for the HC flow between the fault blocks.The traps for HC accumulation occur between the post-rift and syn-rift strata,i.e.antiform set by extensional system,unconformity trap at the top of syndeposition,and structural trap due to normal faults.Overall reservoir quality in the studied area is generally excellent with average 35%porosity and permeability in the Darcy range.Our findings are useful to better understand the development of siliciclastic reservoirs in similar geological settings worldwide.

3-D Modelling of the Confederation Bridge Using Data of Full Scale Tests

Long-span bridges are special structures that require advanced analysis techniques to examine their performance. This paper presents a procedure developed to model the Confederation Bridge using 3-D beam elements. The model was validated using the data collected before the opening of the bridge to the public. The bridge was instrumented to conduct fullscale static and dynamic tests. The static tests were to measure the deflection of the bridge pier while the dynamic tests to measure the free vibrations of the pier due to a sudden release of the static load. Confederation Bridge is one of the longest reinforced concrete bridges in the world. It connects the province of Prince Edward Island and the province of New Brunswick in Canada. Due to its strategic location and vital role as a transportation link between these two provinces, it was designed using higher safety factors than those for typical highway bridges. After validating the present numerical model, a procedure was developed to evaluate the performance of similar bridges subjected to traffic and seismic loads. It is of interest to note that the foundation stiffness and the modulus of elasticity of the concrete have significant effects on the structural responses of the Confederation Bridge.

ACQUIREMENT AND COMPUTER PROCESSING OF 3-D SURFACE SHAPE DATA

The laser scanning and CCD image-transmitting measurement method and principle on acquiring 3-D curved surface shape data are discussed. Computer processing technique of 3-D curved surface shape(be called“ 3 - D surface shape”for short) data is analysed. This technique in- cludes these concrete methods and principles such as data smoothing, fitting, reconstructing ,elimi- nating and so on. The example and result about computer processing of 3- D surface shape data are given .

3-D叠后地震资料多项式拟合提高信噪比和道内插

三维地震资料叠后提高信噪比和横测线方向道内插问题，目前在生产中还没有得到很好的解决。现在有些数据中心是用二维多项式拟合提高信噪比模块对纵测线和横测线分两步进行处理的。本文应用多项式拟合理论直接在三维叠后地震资料上完成提高信噪比和横测线方向的道内插（通常横测线方向的道间距要比纵测线方向的道间距大一倍，需要进行道内插），用一步处理即可得到能应用于三维偏移的共深度点数据集。此法充分利用了三维地震资料的信息，提高了处理效率。

A study on 3-D velocity structure of crust and upper mantle in Sichuan -Yunnan region, China

Based on the first arrival P and S data of 4 625 regional earthquakes recorded at 174 stations dispersed in the Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces, the 3-D velocity structure of crust and upper mantle in the region is determined, incorporating with previous deep geophysical data. In the upper crust, a positive anomaly velocity zone exists in the Sichuan basin, whereas a negative anomaly velocity zone exists in the western Sichuan plateau. The boundary between the positive and negative anomaly zones is the Longmenshan fault zone. The images of lower crust and upper mantle in the Longmenshan fault, Xianshuihe fault, Honghe fault and others show the characteristic of tectonic boundary, indicating that the faults likely penetrate the Moho discontinuity. The negative velocity anomalies at the depth of 50 km in the Tengchong volcanic area and the Panxi tectonic zone appear to be associated with the temperature and composition variations in the upper mantle. The overall features of the crustal and the upper mantle structures in the SichuanYunnan region are the lower average velocity in both crust and uppermost mantle, the large crustal thickness variations, and the existence of high conductivity layer in the crust or/and upper mantle, and higher geothermal value. All these features are closely related to the collision between the India and the Asia plates. The crustal velocity in the SichuanYunnan rhombic block generally shows normal value or positive anomaly, while the negative anomaly exists in the area along the large strike-slip faults as the block boundary. It is conducive to the crustal block side-pressing out along the faults. In the major seismic zones, the seismicity is relative to the negative anomaly velocity. Most strong earthquakes occurred in the upper-mid crust with positive anomaly or normal velocity, where the negative anomaly zone generally exists below.

Scattering of seismic waves by three-dimensional large-scale hill topography simulated by a fast parallel IBEM

To solve seismic wave scattering by a large-scale three-dimensional(3-D) hill topography, a fast parallel indirect boundary element method(IBEM) is developed by proposing a new construction method for the wave field, modifying the generalized minimum residual(GMRES) algorithm and constructing an Open MP plus MPI parallel model. The validations of accuracy and efficiency show that this method can solve 3-D seismic response of a large-scale hill topography for broadband waves, and overcome the weakness of large storage and low efficiency of the traditional IBEM. Based on this new algorithm architecture, taking the broadband scattering of plane SV waves by a large-scale Gaussian-shaped hill of thousands-meters height as an example, the influence of several important parameters is investigated, including the incident frequency, the incident angle and the height-width and length-width ratio of the hill. The numerical results illustrate that the amplification effect on the ground motion by a near-hemispherical hill is more significant than the narrow hill. For low-frequency waves, the scattering effect of the higher hill is more pronounced, and there is only a single peak near the top of the hill. However, for high-frequency waves, rapid spatial variation of displacement amplitude appears on the hill surface.

Determination of 3-D Velocity Anomalies of the Nanbei Tectonic Zone of China Based on Local Earthquakes

In this paper, 3-D velocity images of the crust and upper mantle beneath the Nanbei tectonic zone of China are constructed using P-wave travel time residuals of earthquakes, with the data supplied by China's seismic networks and the International Seismic Centre.

3.5D地震勘探实例研究

3D和随时间推移(TL)地震是油田评价与开发阶段重要的地震勘探方法。近年来,TL地震正逐步成为油藏开发和管理中的重要手段之一。但TL地震受到储层条件、开采方式、TL地震勘探过程中非重复性噪声以及一些油田在开发早期未开展基础3D地震观测等诸因素的影响,这些因素使得这一技术在陆上油田开发中的应用受到了制约。为此,提出了3.5D地震勘探方法。3.5D地震勘探方法应用油田开发中、晚期的高精度3D地震数据,结合油田开发动态信息解决油田开发中存在的问题,寻找剩余油气分布区域。通过对中国西部某油田的开发实例研究,认为:3.5D地震可以较有效地解决油田开发中的问题,发现剩余油气的分布,不但解决了一些油田早期没有3D地震或早期3D地震数据质量存在严重非重复性噪声影响的问题,同时还可降低TL地震勘探的风险,提高油田开发的经济效益。

Deep seismic sounding investigation into the deep structure of the magma system in Changbaishan-Tianchi volcanic region

The magma system of Changbaishan-Tianchi Volcanic region is studied with three-dimensional deep seismic sounding (DSS) technique. The results show that the magma system of Changbaishan-Tianchi volcanic region, mainly characterized by low velocity of P wave, can be divided into three parts in terms of depth. At the depth range of 9-15 km, the distribution of the magma system is characterized by extensiveness, large scale and near-SN orientation. This layer is the major place for magma storage. From the depth of 15 km down to the lower crust, it is characterized by small lateral scale, which indicates the 'trace' of magma intrusion from the upper mantle into the crust and also implies that the magma system most probably extends to the upper mantle, or even deeper.(less than 8-9 km deep), the range of magma distribution is even smaller, centering on an SN-oriented area just north of the Tianchi crater. If low velocity of P wave is related to the magma system, it then reflects that the magma here is still in a state of relatively high temperature. In this sense, the magma system of Changbaishan-Tianchi volcanic region is at least not 'remains', in other words, it is in an 'active' state.

AN INTEGRATED DATA MODEL IN THREE DIMENSIONAL GIS

The current GIS can only deal with 2-D or 2.5-D information on the earth surface. A new 3-D data structure and data model need to be designed for the 3-D GIS. This paper analyzes diverse 3-D spatial phenomena from mine to geology and their complicated relations, and proposes several new kinds of spatial objects including cross-section, column body and digital surface model to represent some special spatial phenomena like tunnels and irregular surfaces of an ore body. An integrated data structure including vector, raster and object-oriented data models is used to represent various 3-D spatial objects and their relations. The integrated data structure and object-oriented data model can be used as bases to design and realize a 3-D geographic information system.

Tectonic characteristics and structural styles of a continental rifted basin:Revelation from deep seismic reflection profiles

The Fushan Depression is a half-graben rifted sub-basin located in the southeast of the Beibuwan Basin, South China Sea. The Paleogene Liushagang sequence is the main hydrocarbon-bearing stratigraphic unit in the sub-basin. Using three-dimensional（3-D）seismic data and logging data over the sub-basin, we analyzed structural styles and sedimentary characteristics of the Liushagang sequence. Five types of structural styles were defined： ancient horst, traditional slope, flexure slope-break, faulted slope-break and multiple-stage faults slope, and interpretations for positions, background and development formations of each structural style were discussed. Structural framework across the sub-basin reveals that the most remarkable tectonic setting is represented by the central transfer zone（CTZ） which divides the sub-basin into two independent depressions, and two kinds of sequence architectures are summarized：（i） the western multi-stage faults slope;（ii） the eastern flexure slope break belt. Combined with regional stress field of the Fushan Depression, we got plane combinations of the faults, and finally built up plan distribution maps of structural system for main sequence. Also, we discussed the controlling factors mainly focused on subsidence history and background tectonic activities such as volcanic activity and earthquakes. The analysis of structural styles and tectonic evolution provides strong theoretical support for future prospecting in the Fushan subbasin and other similar rifted basins of the Beibuwan Basin in South China Sea.

Inversion of gravity gradient data based on spatial gradient weighting

Compared with traditional gravity measurement data,gravity gradient tensor data contain more high frequency information,which can be used to understand the earth's interior structure,mineral resources distribution etc. In this study,the authors present an algorithm for inverting gravity gradiometer data to recover the three-dimensional( 3-D) distributions of density. Spatial gradient weighting was used to constrain the extent of the body horizontally and vertically. A more accurate inversion result can be obtained by combining the prior information into the weighting function and applying it in inversion. This method was tested on synthetic models and the inverted results showed that the resolution was significantly improved. Moreover,the algorithm was applied to the inversion of empirical data from a salt dome located in Texas,USA,which demonstrated the validity of the proposed method.

3-D Seismic Identification and Characterization of Ancient Channel Morphology

It is easy to identify ancient fluvial morphologic types by the outcrop,log and core data.However,the horizontal distribution and geometry of the channels can only be identified and predicted by relying on the 3-D seismic data.The 3-D seismic horizon slices,especially,can play an important role in the sandstone prediction of meandering rivers,distributary channels and low-sinuosity channels.Every microfacies unit,including main channels,such as sinuous or branching channels,levee,crevasse channels,ligule crevasse splay and floodplain etc.can be identified.Braided channel sandstones are planar tabular lateral-connected sandbodies and the distribution of thick main channel belts can only be identified from 3-D seismic data.As the braided sandstones are ubiquitous,their occurrence and distribution do not need to be predicted.Generally,the coal velocity is so low that it can create a strong amplitude reflection in coal strata.It consequently conceals the amplitude respondence to anastomosing channel sandstone which could be identified from 3-D seismic inversion data sometimes.Case studies of mud-rich low-sinuosity rivers identified with 3-D seismic data indicate that the scales and width-to-thickness ratio of such sandbodies are small,laterally unconnected,and generally occurred on distant or further parts of an alluvial fan under dry climate conditions.Sometimes extraction of seismic attributes of every reflection event along horizons is expected to maximize expression of the spatial evolutions of ancient channels.

A Preconditioned 3-DMulti-Region Fast Multipole Solver for Seismic Wave Propagation in Complex Geometries

The analysis of seismic wave propagation and amplification in complex geological structures requires efficient numerical methods.In this article,following up on recent studies devoted to the formulation,implementation and evaluation of 3-D single-and multi-region elastodynamic fast multipole boundary element methods(FM-BEMs),a simple preconditioning strategy is proposed.Its efficiency is demonstrated on both the single-andmulti-region versions using benchmark examples(scattering of plane waves by canyons and basins).Finally,the preconditioned FM-BEM is applied to the scattering of plane seismic waves in an actual configuration(alpine basin of Grenoble,France),for which the high velocity contrast is seen to significantly affect the overall efficiency of the multi-region FM-BEM.

曲流河沉积亚相的地震识别方法

本文提出利用三维地震资料相干数据分析研究曲流河沉积相的方法 ,其优点是在地质分析的基础上 ,对沉积体系有较为明显的识别特征 ,且在钻井较少的地区尤为实用。该方法在济阳拗陷东北部上第三系应用中取得了较为明显的效果。

基于三维地震资料的油藏描述技术和方法

油藏描述技术已从单一的储层构造形态的描述、储层预测发展为建立油藏三维构造模型、储层模型和油藏地质模型 ;从单一学科的研究发展为多学科的一体化研究 ;从定性的描述发展到半定量、定量的预测 ;从定性的评价发展为三维油藏属性建模。本文着重从地震的相干体技术、三维可视化技术、地震属性分析及储层预测技术、变速成图技术、测井处理和解释技术、多井约束反演技术和油藏地质建模等技术的应用 。

地震子波处理的二步法反褶积方法研究

针对玛湖斜坡区三块三维地震资料和赛汉塔拉凹陷二块三维地震资料连片处理中的特点,结合地质任务和处理目标要求,提出了地震数据连片处理中的地震子波处理的方法.该方法主要体现了两次反褶积,一次是采用地表一致性反褶积,将不同震源的频带拓宽到一个标准上;再一次采用相位校正反褶积,将不同震源的数据校正到相同相位上.为了保证提取的相位校正反褶积算子稳定,采用叠后地震道提取(主要考虑到叠后地震道信噪比高,算子稳定性强),然后将该算子应用到叠前地震道,进行相位校正.

OpenGL技术在地震数据可视化中的应用

Open GL(Open Graphics Library)是近年发展起来的一个性能卓越的应用编程接口 (API) ,它已经成为三维图形设计的工业标准。随着计算机软硬件水平的不断提高 ,可视化技术在地震数据处理与解释工作中的地位也日益突出。本文探讨了利用 Open

三维观测系统采集脚印定量分析技术

"采集脚印"是三维地震勘探中的一种地震噪声,是三维地震观测系统的固有属性,严重影响采集资料的振幅保真度及处理和解释效果。本文论述的三维观测系统采集脚印定量分析技术可定量描述三维观测系统接收、激发参数及施工方式与采集脚印的关系,综合考虑道距、接收线距、炮点距、炮线距、排列滚动线数、地层深度及变观方式等因素对形成采集脚印的影响,提供了从设计源头压制采集脚印、优化三维观测系统的方法。该方法在地震勘探实践中取得了良好的应用效果。

南海北部陆坡神狐海域海底滑坡地球物理响应特征及其与流体活动相关性

海底滑坡广泛发育于海底陆坡上,是改变海底地形地貌的主导因素,也是大陆坡上沉积物往深海盆地搬运的重要方式。利用神狐海域针对水合物储集层做过特殊处理的高分辨率地震资料,首先根据剖面的地震响应特征对该区域海底滑坡的后壁、侧壁以及滑坡内部构造进行识别、分析和解释,其次根据海底及海底以下不同反射时间的时间切片对该区域海底滑坡的整体形态以及空间展布等特征进行了详细刻画。最后结合流体聚集区频谱分析结果以及滑坡分布与流体活动带的对应关系,分析了该区域海底滑坡与流体活动的相关性,推断了该区域海底滑坡的直接诱因。