Runout prediction of potential landslides based on the multi-source data collaboration analysis on historical cases

Long runout landslides involve a massive amount of energy and can be extremely hazardous owing to their long movement distance,high mobility and strong destructive power.Numerical methods have been widely used to predict the landslide runout but a fundamental problem remained is how to determine the reliable numerical parameters.This study proposes a framework to predict the runout of potential landslides through multi-source data collaboration and numerical analysis of historical landslide events.Specifically,for the historical landslide cases,the landslide-induced seismic signal,geophysical surveys,and possible in-situ drone/phone videos(multi-source data collaboration)can validate the numerical results in terms of landslide dynamics and deposit features and help calibrate the numerical(rheological)parameters.Subsequently,the calibrated numerical parameters can be used to numerically predict the runout of potential landslides in the region with a similar geological setting to the recorded events.Application of the runout prediction approach to the 2020 Jiashanying landslide in Guizhou,China gives reasonable results in comparison to the field observations.The numerical parameters are determined from the multi-source data collaboration analysis of a historical case in the region(2019 Shuicheng landslide).The proposed framework for landslide runout prediction can be of great utility for landslide risk assessment and disaster reduction in mountainous regions worldwide.

Alternative 3D Modeling Approaches Based on Complex Multi-Source Geological Data Interpretation

Due to the complex nature of multi-source geological data, it is difficult to rebuild every geological structure through a single 3D modeling method. The multi-source data interpretation method put forward in this analysis is based on a database-driven pattern and focuses on the discrete and irregular features of geological data. The geological data from a variety of sources covering a range of accuracy, resolution, quantity and quality are classified and integrated according to their reliability and consistency for 3D modeling. The new interpolation-approximation fitting construction algorithm of geological surfaces with the non-uniform rational B-spline(NURBS) technique is then presented. The NURBS technique can retain the balance among the requirements for accuracy, surface continuity and data storage of geological structures. Finally, four alternative 3D modeling approaches are demonstrated with reference to some examples, which are selected according to the data quantity and accuracy specification. The proposed approaches offer flexible modeling patterns for different practical engineering demands.

An Approach to Computer Modeling of Geological Faults in 3D and an Application

3D geological modeling, one of the most important applications in geosciences of 3D GIS, forms the basis and is a prerequisite for visualized representation and analysis of 3D geological data. Computer modeling of geological faults in 3D is currently a topical research area. Structural modeling techniques of complex geological entities contain- ing reverse faults are discussed and a series of approaches are proposed. The geological concepts involved in computer modeling and visualization of geological fault in 3D are explained, the type of data of geological faults based on geo- logical exploration is analyzed, and a normative database format for geological faults is designed. Two kinds of model- ing approaches for faults are compared: a modeling technique of faults based on stratum recovery and a modeling tech- nique of faults based on interpolation in subareas. A novel approach, called the Unified Modeling Technique for stratum and fault, is presented to solve the puzzling problems of reverse faults, syn-sedimentary faults and faults terminated within geological models. A case study of a fault model of bed rock in the Beijing Olympic Green District is presented in order to show the practical result of this method. The principle and the process of computer modeling of geological faults in 3D are discussed and a series of applied technical proposals established. It strengthens our profound compre- hension of geological phenomena and the modeling approach, and establishes the basic techniques of 3D geological modeling for practical applications in the field of geosciences.

A 3D Geological Model Constrained by Gravity and Magnetic Inversion and its Exploration Implications for the World-class Zhuxi Tungsten Deposit, South China

The Zhuxi tungsten deposit in Jiangxi Province,South China,contains a total W reserve of about 2.86 Mt at an average grade of 0.54 wt%WO3,representing the largest W deposit in the world.Numerous studies on the metallogeny of the deposit have included its timing,the ore-controlling structures and sedimentary host rocks and their implications for mineral exploration.However,the deep nappe structural style of Taqian-Fuchun metallogenic belt that hosts the W deposit,and the spatial shape and scale of deeply concealed intrusions and their sedimentary host rocks are still poorly defined,which seriously restricts the discovery of new deposits at depth and in surrounding areas of the W deposit.Modern 3 D geological modeling is an important tool for the exploration of concealed orebodies,especially in brownfield environments.There are obvious density contrast and weak magnetic contrast in the ore-controlling strata and granite at the periphery of the deposit,which lays a physical foundation for solving the 3 D spatial problems of the ore-controlling geological body in the deep part of the study area through gravity and magnetic modeling.Gravity data(1:50000)and aeromagnetic data(1:50000)from the latest geophysical surveys of 2016-2018 have been used,firstly,to carry out a potential field separation to obtain residual anomalies for gravity and magnetic interactive inversion.Then,on the basis of the analysis of the relationship between physical properties and lithology,under the constraints of surface geology and borehole data,human-computer interactive gravity and magnetic inversion for 18 cross-sections were completed.Finally,the 3 D geological model of the Zhuxi tungsten deposit and its periphery have been established through these 18 sections,and the spatial shape of the intrusions and strata with a depth of 5 km underground were obtained,initially realizing―transparency‖for ore-controlling bodies.According the analysis of the geophysical,geochemical,and geological characteristics of the Zhuxi tungsten deposit,we discern three principles for prospecting and prediction in the research area,and propose five new exploration targets in its periphery.

3D Geological Modeling with Multi-source Data Integration in Polymetallic Region:A Case Study of Luanchuan,Henan Province,China

The development of 3D geological models involves the integration of large amounts of geological data,as well as additional accessible proprietary lithological, structural,geochemical,geophysical,and borehole data.Luanchuan,the case study area,southwestern Henan Province,is an important molybdenum-tungsten -lead-zinc polymetallic belt in China.

Exploration and Realization of Several Key Problems of Geological Big Data

With the rapid development of technology,geological big data is increasing explosively,and plays an increasingly important position in the national economy(Zhang and Zhou,2017;Zhou et al.,2018).Governments and agencies attach great importance to the open internet service of geological big data and information at home,and abroad(Yan et al.,2013;Guo et al.,2014).The basic norms of western countries’geological data information services are rich and varied products.

基于空间插值的不规则海洋地质样品测试分析数据聚类算法研究

海洋地质调查中获取大量海洋沉积物柱状样样品测试分析数据,样品测试分析目的不同导致柱状样数据采样深度不同,由此造成地质取样数据在三维空间上呈现不规则散点状分布。传统聚类算法无法在三维空间上对此类不规则散点数据进行聚类分析。对此,文章设计了一种基于空间插值的不规则地质样品测试分析数据聚类算法,有效地将三维样品测试分析散点数据降为二维数据后进行聚类分析,本算法较好地解决了地质体中试验测试数据的不均衡性问题,为海洋地质大数据分析提供了基础技术方法。

基于钻孔数据的三维地质建模及可视化系统3DGMS的设计与实现

矿山三维地质建模及可视化是实施数字矿山战略的关键技术,其软件系统的研究与实现对于矿山企业的可持续发展具有极其重要的意义.基于OpenGL图形库和VC++6.0开发平台,从系统目标要求、体系结构和功能模块等几方面设计和开发了基于钻孔数据的三维地质建模及可视化系统3DGMS,实现了地层、矿体、断层、地表和巷道等三维模型的创建与可视化显示,以及灵活的三维视图控制和针对地质模型基本的空间查询、量算、空间剖切、动态模拟等空间分析功能,为我国矿山三维地质建模及可视化软件的设计提供了参考,有益于促进我国矿山信息化的建设.

Regional 3D geological modeling along metro lines based on stacking ensemble model

This paper presents a regional 3D geological modeling method based on the stacking ensemble technique to overcome the challenges of sparse borehole data in large-scale linear underground projects.The proposed method transforms the 3D geological modeling problem into a stratigraphic property classification problem within a subsurface space grid cell framework.Borehole data is pre-processed and trained using stacking method with five different machine learning algorithms.The resulting modelled regional cells are then classified,forming a regional 3D grid geological model.A case study for an area of 324 km2 along Xuzhou metro lines is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model.The study shows an overall prediction accuracy of 85.4%.However,the accuracy for key stratigraphy layers influencing the construction risk,such as karst carve strata,is only 4.3%due to the limited borehole data.To address this issue,an oversampling technique based on the synthetic minority oversampling technique(SMOTE)algorithm is proposed.This technique effectively increases the number of sparse stratigraphic samples and significantly improves the prediction accuracy for karst caves to 65.4%.Additionally,this study analyzes the impact of sampling distance on model accuracy.It is found that a lower sampling interval results in higher prediction accuracy,but also increases computational resources and time costs.Therefore,in this study,an optimal sampling distance of 1 m is chosen to balance prediction accuracy and computation cost.Furthermore,the number of geological strata is found to have a negative effect on prediction accuracy.To mitigate this,it is recommended to merge less significant stratigraphy layers,reducing computation time.For key strata layers,such as karst caves,which have a significant impact on construction risk,further onsite sampling or oversampling using the SMOTE technique is recommended.

Component-based Topological Data Model for Three-dimensional Geology Modeling

On the study of the basic characteristics of geological objects and the special requirement for computing 3D geological model, this paper gives an object-oriented 3D topologic data model. In this model, the geological objects are divided into four object classes: point, line, area and volume. The volume class is further divided into four subclasses: the composite volume, the complex volume, the simple volume and the component. Twelve kinds of topological relations and the related data structures are designed for the geological objects.

Probe into Key Techniques of Regional-Oriented 3D GIS

Regional Geological Information System combines the multi-dimensional and dynamic spatial information into an integrated spatial information system. 3D geological modeling and its preprocessing or post-processing are the most difficult problems for constructing the system. Based on the current 3D GIS technique, some basic problems in establishing the system are discussed in this paper, including 3D spatial data model, 3D geological modeling, and visu- alization of 3D geological data. A kind of 3D vector data model based on boundary representation for geological object and its topology was developed in order to model and visualize complex geological structures. In addition, some key techniques are pointed out for further study.

Development and future prospects of quantitative mineral assessment in China

Mineral potential assessment at the Earth’s surface has been an important research for geoscientists around the world in the past five decades. The fundamental aspects of mineral assessment at different scales can be associated with the following tasks, e.g., mineral potential mapping and estimation of mineral resources. This paper summarized the history and development in terms of theories, methods technologies and software platforms for quantitative assessment of mineral resources in China, e.g. comprehensive information methodology, geological anomaly, three-component quantitative prediction method, 5P orefinding area, integrated information assessment method, nonlinear process modeling and fractals, three dimensional mineral potential mapping, etc. At last, to discuss the future of quantitative mineral assessment in an era of big data including platform for 3D visualization, analysis and sharing, new methods and protocols for data cleaning, information enhancement, information integration, and uncertainties and multiple explanations of multi-information.

基于成都市地质大数据的城市地质资料标准化探索

对城市地质资料有效管理和综合应用,服务于城市规划、建设、运行与管理,推动城市数字化、信息化转型,是GIS(GeographicInformationSystem,GIS)发展中的重要课题。地质资料标准化是实施地质资料统一管理,挖掘地质资料价值,提高可利用程度,推进资料数字化、科学化、规范化,也是实现资料信息化管理和综合应用服务关键。本文结合城市地质资料信息化建设趋势,分析了进行城市地质资料标准化处理需解决的主要问题,重点介绍了成都市城市地质资料标准化处理的基本原则要求、方法、流程等内容,分析了其应用服务效果。

The Application of 3-D Visible Technology to Reservoir Management

The paper deals with the application of 3 -D visible technology to reservoir management. Making use of this method for expanding - spread data point in reservoir management, can discard the false and retain the true during data recording. As a result, The quality of data recording is ensured. In reservoir description, the reservoir characteristics, such as space distribution,physical change and fluid distribution may be identified by restoring palaeostructures, building - up 3-D facics tract model and 3-D fracture system model. Seismic interpretation, geologic modeling and numerical simulation are well integrated so that they can be promote reservoir performance management to develop into the intensive management pattern.

New Framework Based on Fusion Information from Multiple Landslide Data Sources and 3D Visualization

Recent monitoring techniques employ multiple sources of information for the characterization of the phenomenon to be studied, being the coupling and adjustment of multi-source data one of the first challenges to consider and solve. The authors propose a new framework of the multi-source and multi-temporal data-oriented fusion for the characterization of landslide events. The main objective is to generate 3D virtual models(in the form of dense point clouds) and feed them back with the characteristic of soil and subsoil information. The scheme consists of three main steps. The first one is on-site data collection(geological characterization, geophysical measurements, GPS measurements, and UAV/drone mapping). The second step is generation of a high-resolution 3D virtual model(~1-inch spatial resolution) from the frames acquired through the UAV using the structure of motion(SfM) processing;the developed virtual model is optimized with GPS measurements to minimize geolocation error and eliminate distortions. The last step is assembling of the acquired data in the field and densified point cloud considering the different nature of the data, re-escalating procedure and the information stacking layer.

城市三维地质信息管理与服务系统设计与开发

分析了城市地质信息化的发展历史及现状;重点介绍了城市三维地质信息管理与服务系统的整体设计,包括系统目标、系统框架及主要功能、数据分析及处理流程;分析了系统开发中的关键技术。给出了城市三维地质信息管理与服务系统开发在北京市的应用情况。

复杂地质曲面三维插值—逼近拟合构造方法

针对水利水电工程多源地质数据的特点,充分考虑了地质精度要求、曲面连续性和数据存储量等多方面的均衡,提出并实现了基于NURBS(non-uniform rational B-splines,非均匀有理样条曲线)技术的复杂地质曲面插值—逼近拟合构造方法。该方法对于工程关键区域集中且均匀分布的原始数据,采用NURBS蒙皮插值方法,使曲面严格通过这些数据点;对于周边区域分布离散的数据,采用NURBS逼近拟合方法,使曲面在给定精度下充分逼近原始数据;最后对整体曲面的地质结构合理性、几何性和精度进行检查分析和调整。实例表明,该方法所构造的地质曲面能满足地质工程师的实际需要,并能为进一步的三维地质建模提供基础。

地质资料信息化建设现状、问题与对策——以武汉地质调查中心地质资料馆为例

地质资料信息化建设是建立在信息化环境下的高效社会服务和知识创新体系建设,是地质工作链的最后一个环节,对实现地质资料服务于经济社会发展有重要的社会现实意义。本文以武汉地质调查中心地质资料馆为例,介绍地质资料信息化现状,并从数字化程度、涉密风险、服务标准、用户需求、人才建设五个方面分析了地质资料信息化建设存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策措施。

三维地质数据的神经网络处理及立体图形显示

在油气藏三维精细描述工作中，常需要对一些三维四变量（Ｘ，Ｙ，Ｈ，Ｚ）地质数据进行分析处理。传统的处理方法多为方位近点距离加权模型和趋势回归模型及克里金模型等。基于现代神经网络信息处理新技术，提出一种简易可行的ＢＰ神经网络三维估值模型，由此可根据研究区域内的已知资料对其未知井点处的储层参数值进行高分辨率估值；采用立体等值线图可视化技术来实现该模型估值的直观图形显示，充分揭示三维地质体某种特征参数的纵横向变化规律。通过对Ｓ气田马家沟组的地层压力等数据的分析处理，结果表明该法是一种有效的高分辨率估值技术，在油气藏描述中值得借鉴使用。

基于地质信息元数据标准的多源空间数据管理系统

基于对空间数据特点的分析,结合当前的空间数据存储技术,通过对元数据标准的扩展解决多源空间元数据交换的问题;利用单机多空间数据库引擎(spatial database engire,SDE)数据存储技术解决多源空间数据定位及共享的问题;通过建立空间索引数据库,在单机多SDE的基础上,解决空间数据的快速检索定位的问题;从而实现多源空间数据的组织和管理,构建基于地质信息元数据标准的多源空间数据管理系统,为解决资源与环境遥感信息基础平台建设中的空间数据多源、空间数据共享及空间元数据交换打下基础。