Effect of the mineral spatial distribution heterogeneity on the tensile strength of granite:Insights from PFC3D-GBM numerical analysis

The mechanical characteristics of crystalline rocks are affected by the heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of minerals.In this paper,a novel three-dimensional(3D)grain-based model(GBM)based on particle flow code(PFC),i.e.PFC3D-GBM,is proposed.This model can accomplish the grouping of mineral grains at the 3D scale and then filling them.Then,the effect of the position distribution,geometric size,and volume composite of mineral grains on the cracking behaviour and macroscopic properties of granite are examined by conducting Brazilian splitting tests.The numerical results show that when an external load is applied to a sample,force chains will form around each contact,and the orientation distribution of the force chains is uniform,which is independent of the external load level.Furthermore,the number of high-strength force chains is proportional to the external load level,and the main orientation distribution is consistent with the external loading direction.The main orientation of the cracks is vertical to that of the high-strength force chains.The geometric size of the mineral grains controls the mechanical behaviours.As the average grain size increases,the number of transgranular contacts with higher bonding strength in the region connecting both loading points increases.The number of high-strength force chains increases,leading to an increase in the stress concentration value required for the macroscopic failure of the sample.Due to the highest bonding strength,the generation of transgranular cracks in quartz requires a higher concentrated stress value.With increasing volume composition of quartz,the number of transgranular cracks in quartz distributed in the region connecting both loading points increases,which requires many high-strength force chains.The load level rises,leading to an increase in the tensile strength of the numerical sample.

GTP-based Integral Real-3D Spatial Model for Engineering Excavation GIS

Engineering excavation GIS (E 2 GIS) is a real-3D GIS serving for geosciences related to geo-engineering, civil engineering and mining engineering based on generalized tri-prism (GTP) model. As two instances of GTP model, G\|GTP is used for the real\|3D modeling of subsurface geological bodies, and E\|GTP is used for the real\|3D modeling of subsurface engineering excavations.In the light of the discussions on the features and functions of E 2 GIS, the modeling principles of G\|GTP and E\|GTP are introduced. The two models couple together seamlessly to form an integral model for subsurface spatial objects including both geological bodies and excavations. An object\|oriented integral real\|3D data model and integral spatial topological relations are discussed.

Spatial Structure Characteristics Detecting of Landform based on Improved 3D Lacunarity Model

The spatial structure characteristics of landform are the foundation of geomorphologic classification and recognition.This paper proposed a new method on quantifying spatial structure characteristics of terrain surface based on improved 3D Lacunarity model.Lacunarity curve and its numerical integration are used in this model to improve traditional classification result that different morphological types may share the close value of indexes based on global statistical analysis.Experiments at four test areas with different landform types show that improved 3D Lacunarity model can effectively distinguish different morphological types per texture analysis.Higher sensitivity in distinguishing the tiny differences of texture characteristics of terrain surface shows that the quantification method by 3D Lacu-narity model and its numerical integration presented in this paper could contribute to improving the accuracy of land-form classifications and relative studies.

Unified Data Model of Urban Air Pollution Dispersion and 3D Spatial City Model:Groundwork Assessment towards Sustainable Urban Development for Malaysia

Understanding the behavior of urban air pollution is important en route for sustainable urban development (SUD). Malaysia is on its mission to be a developed country by year 2020 comprehends dealing with air pollution is one of the indicators headed towards it. At present monitoring and managing air pollution in urban areas encompasses sophisticated air quality modeling and data acquisition. However, rapid developments in major cities cause difficulties in acquiring the city geometries. The existing method in acquiring city geometries data via ground or space measurement inspection such as field survey, photogrammetry, laser scanning, remote sensing or using architectural plans appears not to be practical because of its cost and efforts. Moreover, air monitoring stations deployed are intended for regional to global scale model whereby it is not accurate for urban areas with typical resolution of less than 2 km. Furthermore in urban areas, the pollutant dispersion movements are trapped between buildings initiating it to move vertically causing visualization complications which imply the limitations of existing visualization scheme that is based on two-dimensional (2D) framework. Therefore this paper aims is to perform groundwork assessment and discuss on the current scenario in Malaysia in the aspect of current policies towards SUD, air quality monitoring stations, scale model and detail discussion on air pollution dispersion model used called the Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM). This research proposed the implementation of three-dimensional (3D) spatial city model as a new physical data input for OSPM. The five Level of Details (LOD) of 3D spatial city model shows the scale applicability for the dispersion model implementtation. Subsequently 3D spatial city model data commonly available on the web, by having a unified data model shows the advantages in easy data acquisition, 3D visualization of air pollution dispersion and improves visual analysis of air quality monitoring in urban areas.

A Semantic-Sensitive Approach to Indoor and Outdoor 3D Data Organization

Building model data organization is often programmed to solve a specific problem,resulting in the inability to organize indoor and outdoor 3D scenes in an integrated manner.In this paper,existing building spatial data models are studied,and the characteristics of building information modeling standards(IFC),city geographic modeling language(CityGML),indoor modeling language(IndoorGML),and other models are compared and analyzed.CityGML and IndoorGML models face challenges in satisfying diverse application scenarios and requirements due to limitations in their expression capabilities.It is proposed to combine the semantic information of the model objects to effectively partition and organize the indoor and outdoor spatial 3D model data and to construct the indoor and outdoor data organization mechanism of“chunk-layer-subobject-entrances-area-detail object.”This method is verified by proposing a 3D data organization method for indoor and outdoor space and constructing a 3D visualization system based on it.

Spatial distribution modeling of subsurface bedrock using a developed automated intelligence deep learning procedure:A case study in Sweden

Due to associated uncertainties,modelling the spatial distribution of depth to bedrock(DTB) is an important and challenging concern in many geo-engineering applications.The association between DTB,the safety and economy of design structures implies that generating more precise predictive models can be of vital interest.In the present study,the challenge of applying an optimally predictive threedimensional(3D) spatial DTB model for an area in Stockholm,Sweden was addressed using an automated intelligent computing design procedure.The process was developed and programmed in both C++and Python to track their performance in specified tasks and also to cover a wide variety of diffe rent internal characteristics and libraries.In comparison to the ordinary Kriging(OK) geostatistical tool,the superiority of the developed automated intelligence system was demonstrated through the analysis of confusion matrices and the ranked accuracies of different statistical errors.The re sults showed that in the absence of measured data,the intelligence models as a flexible and efficient alternative approach can account for associated uncertainties,thus creating more accurate spatial 3D models and providing an appropriate prediction at any point in the subsurface of the study area.

Numerical modeling calculation for the spatial distribution characteristics of horizontal field transfer functions

Applying 3-dimension finite difference method, the distribution characteristics of horizontal field transfer functions for rectangular conductor have been computed, and the law of distribution for Re-part and Im-part has been given. The influences of source field period, the conductivity, the buried depth and the length of the conductor on the transfer functions were studied. The extrema of transfer functions appear at the center, the four corners and around the edges of conductor, and move with the edges. This feature demonstrates that around the edges are best places for transfer functions' observation.

Spatial Decision Support Applications Based on Three-Dimensional City Models

The basic mathematic models, such as the statistic model, the time\|serial model, the spatial dynamic model etc., and some typical analysis methods based on 3DCM are proposed and discussed. A few typical spatial decision making methods integrating the spatial analysis and the basic mathematical models are also introduced, e.g. visual impact assessment, dispersion of noise immissions, base station plan for wireless communication. In addition, a new idea of expectation of further applications and add\|in\|value service of 3DCM is promoted. As an example, the sunshine analysis is studied and some helpful conclusions are drawn.

3D Spatial Information Intended for SDI: A Literature Review, Problem and Evaluation

In this paper, first we are going to discuss briefly the importance of 3D information, and its application because of the Increasing demand for detailed information about real world objects and phenomena including altimetry and planimetry data (X, Y, Z), then we will explain in short the available methods for 3D measurement. It’s important to note that the Information collection by itself cannot define and sufficiently provide all the necessary actions to be taken in order to get them accessible and useful for users. The data management and establishment of a proper and reliable DBMS and finally a GIS system at the same time are vital crucial in the course of 3D application that will be discussed throughout the paper. The existing drawbacks and elements needed to be considered for the cartographic presentation are the key issues in three-dimensional world visualization. The elaboration on the 3D information and its knowledge transfer to the users in a SDI framework as well as the requirement recognition of beneficiary organizations will be the next step in this paper and the most probable problems will be studied in this stage. At the final stage, we’ll come up with conclusion, warnings and recommendation.

Study on 3D Geological Model of Highway Tunnels Modeling Method

Geology is the base for highways and tunnels construction. With the fast development of national highway construction, highway tunnel construction project are more and more complex. The completeness and accuracy are essential for the planning, design and construction of projects, while the ground information is quite poor in systematic, reliable and timely aspects. Therefore, the development of underground road tunnels, and the implementation of informationized spatial information management is urgent for highway construction. 3D geological tunnel model is intuitive, high efficient and convenience which greatly facilitates the maintenance and security of highway tunnels construction and it will be the trend for the future highway tunnel development.

Non-rigid 3D models retrieval based on hierarchical matching

In 3D models retrieval, feature description and retrieval of non-rigid model face more complex problems due to the isometry transformation of itself. We introduce the hierarchical combination matching into the feature comparison, and build a map between the divided regions of two models, and then achieve accurate feature matching based on patch-by-patch, which successfully introduces the spatial information into feature matching. Verified by experiment, the 3D model retrieval method proposed in this paper based on hierarchical combination matching can make sure more accurate feature matching, so as to enhance the precision of retrieval.

Stochastic analysis of excavation-induced wall deflection and box culvert settlement considering spatial variability of soil stiffness

In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) finite element modelling (FEM) analysis is carried out to investigate the effects of soil spatial variability on the response of retaining walls and an adjacent box culvert due to a braced excavation. The spatial variability of soil stiffness is modelled using a variogram and calibrated by high-quality experimental data. Multiple random field samples (RFSs) of soil stiffness are generated using geostatistical analysis and mapped onto a finite element mesh for stochastic analysis of excavation-induced structural responses by Monte Carlo simulation. It is found that the spatial variability of soil stiffness can be described by an exponential variogram, and the associated vertical correlation length is varied from 1.3 m to 1.6 m. It also reveals that the spatial variability of soil stiffness has a significant effect on the variations of retaining wall deflections and box culvert settlements. The ignorance of spatial variability in 3D FEM can result in an underestimation of lateral wall deflections and culvert settlements. Thus, the stochastic structural responses obtained from the 3D analysis could serve as an effective aid for probabilistic design and analysis of excavations.

3维空间数据采集方法探讨

通过对地形3维空间数据在真实世界的位置表现研究,并借鉴国外已经开展的3维空间数据采集与应用的经验,以及对国内现行的国标分类代码与图式进行分析与研究,确定3维空间数据获取所需的核心要素的内容及采集方法。将3维地形要素分为几大类,对每一大类里面各要素的可获取性进行了详细的分析。同时为了兼顾出图的需要,对所需的2维地物要素采集进行了分析。

基于近景目标3维测量系统和CSG技术构建3维景观

针对构建建筑物模型的过程,基于CSG体素,将建筑物进行体分解;以构建CSG树技术对建筑物进行3维重建。车载式近景目标3维测量系统(3D-Surs)提供的建筑物3维空间数据和纹理数据,为应用CSG技术奠定了数据基础。本文提出了基于3D-Surs和CSG技术构建建筑物3维模型的流程,并对该技术和流程进行了实践检验。实践表明本文的技术方案可行,具有推广价值。

三峡临时船闸3号坝段位移场时空分布模型

以空间多个测点的观测资料为依据，引入测点坐标而建立的时空分布模型可动态监测任一组荷载时的坝体位移场，当固定坐标时该模型就演变为测点的监测模型。应用上述场理论，用线弹性、粘弹性有限元数值计算方法建立三峡临时船闸３

一种面向对象的3维地物模型的设计方法

随着3维地理信息系统及其网络化的发展,3维地理信息的海量数据与有限的计算机资源和网络带宽之间的矛盾越来越突出,其中尤以地物模型的数据量问题更为显著。基于空间认知,提出面向对象的3维地物模型设计方法,该方法可以有效地减小3维地物模型的数据量,有利于模型采用细节层次模型(LOD)进行多尺度表达。提出了模型设计的理论基础,进行了设计实现,并以3DMAX为建模工具进行了实验,效果良好。

A Preliminary Review on Three-Dimensional City Model

In this paper a review on current research on 3DCM is presented, and an alternative approach by integrating the concepts and techniques of object\|oriented method and Computer Aided Design (CAD) is suggested. Through the approach urban spatial entities as objects are extracted, which are represented with primary 3D elements (node, edge, face and body) and their combinations. In the light of the concept of object, the method supports the multiple representation of Level of Details (LOD). More importantly, topological relationships between objects are described so that 3D topological operations can be implemented.

Developments of spatial information-based Digital Mine in China

Gave a brief introduction to the origin,concepted and hierarchical structure of Digital Mine.As a huge complex system,Digital Mine took data base and model base to- gether as a mine data management system being its core,and Digital Mine was com- prised of five subsystems including data obtaining system,integral dispatching system, applied engineering system,data processing system,and data management system.Be- ing a digitally 3D visualized representation and a spatial information infrastructure of an actual mine,Digital Mine had three basic features such as data warehouse,information reference and digital platform.The present developments of Digital Mine in mining industry, research and education were also introduced.Examples were shown for present Digital Mine construction in China.The development trends,the key technologies and the recent construction procedures on Digital Mine were presented.

浅谈可视化3维GIS

根据目前3维GIS的相关发展情况,从3维可视化的表现形式、数据组织、关键技术等,简要介绍了3维GIS可视化技术。

Lattice deformation in epitaxial Fe3O4 films on MgO substrates studied by polarized Raman spectroscopy

The lattice structures of epitaxial Fe3O4 films deposited on MgO were studied systematically using polarized Raman spectroscopy as a function of film thickness,where interesting phenomena were observed.Firstly,the spectral conflict to the Raman selection rules(RSRs)was observed under cross-sectional configuration,which can be attributed to the tetragonal deformation in the growth direction due to the lattice mismatch between Fe3O4 and MgO.Secondly,the blue shift and broadening of Raman peaks evidenced the decrease of the tensile strain in Fe3O4 films with decreasing thickness.Thirdly,distinct from the other Raman modes,the lowest T2g mode exhibited asymmetric lineshape,which can be interpreted using the spatial correlation model.The increased correlation length introduced in the model can well explain the enhanced peak asymmetry feature with decreasing thickness.These results provide useful information for understanding the lattice structure of epitaxial Fe3O4 film.