Propagations of Rayleigh and Love waves in ZnO films/glass substrates analyzed by three-dimensional finite element method

Propagation characteristics of surface acoustic waves（SAWs） in ZnO films/glass substrates are theoretically investigated by the three-dimensional（3D） finite element method. At first, for（11ˉ20） ZnO films/glass substrates, the simulation results confirm that the Rayleigh waves along the [0001] direction and Love waves along the [1ˉ100] direction are successfully excited in the multilayered structures. Next, the crystal orientations of the ZnO films are rotated, and the influences of ZnO films with different crystal orientations on SAW characterizations, including the phase velocity, electromechanical coupling coefficient, and temperature coefficient of frequency, are investigated. The results show that at appropriate h/λ, Rayleigh wave has a maximum k^2 of 2.4% in（90°, 56.5°, 0°） ZnO film/glass substrate structure; Love wave has a maximum k^2 of 3.81% in（56°, 90°, 0°） ZnO film/glass substrate structure. Meantime, for Rayleigh wave and Love wave devices, zero temperature coefficient of frequency（TCF） can be achieved at appropriate ratio of film thickness to SAW wavelength. These results show that SAW devices with higher k^2 or lower TCF can be fabricated by flexibly selecting the crystal orientations of ZnO films on glass substrates.

STUDY ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL FINITE BODIES CONTAINING CRACKS USING THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD OF LINES

The three-dimensional finite element method of lines is presented, and the basic processing description of 3D FEMOL in cracking questions is given in detail. Applications to 3D bodies with cracks indicate that good accuracy can be obtained with relatively coarse girds. In particular, application to the tension specimen shows very good agreement with the evaluation of stress intensity factors, which is better than the results of other methods. This implies a considerable potential for using this method in the 3D analysis of finite geometry solids and suggests a possible extension of this technique to nonlinear material behavior.

A NEW METHOD FOR SOLUTION OF 3D ELASTIC-PLASTIC FRICTIONAL CONTACT PROBLEMS

The solution of 3 D elastic-plastic frictional contact problems belongs to the un specified boundary problems where the interaction between two kinds of nonlinearities should occur. Considering the difficulties for the solution of 3 D frictional contact problems, the key part is the determination of the tangential slip states at the contact points, and a great amount of computing work is needed for a high accuracy result. A new method based on a combination of programming and iteration methods, which are respectively known as two main kinds of methods for contact analysis, was put forward to deal with 3 D elastic-plastic contact problems. Numerical results demonstrate the efficiency of the algorithm illustrated here.

Numerical Study of the Biomechanical Behavior of a 3D Printed Polymer Esophageal Stent in the Esophagus by BP Neural Network Algorithm

Esophageal disease is a common disorder of the digestive system that can severely affect the quality of life andprognosis of patients. Esophageal stenting is an effective treatment that has been widely used in clinical practice.However, esophageal stents of different types and parameters have varying adaptability and effectiveness forpatients, and they need to be individually selected according to the patient’s specific situation. The purposeof this study was to provide a reference for clinical doctors to choose suitable esophageal stents. We used 3Dprinting technology to fabricate esophageal stents with different ratios of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/(Poly-ε-caprolactone) PCL polymer, and established an artificial neural network model that could predict the radial forceof esophageal stents based on the content of TPU, PCL and print parameter. We selected three optimal ratios formechanical performance tests and evaluated the biomechanical effects of different ratios of stents on esophagealimplantation, swallowing, and stent migration processes through finite element numerical simulation and in vitrosimulation tests. The results showed that different ratios of polymer stents had different mechanical properties,affecting the effectiveness of stent expansion treatment and the possibility of postoperative complications of stentimplantation.

Finite Element Simulation of Flexible Roll Forming with Supplemented Material Data and the Experimental Verification

Flexible roll forming is a promising manufacturing method for the production of variable cross section products. Considering the large plastic strain in this forming process which is much larger than that of uniform deformation phase of uniaxial tensile test, the widely adopted method of simulating the forming processes with non-supplemented material data from uniaxial tensile test will certainly lead to large error. To reduce this error, the material data is supplemented based on three constitutive models. Then a finite element model of a six passes flexible roll forming process is established based on the supplemented material data and the original material data from the uniaxial tensile test. The flexible roll forming experiment of a B pillar reinforcing plate is carried out to verify the proposed method. Final cross section shapes of the experimental and the simulated results are compared. It is shown that the simulation calculated with supplemented material data based on Swift model agrees well with the experimental results, while the simulation based on original material data could not predict the actual deformation accurately. The results indicate that this material supplement method is reliable and indispensible, and the simulation model can well reflect the real metal forming process. Detailed analysis of the distribution and history of plastic strain at different positions are performed. A new material data supplement method is proposed to tackle the problem which is ignored in other roll forming simulations, and thus the forming process simulation accuracy can be greatly improved.

OPTIMIZATION OF SHEET METAL FORMING PROCESSES USING FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATIONS

The paper focuses on the combination of the Finite Element simulation and optimization to improve process or product quality. Three different examples to illustrate the developed genetic approach are given. In all three examples is-DYNA3D is used to simulate the process and a general aptimiza- tion sensitivity based strategy is utilized to improve the design. The included examples are: 1) stretch bending of tubes, 2) bulging of tubes, and finally 3) hydromechanical deep drawing. these examples clearly illustrate the potential of systematic optimization in the area of metal processing.

An explicit method for numerical simulation of wave equations: 3D wave motion

In this paper, an explicit method is generalized from 1D and 2D models to a 3D model for numerical simulation of wave motion, and the corresponding recursion formulas are developed for 3D irregular grids. For uniform cubic grids, the approach used to establish stable formulas with 2M-order accuracy is discussed in detail, with M being a positive integer, and is illustrated by establishing second order （M=1） recursion formulas. The theoretical results presented in this paper are demonstrated through numerical testing.

Numerical Investigation of Laser Surface Hardening of AISI 4340 Using 3D FEM Model for Thermal Analysis of Different Laser Scanning Patterns

Laser surface hardening is becoming one of the most successful heat treatment processes for improving wear and fatigue properties of steel parts. In this process, the heating system parameters and the material properties have important effects on the achieved hardened surface characteristics. The control of these variables using predictive modeling strategies leads to the desired surface properties without following the fastidious trial and error method. However, when the dimensions of the surface to be treated are larger than the cross section of the laser beam, various laser scanning patterns can be used. Due to their effects on the hardened surface properties, the attributes of the selected scanning patterns become significant variables in the process. This paper presents numerical and experimental investigations of four scanning patterns for laser surface hardening of AISI 4340 steel. The investigations are based on exhaustive modelling and simulation efforts carried out using a 3D finite element thermal analysis and structured experimental study according to Taguchi method. The temperature distribution and the hardness profile attributes are used to evaluate the effects of heating parameters and patterns design parameters on the hardened surface characteristics. This is very useful for integrating the scanning patterns’ features in an efficient predictive modeling approach. A structured experimental design combined to improved statistical analysis tools is used to assess the 3D model performance. The experiments are performed on a 3 kW Nd:Yag laser system. The modeling results exhibit a great agreement between the predicted and measured values for the hardened surface characteristics. The model evaluation reveals also its ability to provide not only accurate and robust predictions of the temperature distribution and the hardness profile as well an in-depth analysis of the effects of the process parameters.

3D finite element method （FEM） simulation of groundwater flow during backward erosion piping

Backward erosion piping is an important failure mechanism for cohesive water retaining structures which are founded on a sandy aquifer. At present, the prediction models for safety assessment are often based on 2D assumptions. In this work, a 3D numerical approach of the groundwater flow leading to the erosion mechanism of backward erosion piping is presented and discussed. Comparison of the 2D and 3D numerical results explicitly demonstrates the inherent 3D nature of the piping phenomenon. In addition, the influence of the seepage length is investigated and discussed for both piping initiation and piping progression. The results clearly indicate the superiority of the presented 3D numerical model compared to the established 2D approach. Moreover, the 3D numerical results enable a better understanding of the complex physical mechanism involved in backward erosion piping and thus can lead to a significant improvement in the safety assessment of water retaining structures.

针对3D打印材料孔洞应力集中计算的映射算法

目的利用映射算法以较小计算成本获得3D打印材料孔洞应力集中分布情况,为3D打印材料疲劳寿命预测及结构优化设计的有限元分析提供新方法。方法提取单个孔洞应力集中影响范围内的节点及应力,并计算出各节点的应力集中系数。以寻找最近点的方式将无孔洞模型相应节点的应力值乘以不同的应力集中系数来体现孔洞的应力集中。若多节点映射到同一节点,则乘以多个应力集中系数的平均值;对距离边界较近的点,则乘以边界影响系数。结果材料内部孔洞的映射结果与实际计算结果误差小于8%;而对于自由边界孔洞聚集的情况,误差小于15%。结论映射算法能够有效表征3D打印材料孔洞的应力集中,以较小的成本获得含孔洞缺陷模型的应力分布。该算法为临床植入体优化设计及疲劳分析提供有限元结果。

Evaluating performance of lignite pillars with 2D approximation techniques and 3D numerical analyses

This paper attempts to investigate the use of approximate 2D numerical simulation techniques for the evaluation of lignite pillar geomechanical response, formed via the room and pillar mining method.Performance and applicability of the developing methodology are assessed through benchmarking with a more direct and accurate 3D numerical model. This analysis utilizes an underground lignite mine which is being developed in soft rock environment. Through the decisions made for the optimum room and pillar layout, the design process highlights the strong points and the weaknesses of 2D finite element analysis, and provides useful recommendations for future reference. The interpretations of results demonstrate that 2D approximation techniques come near quite well to the actual 3D problem.However, external load approximation technique seems to fit even better with the respective outcomes from the 3D analyses.

3D Eddy Current and Temperature Field Analysis of Large Hydro-generators in Leading Phase Operations

As a common practice,a large hydro-generator will operate in leading phase conditions to absorb the reactive power of the power grid.However,the accurate and precise prediction of the leading phase operation capacity of a large hydro-generator has always been a formidable challenge to engineers and academicians because it is extremely hard to compute the eddy currents and losses as well as the local overheating in the pressure plate and finger.To address this problem,a full three dimensional(3D)finite element model and method of the coupled eddy current and temperature fields in the end region of a large hydro-generator are developed.The equivalent medium parameters used in the computations are comprehensively discussed.Moreover,some numerically based solution methodologies for accurate computation of the field and armature currents under different leading phase conditions are proposed.Numerical results on the coupled eddy current and temperature fields in the end regions of a 250 MW hydro-generator confirm positively the feasibility of the present work.

Numerical Investigation of Green Water Loading on Flexible Structures Using Three-Step CFD-BEM-FEM Approach

In this paper,the effect of green water impact on a flexible structure is studied based on three-step computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-boundary element method (BEM)-fmite element method (FEM) approach.The impact due to shipping of water on the deck of the vessel is computed using commercial CFD software and used as an external force in coupled BEM-FEM solver.Other hydrodynamic forces such as radiation,diffraction,and Froude-Krylov forces acting on the structure are evaluated using 3D time domain panel method.To capture the structural responses such as bending moment and shear force,1 D finite element method is developed.Moreover,a direct integration scheme based on the Newmark-Beta method is employed to get the structural velocity,displacement,etc.,at each time step.To check the effect of the green water impact on the structure,a rectangular barge without forward speed is taken for the analysis.The influence is studied in terms of bending moment,shear force,etc.Results show that the effect of green water impact on the bow region can be severe in extreme seas and lead to various structural damages.Similarly,it is also verified that vessel motion affects green water loading significantly and therefore one must consider its effect while designing a vessel.

Detection technology and application of electromagnetic method for hidden danger of water gushing at coal face

The principles,methods,technologies and application effects of several electromagneticmethods for the detection of the hidden danger of water gushing at the coalface were introduced.Also,emphasis was laid on expounding the methods,principles andeffects of down-hole detections by electric transmission tomography and transient electromagneticmethod.The potential of point power supplied in the underground homogeneoussemi-space,as well as the response to a low-resistivity abnormal body in file hemogeneoussemi-space,was simulated by adopting 3-D finite element method to interpretthe basic theory of the electric transmission tomography.The results of actual measurementshow that the mine electromagnetic method is sensitive to water-bearinglow-resistivity bodies and can play a unique role in detecting the hidden danger of watergushing at the coal face.

Prediction of Weld Joint Shape and Dimensions in Laser Welding Using a 3D Modeling and Experimental Validation

This paper presents an experimentally validated weld joint shape and dimensions predictive 3D modeling for low carbon galvanized steel in butt-joint configurations. The proposed modelling approach is based on metallurgical transformations using temperature dependent material properties and the enthalpy method. Conduction and keyhole modes welding are investigated using surface and volumetric heat sources, respectively. Transition between the heat sources is carried out according to the power density and interaction time. Simulations are carried out using 3D finite element model on commercial software. The simulation results of the weld shape and dimensions are validated using a structured experimental investigation based on Taguchi method. Experimental validation conducted on a 3 kW Nd: YAG laser source reveals that the modelling approach can provide not only a consistent and accurate prediction of the weld characteristics under variable welding parameters and conditions but also a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of process parameters effects. The results show great concordance between predicted and measured values for the weld joint shape and dimensions.

Stochastic analysis of excavation-induced wall deflection and box culvert settlement considering spatial variability of soil stiffness

In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) finite element modelling (FEM) analysis is carried out to investigate the effects of soil spatial variability on the response of retaining walls and an adjacent box culvert due to a braced excavation. The spatial variability of soil stiffness is modelled using a variogram and calibrated by high-quality experimental data. Multiple random field samples (RFSs) of soil stiffness are generated using geostatistical analysis and mapped onto a finite element mesh for stochastic analysis of excavation-induced structural responses by Monte Carlo simulation. It is found that the spatial variability of soil stiffness can be described by an exponential variogram, and the associated vertical correlation length is varied from 1.3 m to 1.6 m. It also reveals that the spatial variability of soil stiffness has a significant effect on the variations of retaining wall deflections and box culvert settlements. The ignorance of spatial variability in 3D FEM can result in an underestimation of lateral wall deflections and culvert settlements. Thus, the stochastic structural responses obtained from the 3D analysis could serve as an effective aid for probabilistic design and analysis of excavations.

Lateral bearing characteristics of subsea wellhead assembly in the hydrate trial production engineering

Conductor and suction anchor are the key equipment providing bearing capacity in the field of deep-water drilling or offshore engineering,which have the advantages of high operation efficiency and short construction period.In order to drill a horizontal well in the shallow hydrate reservoir in the deep water,the suction anchor wellhead assembly is employed to undertake the main vertical bearing capacity in the second round of hydrate trial production project,so as to reduce the conductor running depth and heighten the kick-off point position.However,the deformation law of the deep-water suction anchor wellhead assembly under the moving load of the riser is not clear,and it is necessary to understand the lateral bearing characteristics to guide the design of its structural scheme.Based on 3D solid finite element method,the solid finite element model of the suction anchor wellhead assembly is established.In the model,the seabed soil is divided into seven layers,the contact between the wellhead assembly and the soil is simulated,and the vertical load and bending moment are applied to the wellhead node to simulate the riser movement when working in the deep water.The lateral bearing stability of conventional wellhead assembly and suction anchor wellhead assembly under the influence of wellhead load is discussed.The analysis results show that the bending moment is the main factor affecting the lateral deformation of the wellhead string;the anti-bending performance from increasing the outer conductor diameter is better than that from increasing the conductor wall thickness;for the subsea wellhead,the suction anchor obviously improves the lateral bearing capacity and reduces the lateral deformation.The conduct of the suction anchor wellhead assembly still needs to be lowered to a certain depth that below the maximum disturbed depth to ensure the lateral bearing stability,Thus,a method for the minimum conductor running depth for the suction anchor wellhead assembly is developed.The field implementations show that compared with the first round of hydrate trial production project,the conductor running depth is increased by 9.42 m,and there is no risk of wellhead overturning during the trial production.The method for determining the minimum conductor running depth in this paper is feasible and will still play an important role in the subsequent hydrate exploration and development.

降雨作用下抗滑桩与三维土工网垫植草护坡坡体的稳定分析

针对抗滑桩与三维土工网垫植草护坡在降雨作用下的稳定性问题,采用有限元强度折减法,利用ABAQUS建立抗滑桩与三维土工网垫植草护坡坡体的三维有限元模型,以坡底水平位移突变情况作为边坡失稳的判断标准,分别比较了不同工况下护坡安全系数随降雨时长的变化规律,以及降雨作用下抗滑桩桩位、桩长对抗滑桩与三维土工网垫植草护坡坡体的稳定性影响,并与未考虑降雨时的影响规律进行对比。结果表明:降雨时长对三维土工网垫植草工况的边坡稳定性影响较为明显;抗滑桩桩长对边坡稳定性影响较大,桩长宜取8 m;无降雨作用下将桩位置于坡中时边坡整体获得最大安全系数,降雨作用下将抗滑桩置于相对位置(L 0.4=4.8 m)时能够起到更好的抗滑效果;抗滑桩与三维土工网垫植草在降雨作用时加固护坡的效果比无降雨时更好,且优于原边坡。

Accurate 3D Reconstruction of Subject-Specific Knee Finite Element Model to Simulate the Articular Cartilage Defects

The biomechanical relationship between the articular cartilage defect and knee osteoarthritis (OA) has not been clearly defined. This study presents a 3D knee finite element model (FEM) to determine the effect of cartilage defects on the stress distribution around the defect rim. The complete knee FEM, which includes bones, articular cartilages, menisci and ligaments, is developed from computed tomography and magnetic resonance images. This FEM then is validated and used to simulate femoral cartilage defects. Based on the obtained results, it is confirmed that the 3D knee FEM is reconstructed with high-fidelity level and can faithfully predict the knee contact behavior. Cartilage defects drastically affect the stress distribution on articular cartilages. When the defect size was smaller than 1.00cm2, the stress elevation and redistribution were found undistinguishable. However, significant stress elevation and redistribution were detected due to the large defect sizes ( 1.00cm2). This alteration of stress distribution has important implications relating to the progression of cartilage defect to OA in the human knee joint.

磁矢量势的全球电磁感应时间域三维有限元正演计算方法

全球电磁感应测深方法能获得地球深部电导率结构分布,目前被广泛应用于地球内部结构与热状态研究.地磁台站与地磁卫星观测的电磁感应数据为时间序列信号,在时间域分析全球电磁感应数据,特别是分析频谱极宽的磁暴脉冲响应,具有天然的优势.然而,当前的全球电磁感应数据解释技术一般在频率域进行,缺少时间域中的研究成果.为了弥补缺少时间域全球电磁感应数据解释方法的问题,本文开发了一种基于磁场矢量势的全球电磁感应时间域三维有限元并行正演求解方法,具备高精度快速计算源于地球外部时变电流源的地球感应电磁场时间序列的能力,特别适合于计算与分析频谱极宽的磁暴脉冲电磁感应时变响应.首先,建立基于磁场矢量势的全球电磁感应时间域微分控制方程,结合磁层外部电流源的物理属性建立边界条件和初始条件,从而构建出全球电磁感应时间域初始边界值问题.然后,利用四面体矢量有限元技术和无条件稳定的隐式后退欧拉公式,分别实现磁场矢量势的空间域和时间域离散,进而获得不同时刻的实系数大型有限元线性方程组,借助于高性能并行直接求解器,快速高精度地求解不同时刻的磁场矢量势与感应磁场.最后,利用理论模型验证本文算法的正确性.利用Dst磁暴环电流指数建立的时间域电流源与真实地球三维电性模型,研究"澳科一号"后续卫星200 km轨道对中国和澳大利亚下方地幔转换带高导体的探测能力,结果表明这些地幔转换带异常体在200 km卫星轨道高度能产生明显异常.综上所述,本文开发的时间域全球电磁感应方法不仅具备精确快速计算全球感应电磁场时间序列响应的能力,还能为反演与解释"澳科一号"等我国地磁卫星观测数据提供技术支持.