Fatigue life assessment of a high strength steel 300 M in the gigacycle regime

The fatigue behavior of a high strength steel 300 M in the gigacycle regime was investigated. Fully reversed tension - compression fatigue tests at ambient temperature were performed using an ultrasonic fatigue system operating at 20 kHz.The staircase test method was employed to obtain accurate values of the mean fatigue strength corresponding to fixed numbers of cycles up to 10~9.These results were compared to the curve which is estimated by the data tested in the mid-long life regime on conventional servo hydraulic test machine at 20 Hz.Results indicate that the fatigue strength determined from ultrasonic fatigue testing is lightly higher than conventional testing in the range of 10~6-10~7 cycles.It is obvious that nucleations of fractures tend to occur below the surface, if fractures happen after more than 10~7 cycles.All the fractured specimens fails from internal SiO_2 inclusions or smaller carbides and carbide clusters.

不同载荷频率条件下300M钢疲劳性能研究

应用20 kHz频率的超声疲劳试验方法和20 Hz频率的常规疲劳试验设备,分别完成了应力比R=-1下300M钢在105～109周次之间以及103～106周次之间的疲劳试验,获得了103～109周的S-N曲线。试验结果表明:300M钢疲劳寿命随着应力的下降而增加,S-N曲线未出现水平渐近线和阶梯状特征,超过107周循环,试件仍会发生疲劳破坏。超声疲劳试验中没有发生超声强化现象,反而在105～107周次之间,超声高频加载使得材料的疲劳性能变差。材料缺陷的大小和加载应力水平对疲劳寿命有很大影响,应用Murakami模型很好的预测了300M钢的疲劳极限,其误差不超过15%。

低温微量润滑高速加工300 M钢刀具磨损研究

针对难加工材料300 M钢的加工性能差、刀具磨损严重等问题,进行了干式与低温微量润滑两种加工条件下的高速铣削300 M钢刀具磨损试验。采用超景深显微镜观察了刀具的磨损形貌,通过电子扫描显微镜(SEM)分析了刀具的磨损机理。结果表明:PVD涂层保护刀具的效果好于无涂层刀具和CVD涂层刀具;冷风温度为-45℃、空气压力为0.7 MPa、油量为40 mL/h时,低温微量润滑技术的作用效果最佳;兼顾加工质量与加工效率时,铣削速度定为400 m/min为宜;相比于干式切削,低温微量润滑技术能够有效降低刀片磨粒磨损、刀片表面的粘结磨损、后刀面边界处的氧化磨损,以及轻度的扩散磨损。

干式铣削300 M超高强度钢刀具磨损试验研究

针对300 M超高强度钢在加工过程中因刀具磨损造成的刀具快速失效问题,采用硬质合金涂层刀具进行了300 M钢干式铣削试验研究;通过极差分析法研究了铣削参数对刀具磨损的影响规律;以铣削速度为单一变量进行单因素试验,对刀具的磨损形式进行了分析,最后通过能谱分析揭示了刀具的磨损机理。试验结果表明:铣削速度对刀具磨损的影响最大,进给速度次之,铣削宽度最小。铣削速度越高,刀具磨损、崩刃现象越严重。刀具在磨损过程中依次经过涂层脱落,硬质合金基体材料磨损和崩刃3个阶段。刀具前刀面的月牙洼磨损随铣削速度和铣削长度的增加而增大。刀具的磨损机理为磨粒磨损、粘结磨损和氧化磨损。

基于Matlab的300M钢奥氏体晶粒的长大规律

研究了300 M钢在不同加热温度(850～1180℃)和保温时间(5～120 min)下的奥氏体晶粒长大规律。绘制了300 M钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸在不同加热温度和保温时间下的等值线图;利用Sellars晶粒长大模型,构建了300 M钢的奥氏体晶粒长大数学模型。结果表明,300 M钢在高温加热时具有较好的抗晶粒粗化能力,在1050℃左右开始粗化。奥氏体晶粒尺寸等值线图可定性和定量预测奥氏体晶粒长大规律;奥氏体晶粒长大数学模型可用两个数学公式来描述,即当加热温度为850℃≤T≤1050℃时,d6.14=texp(68.97-64945.88/T);当加热温度为1050℃≤T≤1180℃时,d7.39=texp(134.56-144504.52/T)。

300M超高强度钢的切入式磨削加工性

为解决某型号飞机起落架中300M钢的外圆磨削工艺参数优化问题,对该材料的磨削工艺做了实验研究,通过建立磨削力、磨削温度、表面粗糙度与磨削用量之间的关系,给出了300M钢磨削加工工艺的最佳参数范围。结果表明:选用白刚玉砂轮磨削300M超高强度钢,磨削深度应尽量减小;当零件速度降低,磨削弧区温度减小,热源移动速率减低,促使零件磨削温度升高;当磨削量为300 mm3时,砂轮损耗严重,片状屑形分散且面积增大,占砂轮工作面近1/3且出现附着现象。

Three-dimensional Numerical Simulation and Experimental Analysis of Austenite Grain Growth Behavior in Hot Forging Processes of 300M Steel Large Components

The microstructure models were integrated into finite element（FE）code,and a three-dimensional（3D）FE analysis on the entire hot forging processes of 300 M steel large components was performed to predict the distributions of effective strain,temperature field and austenite grain size.The simulated results show that the finest grains distribute in the maximum effective strain region because large strain induces the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization.However,coarse macro-grains appear in the minimum effective strain region.Then,300 M steel forging test was performed to validate the results of FE simulation,and microstructure observations and quantitative analysis were implemented.The average relative difference between the calculated and experimental austenite grain size is 7.56%,implying that the present microstructure models are reasonable and can be used to analyze the hot forging processes of 300 M steel.

Feasibility study of creep feed grinding of 300M steel with zirconium corundum wheel

The ultrahigh strength 300M steel has been commonly used in the manufacture of aircraft landing gear and rotor shaft parts due to its excellent mechanical properties.Creep feed grinding is one of the essential operations during the whole component manufacturing processes.In this work,the feasibility of creep feed grinding of 300M steel by using the hard zirconium corundum wheel was theoretically and experimentally evaluated.A variety of responses including grinding forces,temperature fields,specific grinding energy,surface integrity and chip modes were carefully recorded.Besides,the mechanism of ground surface profile generation and the spatial frequency spectrum of the surface profile were tentatively analyzed.It was found that the wheel speed has a relative influence on the grinding forces and temperatures of which the work hardening effect dominates the material removal with lower wheel speed while the thermal softening becomes crucial as the wheel speed exceeds the critical value for the studied 300M steel.Furthermore,a scattered spatial frequency spectrum for the generated surface profile was noticed with lower wheel speed while the spectrum gathers towards the lower frequency values with higher amplitude as the wheel speed increases.The shearing chip and flowing chip dominates the main chip type,indicating the excellent abrasive sharpness during the grinding process.In general,the used zirconium corundum wheel presents feasibility for the creep feed grinding of 300M steel because of the high material removal rate,absence of surface burn,low wheel wear and higher compressive residual stresses.

Flow Stress Behaviors and Microstructure Evolution of 300M High Strength Steel under Isothermal Compression

The compressive deformation behaviors of 300M high strength steel were investigated over a wide range of temperatures （850- 1200 C） and strain rates （0. 001- 10 s^- 1 ） on a Gleeble-3800 thermo-mechanical simulator. The measured flow stress was modified by the corrections of the friction and the temperature compensations, which nicely reflect negative effects of the friction and temperature on the flow stress. The corrected stress-strain curves were the dynamic recrystallization type on the conditions of higher deformation temperature and lower strain rate. Flow stress increases with the increase of strain rate at the same deformation temperature and strain. By contrast, flow stress decreases with the increase of temperature at the same strain rate and strain. Dependence of the peak stress on temperature and strain rate for 300M steel is described by means of the conventional hyperbolic sine equation. By re gression analysis, the activation energy （Q） in the whole range of deformation temperature is determined to be 367. 562 kJ/mol. The effects of the temperature and the strain rate on mierostructural evolution are obvious. With the increase of the deformation temperature and the decrease of the strain rate, the original austenite grain sizes of 300M steel increase. At the same time, the corrected flow stress curves more accurately determine the evolution of the microstrueture.

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of 300M steel produced by low and high power selective laser melting

300 M ultra-high strength steel has been widely used in critical structural components for aviation and aerospace vehicles,owing to its high strength,excellent transverse plasticity,fracture toughness and fatigue resistance.Herein,low and high power selective laser melting(SLM)of 300 M steel and their microstructural evolution and mechanical properties have been reported.The results show that the optimal energy density range with the highest relative density for SLMed 300 M steel is between 60 and160 J/mm^3.Furthermore,molten pools for deposition exhibit a conduction mode with semi-elliptical shape at a lower laser power of 300~600 W but a keyhole mode with"U"shape at a higher laser power of 800~1900 W.The heterogeneous microstructure of as-built samples is cha racterized by a skin-core structure which is that tempered troostite with the coarse non-equiaxed grains in the molten pool is wrapped by tempered sorbite with the fine equiaxed grains in the heat-affected zone.The skin-core structure of SLMed 300 M steel has the characteristics of hard inside and soft outside.The average microhardness of samples varies from 385 to 341 HV when laser power increases from 300 to 1900 W.Interestingly,ultimate tensile strength(1156-1193 MPa)and yield tensile strength(1085-1145 MPa)of dense samples fabricated at diffe rent laser powers vary marginally.But,the elongation(6.8-9.1%)of SLMed 300 M steel is greatly affected by the laser power.

Electrochemical corrosion behavior of 300M ultra high strength steel in chloride containing environment

The electrochemical corrosion behavior of 300M ultra high strength steel in chloride containing environment was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization technique, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The results show that uniform corrosion occurs on 300M steel during the elec- trochemical measurements because no anodic passivation phenomenon is observed on polarization curves within the measurement range. The tests also show that 300M steel is highly susceptible to chloride containing solution, which is characterized by corrosion current density increasing with the addition of chlorides, and corrosion potential shifting towards positive direction and corrosion resistance decreasing, pos- itively suggesting that chloride ions speed up the corrosion rate of 300M steel. Mean- while corrosion products on the 300M steel surface formed during the salt spray test are too loose and porous to effectively slow down the corrosion rate. Additionally, a schematic structure of uniform corrosion mechanism can explain that 300M steel has better property of stress corrosion cracking （SCC） resistance than stainless steels.

超音速火焰喷涂WC涂层替代电镀硬铬:疲劳和摩擦磨损性能

以WC涂层在飞机起落架的应用作为研究背景，对300M超高强钢基体上电镀硬铬和超音速火焰喷涂WC-17Co和WC—10C04Cr涂层的疲劳及与Al—Ni—Bmnze合金的摩擦磨损性能进行了研究。结果表明，有WC涂层300M钢的疲劳寿命与无涂层300M钢的疲劳极限和过载下的疲劳寿命相当，WC涂层对300M钢的疲劳寿命不会产生不良影响；而电镀硬铬使300M钢的疲劳极限降低120MPa，疲劳寿命则降低70％-90％。疲劳失效分析表明，WC涂层中的疲劳裂纹在界面上发生偏斜，转向沿界面扩展，因此对基体的疲劳寿命没有影响；而电镀硬铬中的的疲劳裂纹扩展到基体表面，显著降低基体的疲劳寿命。10#航空液压油润滑下涂层与Al—Ni—Bronze合金的摩擦磨损表明，与电镀硬铬对磨时，A1一Ni—Bronze合金发生明显的磨损，同时因质量转移而导致电镀硬铬的质量显著增加；而WC涂层仅略有失重，相应地Al—Ni—Bronze合金的失重仅为与电镀硬铬层磨损失重的1／50～1／100。WC涂层与A1-Ni—Brollze合金的磨损机理主要为磨粒磨损；电镀硬铬与A1-M—Bronze合金的磨损机理主要为黏着磨损。

飞机起落架用难加工材料钻削性能试验研究

通过对300M、A-100两种超高强度钢以及TC18钛合金进行钻削试验,并在试验过程中测量了不同参数下的钻削力,对钻削力进行了分析研究。对相同铣削参数、不同材料下的钻削力进行了分析,又对相同的材料、不同的钻削参数进行了分析。试验结果表明,在试验参数范围内,不改变其余参数的情况下,减小轴向力可通过增大主轴转速、减小进给量或增大步进量来达到目的。钻削三种材料,钻削300M钢时的轴向力最小,钻削A-100钢时的轴向力最大。钻削A-100钢时的轴向力比钻削TC18钛合金时的轴向力约大80%,钻削300M钢时的轴向力比钻削TC18钛合金时的轴向力约小10%。