Bi-level hybrid local search approach for three-dimensional loading problem with balancing constraints

This paper presents a bi-level hybrid local search(BHLS)algorithm for the three-dimensional loading problem with balancing constraints(3DLP-B),where several rectangular boxes with even densities but different sizes are loaded into a single cubic bin to meet the requirements of the space or capacity utilization and the balance of the center of gravity.The proposed algorithm hybridizes a novel framed-layout procedure in which the concept of the core block and its generation strategy are introduced.Once the block-loading sequence has been determined,we can load one block at a time by the designed construction heuristic.Then,the double-search is introduced;its external search procedure generates a list of compact packing patterns while its internal search procedure is used to search the core-block frames and their best distribution locations.The approach is extensively tested on weakly to strongly heterogeneous benchmark data.The results show that it has better performance in improving space utilization rate and balanced condition of the placement than existed techniques:the overall averages from 79.85%to 86.45%were obtained for the balanced cases and relatively high space-usage rate of 89.44%was achieved for the unbalanced ones.

Topology optimization of 3D structures with design-dependent loads

Topology optimization of continuum structures with design-dependent loads has long been a challenge. In this paper, the topology optimization of 3D structures subjected to design-dependent loads is investigated. A boundary search scheme is proposed for 3D problems, by means of which the load surface can be identified effectively and efficiently, and the difficulties arising in other approaches can be overcome. The load surfaces are made up of the boundaries of finite elements and the loads can be directly applied to corresponding element nodes, which leads to great convenience in the application of this method. Finally, the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method is validated by several numerical examples.

A multiscale 3D finite element analysis of fluid/solute transport in mechanically loaded bone

The transport of fluid, nutrients, and signaling molecules in the bone lacunar-canalicular system （LCS） is critical for osteocyte survival and function. We have applied the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching （FRAP） approach to quantify load-induced fluid and solute transport in the LCS in situ, but the measurements were limited to cortical regions 30-50 μm underneath the periosteum due to the constrains of laser penetration. With this work, we aimed to expand our understanding of load-induced fluid and solute transport in both trabecular and cortical bone using a multiscaled image-based finite element analysis （FEA） approach. An intact murine tibia was first re-constructed from microCT images into a three-dimensional （3D） linear elastic FEA model, and the matrix deformations at various locations were calculated under axial loading. A segment of the above 3D model was then imported to the biphasic poroelasticity analysis platform （FEBio） to predict load-induced fluid pressure fields, and interstitial solute/fluid flows through LCS in both cortical and trabecular regions. Further, secondary flow effects such as the shear stress and/or drag force acting on osteocytes, the presumed mechano-sensors in bone, were derived using the previously developed ultrastructural model of Brinkman flow in the canaliculi. The material properties assumed in the FEA models were validated against previously obtained strain and FRAP transport data measured on the cortical cortex. Our results demonstrated the feasibility of this computational approach in estimating the fluid flux in the LCS and the cellular stimulation forces （shear and drag forces） for osteocytes in any cortical and trabecular bone locations, allowing further studies of how the activation of osteocytes correlates with in vivo functional bone formation. The study provides a promising platform to reveal potential cellular mechanisms underlying the anabolic power of exercises and physical activities in treating patients with skeletal deficiencies.

Approaches for a 3D assessment of pavement evenness data based on 3D vehicle models

Pavements are 3D in their shape. They can be captured in three dimensions by modern road mapping equipment which allows for the assessment of pavement evenness in a more holistic way as opposed to current practice which divides into longitudinal and transversal evenness. It makes sense to use 3D vehicle models to simulate the effects of 3D surface data on certain functional criteria like pavement loading, cargo loading and driving comfort. In order to evaluate the three criteria mentioned two vehicle models have been created： a passenger car used to assess driving comfort and a truck-semitrailer submodel used to assess pavement and cargo loading. The vehicle models and their application to 3D surface data are presented. The results are well in line with existing single-track （planar） models. Their advantage over existing 1D/2D models is demonstrated by the example of driving comfort evaluation. Existing ＂geometric＂ limit values for the assessment of longi- tudinal evenness in terms of the power spectral density could be used to establish corre- sponding limit values for the dynamic response, i.e. driving comfort, pavement loading and cargo loading. The limit values are well in line with existing limit values based on planar vehicle models. They can be used as guidelines for the proposal of future limit values. The investigations show that the use of 3D vehicle models is an appropriate and meaningful way of assessing 3D evenness data gathered by modern road mapping systems.

Establishment of a Fast Quality Assurance Method for Three-dimensional Afterloading Treatment Plan

Objective:To study the correlation between tumor size,radiation source intensity,prescription dose,and source dwell time in afterloading treatment plan,and to establish a rapid quality control method for afterloading treatment plan.Methods:A total of 181 patients with gynecological tumor were enrolled in our hospital.A total of 84 patients were installed with three tubes of Fletcher'applicator,58 patients with single uterine tube and 39 patients with vaginal applicator.Each patient was scanned with CT before treatment,and the target area and organs were delineated by doctors.The treatment plan was optimized by IPSA.The planned source intensity,prescription dose,source residence time and tumor volume of each case were recorded and the CI,RV,and k value were calculated,The CI distribution characteristics and the relationship with RV value were analyzed.In addition,46 cases of gynecological tumor patients'afterloading plan used this method for quality control verification.Results:The CI of the three kinds of applicators was normal distribution.The average Ci of Fletcher applicator was 0.720±0.067,k=1394,r=0.894,the average CI of Fletcher applicator was 0.697±0.076,k=1428,r=0.940,the average CI of vaginal applicator was 0.742±0.067,k=1362,r=0.909.Conclusion:Using this method,we could quickly evaluate the target volume,radiation source intensity,prescription dose and treatment time,to determine the cause of deviation according to the feedback results,ensuring that the afterloading treatment plan can be implemented efficiently quickly,and accurately in accordance with the clinical requirements.