SGT-Net: A Transformer-Based Stratified Graph Convolutional Network for 3D Point Cloud Semantic Segmentation

In recent years,semantic segmentation on 3D point cloud data has attracted much attention.Unlike 2D images where pixels distribute regularly in the image domain,3D point clouds in non-Euclidean space are irregular and inherently sparse.Therefore,it is very difficult to extract long-range contexts and effectively aggregate local features for semantic segmentation in 3D point cloud space.Most current methods either focus on local feature aggregation or long-range context dependency,but fail to directly establish a global-local feature extractor to complete the point cloud semantic segmentation tasks.In this paper,we propose a Transformer-based stratified graph convolutional network(SGT-Net),which enlarges the effective receptive field and builds direct long-range dependency.Specifically,we first propose a novel dense-sparse sampling strategy that provides dense local vertices and sparse long-distance vertices for subsequent graph convolutional network(GCN).Secondly,we propose a multi-key self-attention mechanism based on the Transformer to further weight augmentation for crucial neighboring relationships and enlarge the effective receptive field.In addition,to further improve the efficiency of the network,we propose a similarity measurement module to determine whether the neighborhood near the center point is effective.We demonstrate the validity and superiority of our method on the S3DIS and ShapeNet datasets.Through ablation experiments and segmentation visualization,we verify that the SGT model can improve the performance of the point cloud semantic segmentation.

Review of Artificial Intelligence for Oil and Gas Exploration: Convolutional Neural Network Approaches and the U-Net 3D Model

Deep learning, especially through convolutional neural networks (CNN) such as the U-Net 3D model, has revolutionized fault identification from seismic data, representing a significant leap over traditional methods. Our review traces the evolution of CNN, emphasizing the adaptation and capabilities of the U-Net 3D model in automating seismic fault delineation with unprecedented accuracy. We find: 1) The transition from basic neural networks to sophisticated CNN has enabled remarkable advancements in image recognition, which are directly applicable to analyzing seismic data. The U-Net 3D model, with its innovative architecture, exemplifies this progress by providing a method for detailed and accurate fault detection with reduced manual interpretation bias. 2) The U-Net 3D model has demonstrated its superiority over traditional fault identification methods in several key areas: it has enhanced interpretation accuracy, increased operational efficiency, and reduced the subjectivity of manual methods. 3) Despite these achievements, challenges such as the need for effective data preprocessing, acquisition of high-quality annotated datasets, and achieving model generalization across different geological conditions remain. Future research should therefore focus on developing more complex network architectures and innovative training strategies to refine fault identification performance further. Our findings confirm the transformative potential of deep learning, particularly CNN like the U-Net 3D model, in geosciences, advocating for its broader integration to revolutionize geological exploration and seismic analysis.

GCR-Net:3D Graph convolution-based residual network for robust reconstruction in cerenkov luminescence tomography

Cerenkov Luminescence Tomography(CLT)is a novel and potential imaging modality which can display the three-dimensional distribution of radioactive probes.However,due to severe ill-posed inverse problem,obtaining accurate reconstruction results is still a challenge for traditional model-based methods.The recently emerged deep learning-based methods can directly learn the mapping relation between the surface photon intensity and the distribution of the radioactive source,which effectively improves the performance of CLT reconstruction.However,the previously proposed deep learning-based methods cannot work well when the order of input is disarranged.In this paper,a novel 3D graph convolution-based residual network,GCR-Net,is proposed,which can obtain a robust and accurate reconstruction result from the photon intensity of the surface.Additionally,it is proved that the network is insensitive to the order of input.The performance of this method was evaluated with numerical simulations and in vivo experiments.The results demonstrated that compared with the existing methods,the proposed method can achieve efficient and accurate reconstruction in localization and shape recovery by utilizing threedimensional information.

Segmentation of retinal fluid based on deep learning:application of three-dimensional fully convolutional neural networks in optical coherence tomography images

AIM: To explore a segmentation algorithm based on deep learning to achieve accurate diagnosis and treatment of patients with retinal fluid.METHODS: A two-dimensional(2D) fully convolutional network for retinal segmentation was employed. In order to solve the category imbalance in retinal optical coherence tomography(OCT) images, the network parameters and loss function based on the 2D fully convolutional network were modified. For this network, the correlations of corresponding positions among adjacent images in space are ignored. Thus, we proposed a three-dimensional(3D) fully convolutional network for segmentation in the retinal OCT images.RESULTS: The algorithm was evaluated according to segmentation accuracy, Kappa coefficient, and F1 score. For the 3D fully convolutional network proposed in this paper, the overall segmentation accuracy rate is 99.56%, Kappa coefficient is 98.47%, and F1 score of retinal fluid is 95.50%. CONCLUSION: The OCT image segmentation algorithm based on deep learning is primarily founded on the 2D convolutional network. The 3D network architecture proposed in this paper reduces the influence of category imbalance, realizes end-to-end segmentation of volume images, and achieves optimal segmentation results. The segmentation maps are practically the same as the manual annotations of doctors, and can provide doctors with more accurate diagnostic data.

A new method of mesh simplification for 3-Dimension terrain using Laplace operator

This paper proposes a new method to simplify mesh in 3D terrain. The 3D terrain is presented by digital elevation model. First, Laplace operator is introduced to calculate sharp degree of mesh point, which indicates the variation trend of the terrain. Through setting a critical value of sharp degree, feature points are selected. Second, critical mesh points are extracted by an recursive process, and constitute the simplified mesh. Third, the algorithm of linear-square interpolation is employed to restore the characteris- tics of the terrain. Last, the terrain is rendered with color and texture. The experimental results demonstrate that this method can compress data by 16% and the error is lower than 10%.

Automatic detection of breast lesions in automated 3D breast ultrasound with cross-organ transfer learning

Background Deep convolutional neural networks have garnered considerable attention in numerous machine learning applications,particularly in visual recognition tasks such as image and video analyses.There is a growing interest in applying this technology to diverse applications in medical image analysis.Automated three dimensional Breast Ultrasound is a vital tool for detecting breast cancer,and computer-assisted diagnosis software,developed based on deep learning,can effectively assist radiologists in diagnosis.However,the network model is prone to overfitting during training,owing to challenges such as insufficient training data.This study attempts to solve the problem caused by small datasets and improve model detection performance.Methods We propose a breast cancer detection framework based on deep learning(a transfer learning method based on cross-organ cancer detection)and a contrastive learning method based on breast imaging reporting and data systems(BI-RADS).Results When using cross organ transfer learning and BIRADS based contrastive learning,the average sensitivity of the model increased by a maximum of 16.05%.Conclusion Our experiments have demonstrated that the parameters and experiences of cross-organ cancer detection can be mutually referenced,and contrastive learning method based on BI-RADS can improve the detection performance of the model.

Reconstructing the 3D digital core with a fully convolutional neural network

In this paper, the complete process of constructing 3D digital core by fullconvolutional neural network is described carefully. A large number of sandstone computedtomography (CT) images are used as training input for a fully convolutional neural networkmodel. This model is used to reconstruct the three-dimensional (3D) digital core of Bereasandstone based on a small number of CT images. The Hamming distance together with theMinkowski functions for porosity, average volume specifi c surface area, average curvature,and connectivity of both the real core and the digital reconstruction are used to evaluate theaccuracy of the proposed method. The results show that the reconstruction achieved relativeerrors of 6.26%, 1.40%, 6.06%, and 4.91% for the four Minkowski functions and a Hammingdistance of 0.04479. This demonstrates that the proposed method can not only reconstructthe physical properties of real sandstone but can also restore the real characteristics of poredistribution in sandstone, is the ability to which is a new way to characterize the internalmicrostructure of rocks.

An improved micro-expression recognition algorithm of 3D convolutional neural network

The micro-expression lasts for a very short time and the intensity is very subtle.Aiming at the problem of its low recognition rate,this paper proposes a new micro-expression recognition algorithm based on a three-dimensional convolutional neural network(3D-CNN),which can extract two-di-mensional features in spatial domain and one-dimensional features in time domain,simultaneously.The network structure design is based on the deep learning framework Keras,and the discarding method and batch normalization(BN)algorithm are effectively combined with three-dimensional vis-ual geometry group block(3D-VGG-Block)to reduce the risk of overfitting while improving training speed.Aiming at the problem of the lack of samples in the data set,two methods of image flipping and small amplitude flipping are used for data amplification.Finally,the recognition rate on the data set is as high as 69.11%.Compared with the current international average micro-expression recog-nition rate of about 67%,the proposed algorithm has obvious advantages in recognition rate.

3D Medical Image Interpolation Based on Parametric Cubic Convolution

In the process of display, manipulation and analysis of biomedical image data, they usually need to be converted to data of isotropic discretization through the process of interpolation, while the cubic convolution interpolation is widely used due to its good tradeoff between computational cost and accuracy. In this paper, we present a whole concept for the 3D medical image interpolation based on cubic convolution, and the six methods, with the different sharp control parameter,which are formulated in details. Furthermore, we also give an objective comparison for these methods using data sets with the different slice spacing. Each slice in these data sets is estimated by each interpolation method and compared with the original slice using three measures: mean-squared difference, number of sites of disagreement, and largest difference. According to the experimental results, we present a recommendation for 3D medical images under the different situations in the end.

Image-Based Flow Prediction of Vocal Folds Using 3D Convolutional Neural Networks

In this work,a three dimensional(3D)convolutional neural network(CNN)model based on image slices of various normal and pathological vocal folds is proposed for accurate and efficient prediction of glottal flows.The 3D CNN model is composed of the feature extraction block and regression block.The feature extraction block is capable of learning low dimensional features from the high dimensional image data of the glottal shape,and the regression block is employed to flatten the output from the feature extraction block and obtain the desired glottal flow data.The input image data is the condensed set of 2D image slices captured in the axial plane of the 3D vocal folds,where these glottal shapes are synthesized based on the equations of normal vibration modes.The output flow data is the corresponding flow rate,averaged glottal pressure and nodal pressure distributions over the glottal surface.The 3D CNN model is built to establish the mapping between the input image data and output flow data.The ground-truth flow variables of each glottal shape in the training and test datasets are obtained by a high-fidelity sharp-interface immersed-boundary solver.The proposed model is trained to predict the concerned flow variables for glottal shapes in the test set.The present 3D CNN model is more efficient than traditional Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)models while the accuracy can still be retained,and more powerful than previous data-driven prediction models because more details of the glottal flow can be provided.The prediction performance of the trained 3D CNN model in accuracy and efficiency indicates that this model could be promising for future clinical applications.

NUMERICAL MODELLING OF THREE-DIMENSION CHARACTERISTICS OF WIND-DRIVEN CURRENT IN THE BOHAI SEA

Three- dimension (3-D) wind-driven currents in the Bohai Sea in both winter and summer are calculated by using a 3- D barotropic steady model, and the results are consistent with observed flow char -acteristics. Based on the results, 3- D characteristics of flow, currents at different depths, compensated flow in the lower layer , long and narrow alongshore current, the area of upwelling and downwelling, main circulation in vertical profile, and the current in Bohai Strait are discussed.

3DMKDR:3D Multiscale Kernels CNN Model for Depression Recognition Based on EEG

Depression has become a major health threat around the world,especially for older people,so the effective detection method for depression is a great public health challenge.Electroencephalogram(EEG)can be used as a biomarker to effectively explore depression recognition.Motivated by the studies that multiple smaller scale kernels could increase nonlinear expression compared to a larger kernel,this article proposes a model named the three-dimensional multiscale kernels convolutional neural network model for the depression disorder recognition(3DMKDR),which is a three-dimensional convolutional neural network model with multiscale convolutional kernels for depression recognition based on EEG signals.A three-dimensional structure of the EEG is built by extending one-dimensional feature sequences into a two-dimensional electrode matrix to excavate the related spatiotemporal information among electrodes and the collected electrode matrix.By the major depressive disorder(MDD)and the multi-modal open dataset for mental-disorder analysis(MODMA)datasets,the experiment shows that the accuracies of depression recognition are up to99.86%and 98.01%in the subject-dependent experiment,and 95.80%and 82.27%in the subjectindependent experiment,which are higher than alternative competitive methods.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed 3DMKDR is potentially useful for depression recognition in older persons in the future.

Short‐term and long‐term memory self‐attention network for segmentation of tumours in 3D medical images

Tumour segmentation in medical images(especially 3D tumour segmentation)is highly challenging due to the possible similarity between tumours and adjacent tissues,occurrence of multiple tumours and variable tumour shapes and sizes.The popular deep learning‐based segmentation algorithms generally rely on the convolutional neural network(CNN)and Transformer.The former cannot extract the global image features effectively while the latter lacks the inductive bias and involves the complicated computation for 3D volume data.The existing hybrid CNN‐Transformer network can only provide the limited performance improvement or even poorer segmentation performance than the pure CNN.To address these issues,a short‐term and long‐term memory self‐attention network is proposed.Firstly,a distinctive self‐attention block uses the Transformer to explore the correlation among the region features at different levels extracted by the CNN.Then,the memory structure filters and combines the above information to exclude the similar regions and detect the multiple tumours.Finally,the multi‐layer reconstruction blocks will predict the tumour boundaries.Experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms other methods in terms of subjective visual and quantitative evaluation.Compared with the most competitive method,the proposed method provides Dice(82.4%vs.76.6%)and Hausdorff distance 95%(HD95)(10.66 vs.11.54 mm)on the KiTS19 as well as Dice(80.2%vs.78.4%)and HD95(9.632 vs.12.17 mm)on the LiTS.

基于多尺度时空注意力网络的微表情检测方法

微表情可以揭示人们试图隐藏的真实情绪,为刑事侦查、心理辅导等提供潜在的信息。现有微表情检测方法主要在获取空间特征的基础上提取时间特征以构建时空特征,这种处理方式容易导致时间特征失真,同时在空间处理过程中会破坏原有时序关系,降低微表情时空特征的判别性。针对这一问题,提出基于多尺度时空注意力网络的微表情检测方法。利用包含时间和空间关系的三维卷积神经网络(3DCNN)对微表情序列进行处理,获取兼顾时间域和空间域的鲁棒性特征。构建多尺度时间输入序列,从不同时间长度的图像序列中提取多维时间特征,采用轻量级3DCNN提取多尺度时空特征,利用全局时空注意力模块(GSAM)对时空特征进行全局性时空关联加强,其中时空重组模块用于加强不同时刻图像帧之间的连通性,全局信息关注模块构建单帧图像上的空间关联信息,最后对不同时刻的特征赋予权重以突出关键时间信息,有效完成微表情检测工作。实验结果表明,该方法可以准确检测出微表情序列片段,在CASME、CASME II和SAMM公开数据集上的准确率分别达到92.32%、95.04%和89.56%,相比目前最优的深度学习方法LGAttNet,所提方法在CASME II和SAMM数据集上的准确率分别提高了3.84和4.96个百分点。

基于YOLOv 3与注意力机制的桥梁表面裂痕检测算法

为了实现桥梁表面裂痕的快速准确检测和及时修复,在目标检测网络YOLOv3的基础上,结合深度可分离卷积与注意力机制,提出实时检测桥梁表面裂痕的轻量级目标检测网络.使用深度可分离卷积操作替换YOLOv3的标准卷积操作,达到降低网络参数量的目的.同时为了解决深度可分离卷积操作带来的网络精度下降的问题,引入MobileNet v2的反转残差块.卷积块注意力模块同时关注图像的通道注意力和空间注意力,较好地进行特征的自适应学习.实验表明,文中算法可实现对桥梁表面裂痕的实时检测.相比YOLOv3,具有更高的检测精度和检测速度.

基于三维卷积时空融合网络的压缩视频质量增强算法

视频数据在存储与网络传输时,通常使用标准压缩算法对原始视频进行压缩。针对压缩后视频存在压缩伪影导致视频质量下降的问题,本文提出一种基于深度学习的后处理方法提高压缩视频质量。首先,提出一种新的三维卷积时空融合网络(3D-CSTF),通过三维卷积的滤波特性提取连续视频帧之间的时空信息,并利用视频帧之间信息的强相关性来提高视频质量。其中,设计了一种用于映射和提取视频帧特征的质量增强网络(Qe-Net)。其次,将7个连续的视频帧送到网络进行端到端训练,利用前3帧和后3帧的信息增强当前帧。最后,在MFQE数据集上进行训练和测试。实验结果表明,该方法在视频质量评估标准峰值信噪比(PSNR)上取得了良好的性能。当量化参数(QP)等于37、32、27和22时,相比压缩后的视频,PSNR分别增加0.82 dB、0.83 dB、0.79 dB和0.74 dB。

维生素K_3的电化学研究

采用单扫示波极谱法，ＶＫ３在０．１ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＣｌ底液中，于－０．４６Ｖ（ＳＣＥ）处有一良好的二阶导数峰，峰高与浓度在５×１０－７～２×１０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ范围内成线性关系，检测限为２．５×１０－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ．当ｐＨ值小于３．６０时，ＶＫ３与氢离子作用，于零伏左右有一准可逆的２ｅ－＋Ｈ＋波；当ｐＨ值大于３．６０时，用低扫速的卷积伏安法观察，可发现ＶＫ３有双锋，说明有反应中间体存在，在水合介质中其反应机理是可逆的逐级双电子过程．此外，还对底液中溶解氧的影响进行了讨论．

基于3DCNN的CSI-cluster室内指纹定位算法

针对室内环境中复杂的多径效应影响定位精度问题,提出一种基于3维卷积神经网络(3 dimensional convolutional neural network,3DCNN)多径程度划分的自校准指纹定位算法。该算法利用MeanShift方法分析定位区域内每一个采样点的信道状态信息数据分布特性,得到其可代表多径效应程度的簇类数量,结合阈值原则将指纹库划分为2种不同多径程度的子库,从而减少多径程度差异较大的指纹点对后续定位影响利用3DCNN深度学习2类指纹子库。在定位阶段,根据校准算法判断待测数据所属子库,并采用相应的3DCNN模型估计位置。通过仿真实验验证,该方法在保证指纹库构建合理性和高效性的同时,在定位精度方面实现了明显的提升,优于与之对比的相关算法。

基于块编码特点的压缩视频质量增强算法

针对现有压缩视频质量增强算法未能充分利用压缩视频特点的问题,研究了视频编码与压缩视频质量增强任务之间的本质关系,并针对性地设计了一种基于三维卷积神经网络(3D convolutional neural network, 3D-CNN)的非对齐压缩视频质量增强算法。实验结果表明:相较于高效视频编码(high efficiency video coding, HEVC)标准H.265,所提算法在低延迟(low delay, LD)配置下且量化参数(quantization parameter, QP)为37时,峰值信噪比(peak signal-to-noise ratio, PSNR)提升了0.465 2 dB;相较于数据压缩会议(data compression conference, DCC)中提出的多帧引导的注意力网络(multi-frame guided attention network, MGANet)方法,该算法PSNR的增长量提升了15.1%。

快速3D-CNN结合深度可分离卷积对高光谱图像分类

针对卷积神经网络在高光谱图像特征提取和分类的过程中,存在空谱特征提取不充分以及网络层数太多引起的参数量大、计算复杂的问题,提出快速三维卷积神经网络(3D-CNN)结合深度可分离卷积(DSC)的轻量型卷积模型。该方法首先利用增量主成分分析(IPCA)对输入的数据进行降维预处理;其次将输入模型的像素分割成小的重叠的三维小卷积块,在分割的小块上基于中心像素形成地面标签,利用三维核函数进行卷积处理,形成连续的三维特征图,保留空谱特征。用3D-CNN同时提取空谱特征,然后在三维卷积中加入深度可分离卷积对空间特征再次提取,丰富空谱特征的同时减少参数量,从而减少计算时间,分类精度也有所提高。所提模型在Indian Pines、Salinas Scene和University of Pavia公开数据集上验证,并且同其他经典的分类方法进行比较。实验结果表明,该方法不仅能大幅度节省可学习的参数,降低模型复杂度,而且表现出较好的分类性能,其中总体精度(OA)、平均分类精度(AA)和Kappa系数均可达99%以上。