Three‐dimensional(3D)‐printed MXene high‐voltage aqueous micro‐supercapacitors with ultrahigh areal energy density and low‐temperature tolerance

The rapid advancement in the miniaturization,integration,and intelligence of electronic devices has escalated the demand for customizable microsupercapacitors(MSCs)with high energy density.However,efficient microfabrication of safe and high‐energy MXene MSCs for integrating microelectronics remains a significant challenge due to the low voltage window in aqueous electrolytes(typically≤0.6 V)and limited areal mass loading of MXene microelectrodes.Here,we tackle these challenges by developing a highconcentration(18mol kg^(−1))“water‐in‐LiBr”(WiB)gel electrolyte for MXene symmetric MSCs(M‐SMSCs),demonstrating a record high voltage window of 1.8 V.Subsequently,additive‐free aqueous MXene ink with excellent rheological behavior is developed for three‐dimensional(3D)printing customizable all‐MXene microelectrodes on various substrates.Leveraging the synergy of a highvoltage WiB gel electrolyte and 3D‐printed microelectrodes,quasi‐solid‐state MSMSCs operating stably at 1.8 V are constructed,and achieve an ultrahigh areal energy density of 1772μWhcm^(−2) and excellent low‐temperature tolerance,with a long‐term operation at−40℃.Finally,by extending the 3D printing protocol,M‐SMSCs are integrated with humidity sensors on a single planar substrate,demonstrating their reliability in miniaturized integrated microsystems.

Micro Mechanical Model of 3D Woven Composites

A combined beam model representing the periodicity of the microstructure and micro deformation of 3D woven composites is developed for predicting mechanical properties. The model considers the effects of off axial tension/compression and bending/shearing couplings as well as the mutual reactions of fiber yarns. The method determining microstructure by using woven parameters is described for a typical 3D woven composite material. An analytical cell, constructed by a minimum periodic section of yarn and interlayer matrix, is adopted. Micro stresses in the cell under in-plane tensile loading are obtained by using the proposed beam model and macro modulus is then obtained by the averaging method. Material tests and a 2D micro FEM analysis are made to evaluate this model. Analyses reveal that micro stress caused by tensile/bending coupling effect is not negligible in the stress analysis.

Experimental Research on Effects of Process Parameters on Servo Scanning 3D Micro Electrical Discharge Machining

Servo scanning 3D micro electrical discharge machining (3D SSMEDM) is a novel and effective method in fabricating complex 3D micro structures with high aspect ratio on conducting materials. In 3D SSMEDM process, the axial wear of tool electrode can be compensated automatically by servo-keeping discharge gap, instead of the traditional methods that depend on experiential models or intermittent compensation. However, the effects of process parameters on 3D SSMEDM have not been reported up until now. In this study, the emphasis is laid on the effects of pulse duration, peak current, machining polarity, track style, track overlap, and scanning velocity on the 3D SSMEDM performances of machining efficiency, processing status, and surface accuracy. A series of experiments were carried out by machining a micro-rectangle cavity (900 μm×600 μm) on doped silicon. The experimental results were obtained as follows. Peak current plays a main role in machining efficiency and surface accuracy. Pulse duration affects obviously the stability of discharge state. The material removal rate of cathode processing is about 3/5 of that of anode processing. Compared with direction-parallel path, contour-parallel path is better in counteracting the lateral wear of tool electrode end. Scanning velocity should be selected moderately to avoid electric arc and short. Track overlap should be slightly less than the radius of tool electrode. In addition, a typical 3D micro structure of eye shape was machined based on the optimized process parameters. These results are beneficial to improve machining stability, accuracy, and efficiency in 3D SSMEDM.

Engagement Detection Based on Analyzing Micro Body Gestures Using 3D CNN

This paper proposes a novel,efficient and affordable approach to detect the students’engagement levels in an e-learning environment by using webcams.Our method analyzes spatiotemporal features of e-learners’micro body gestures,which will be mapped to emotions and appropriate engagement states.The proposed engagement detection model uses a three-dimensional convolutional neural network to analyze both temporal and spatial information across video frames.We follow a transfer learning approach by using the C3D model that was trained on the Sports-1M dataset.The adopted C3D model was used based on two different approaches;as a feature extractor with linear classifiers and a classifier after applying fine-tuning to the pretrained model.Our model was tested and its performance was evaluated and compared to the existing models.It proved its effectiveness and superiority over the other existing methods with an accuracy of 94%.The results of this work will contribute to the development of smart and interactive e-learning systems with adaptive responses based on users’engagement levels.

3-D velocity structure in the central-eastern part of Qilianshan

The 3-D velocity tomography image of the central-eastern part of Qilianshan is obtained by the joint inversion of 3-D velocity structure and focal parameters based on the S-P data of micro-earthquakes recorded by the digital seismic network set up for a Sino-French cooperation program since 1996. The inversed velocity structure does primarily reflect some important features of the deep structure in the region and provide the scientific background for the further study of active tectonic structure and the calculation of earthquake parameters.

3D微纳米打印技术与应用研究进展

近年来3D微纳米打印技术发展迅速,尤其是在微纳米结构成型方面有着独特的优势。重点讲述了微立体光刻(MSLA)、微激光烧结(MSLS)、熔融沉积造型(FDM)、片材层压(LOM)、双光子聚合(TPP)、直写成型技术(DIW)的基本结构原理和国内外研究现状,对不同3D微纳米打印技术进行了对比分析,详细阐述了3D微纳米打印在生物医疗、组织工程和微流控芯片的应用,并展望了3D微纳米打印的应用前景。

基于3-D FDTD微型塔电磁模型电流衰减机制

为研究雷电流在高塔中的传输过程和衰减机制,本文基于三维时域有限差分法(3-D FDTD),建立高度为45cm的微型塔电磁模型,应用理想导体边界条件求解高斯脉冲电流沿塔体表面的时空分布。结果表明,不同形状塔体,表面电流衰减特征不同。锥形塔的表面电流衰减具有方向性,自塔顶向塔底传播时,幅值几乎无衰减,方向相反时,有显著衰减。柱形塔的表面电流自塔顶向塔底以及反向传播时,幅值均有明显衰减。塔体不同高度处电流的衰减程度随着锥形塔顶角和柱形塔半径的增大、激励源频宽的减小而增大。

基于微束等离子3D打印平台的构建及工艺研究

发源于快速成形技术的金属3D打印技术已经成为金属零件直接制造技术的研究热点和重要发展方向。针对现有激光、电子束设备昂贵、运行成本高的问题,提出了一种基于微束等离子金属3D打印直接成形方法,并系统的介绍了该方法的成形机理和系统组成,设计开发了基于微束等离子金属3D打印的机械系统、控制系统,并采用该系统进行成形金属基础工艺的研究。实验结果表明,扫描速度与送丝速度之间存在关联性;当搭接率为40%时,两平行焊道之间能良好的结合;当堆焊层数大于等于5层时,焊道的宽高值趋于稳定,从而为后续直接成形金属提供了理论和实验基础。

Effects of dry-wet cycles on three-dimensional pore structure and permeability characteristics of granite residual soil using X-ray micro computed tomography

Due to seasonal climate alterations,the microstructure and permeability of granite residual soil are easily affected by multiple dry-wet cycles.The X-ray micro computed tomography(micro-CT)acted as a nondestructive tool for characterizing the microstructure of soil samples exposed to a range of damage levels induced by dry-wet cycles.Subsequently,the variations of pore distribution and permeability due to drywet cycling effects were revealed based on three-dimensional(3D)pore distribution analysis and seepage simulations.According to the results,granite residual soils could be separated into four different components,namely,pores,clay,quartz,and hematite,from micro-CT images.The reconstructed 3D pore models dynamically demonstrated the expanding and connecting patterns of pore structures during drywet cycles.The values of porosity and connectivity are positively correlated with the number of dry-wet cycles,which were expressed by exponential and linear functions,respectively.The pore volume probability distribution curves of granite residual soil coincide with the χ^(2)distribution curve,which verifies the effectiveness of the assumption of χ^(2)distribution probability.The pore volume distribution curves suggest that the pores in soils were divided into four types based on their volumes,i.e.micropores,mesopores,macropores,and cracks.From a quantitative and visual perspective,considerable small pores are gradually transformed into cracks with a large volume and a high connectivity.Under the action of dry-wet cycles,the number of seepage flow streamlines which contribute to water permeation in seepage simulation increases distinctly,as well as the permeability and hydraulic conductivity.The calculated hydraulic conductivity is comparable with measured ones with an acceptable error margin in general,verifying the accuracy of seepage simulations based on micro-CT results.

Characterization of microstructure evolution of cement paste by micro computed tomography

Micro computed tomography (Micro-CT) was applied to obtain three-dimensional images of the microstructure of cement paste (water-to-cement mass ratio of 0.5) at different ages. By using the Amira software, component phases of the cement paste such as pores, hydration products, and unhydrated clinker particles were segmented from each other based on their 3D image grey levels; their relative contents were also calculated with the software, and the data are 61.2%, 0% and 38.8% at the beginning of hydration and 11.8%, 78.5% and 9.7% at 28 d age, respectively. The hydration degree of cement paste at different ages was compared with the experimental data acquired by loss on ignition (LOI) tests. The results show that the calculated and measured data reasonably agree with each other, which indicates that micro-CT is a useful and reliable approach to characterize the micro structure evolution of hydrating cement paste.

针对3D打印材料孔洞应力集中计算的映射算法

目的利用映射算法以较小计算成本获得3D打印材料孔洞应力集中分布情况,为3D打印材料疲劳寿命预测及结构优化设计的有限元分析提供新方法。方法提取单个孔洞应力集中影响范围内的节点及应力,并计算出各节点的应力集中系数。以寻找最近点的方式将无孔洞模型相应节点的应力值乘以不同的应力集中系数来体现孔洞的应力集中。若多节点映射到同一节点,则乘以多个应力集中系数的平均值;对距离边界较近的点,则乘以边界影响系数。结果材料内部孔洞的映射结果与实际计算结果误差小于8%;而对于自由边界孔洞聚集的情况,误差小于15%。结论映射算法能够有效表征3D打印材料孔洞的应力集中,以较小的成本获得含孔洞缺陷模型的应力分布。该算法为临床植入体优化设计及疲劳分析提供有限元结果。

3-D velocity structure in the central-eastern part of Qilianshan

The 3-D velocity tomography image of the central-eastern part of Qilianshan is obtained by the joint inversion of 3-D velocity structure and focal parameters based on the S-P data of micro-earthquakes recorded by the digital seismic network set up for a Sino-French cooperation program since 1996. The inversed velocity structure does primarily reflect some important features of the deep structure in the region and provide the scientific background for the further study of active tectonic structure and the calculation of earthquake parameters.

Process Evaluation, Tensile Properties and Fatigue Resistance of Chopped and Continuous Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites by 3D Printing

The aim of this article was to comprehensively evaluate the manufacturing process,tensile properties and fatigue resistance of the chopped and continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites(CFRTPCs)by 3D printing.The main results included:the common defects of the printed CFRTPCs contained redundant and accumulation defects,scratch and warping defects;the continuous fiber contributed to the dimensional stability and accuracy of width and thickness;associations between mass percentage of fiber reinforcement and the averages of elastic mod-ulus,strain at break and ultimate tensile strength were approximately linear based on tensile test results;the fati-gue resistance improved with the increasing fiber reinforcement based on fatigue test results.As for specimens with four fiber rings,there was a good linear relationship between the stress level and logarithm value of cycles during the whole life while those of pure matrix and specimens with one and two fiber rings were piecewise linear,taking about 10,000 cycles as boundary.The micro morphology showed that the fatigue failure behaved as matrix fracture,large and small fiber bundles and single fibers extracted from matrix.Under the tension-tension fatigue load,the deformations where easily concentrating stress behaved as sunken surfaces along thickness and width directions,and the deformation along width direction was greater than that along thickness direction.

Static dissolution-induced 3D pore network modification and its impact on critical pore attributes of carbonate rocks

To determine the effect of dissolution on pore network development in carbonate rocks, dissolution experiments, X-Ray microtomography, and thin section analysis were conducted on argillaceous limestone and grain limestone samples at different temperatures and constant pH, HCl concentration. The relationship between Ca^(2+) concentration and time was revealed through the experiments; pore size distribution before and after dissolution indicate that there is no correlation between the temperature and pore size variation, but pore size variation in grain limestone is more significant, indicating that the variation is mainly controlled by the heterogeneity of the rock itself(initial porosity and permeability) and the abundance of unstable minerals(related to crystal shape, size and mineral type). At different temperatures, the two kinds of carbonate rocks had very small variation in pore throat radius from 0.003 mm to 0.040 mm, which is 1.3 to 3.5 times more, 1.7 on average of the original pore throat radius. Their pore throat length varied from 0.05 mm to 0.35 mm. The minor changes in the pore throat radius, length and connectivity brought big changes to permeability of up to 1 000×10^(-3) μm^2.

Multi-Schlieren CT Measurements of Supersonic Microjets from Circular and Square Micro Nozzles

Instantaneous three-dimensional (3D) density distributions of a shock-cell structure of perfectly and imperfectly expanded supersonic microjets escaping into an ambient space are measured. For the 3D observation of supersonic microjets, non-scanning 3D computerized tomography (CT) technique using a 20-directional quantitative schlieren optical system with flashlight source is employed for simultaneous schlieren photography. The 3D density distributions data of the microjets are obtained by 3D-CT reconstruction of the projection’s images using maximum likelihood-expectation maximization. Axisymmetric convergent-divergent (Laval) circular and square micro nozzles with operating nozzle pressure ratio 5.0, 4.5, 4.0, 3.67, and 3.5 have been studied. This study examines perfectly expanded, overexpanded, and underexpanded supersonic microjets issued from micro nozzles with fully expanded jet Mach numbers Mj ranging from 1.47 - 1.71, where the design Mach number is Md = 1.5. A complex phenomenon for free square microjets called axis switching is clearly observed with two types “upright” and “diagonal” of “cross-shaped”. The initial axis-switching is 45° within the first shock-cell range. In addition, from the symmetry and diagonal views of square microjets for the first shock-cells, two different patterns of shock waves are viewed. The shock-cell spacing and supersonic core length for all nozzle pressure ratios are investigated and reported.

Research of micro-EDM and its applications

A Micro Electrical Discharge Machining (MEDM) equipment was developed in this paper,on which the CNC interpolation for 3-axis linkage movement could be realized easily. By this micro-EDM equipment,the fabrication process of microelectrode,micro hole,silicon wafer and complex microstructure was discussed. The process rules of machining efficiency and the relative electrode wear rate as well as the machining mechanism and performance of silicon micro-EDM were also researched. Machining experiments showed that the microelectrode diameter as small as 6 μm and the micro hole with minimum size of 10 μm could be obtained steadily,and the maximum aspect ratios of microelectrode and micro hole were over 25 and 10 respectively. And silicon micro-EDM experiments showed that the micro beam with the aspect ratios over 15 could be obtained easily. And a micro beam with minimum size of 23 μm width on a silicon wafer with 420 μm thickness was achieved. At last,the microstructure machining technology for micro-EDM was also discussed. And a micro-facial sculpture with free space curved surface and size of 1 mm×0.3 mm×0.18 mm was also machined successfully.

Iron-induced 3D nanoporous iron-cobalt oxyhydroxide on carbon cloth as a highly efficient electrode for oxygen evolution reaction

The development of highly efficient and cost-effective electrode materials for catalyzing the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is crucial for water splitting technology.The increase in the number of active sites by tuning the morphology and structure and the enhancement of the reactivity of active sites by the incorporation of other components are the two main strategies for the enhancement of their catalytic performance.In this study,by combining these two strategies,a unique three-dimensional nanoporous Fe-Co oxyhydroxide layer coated on the carbon cloth(3D-FeCoOOH/CC)was successfully synthesized by in situ electro-oxidation methods,and directly used as a working electrode.The electrode,3D-FeCoOOH/CC,was obtained by the Fe doping process in(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2,followed by continuous in situ electro-oxidization in alkaline medium of“micro go chess piece”arrays on the carbon cloth(MCPAs/CC).Micro characterizations illustrated that the go pieces of MCPAs/CC were completely converted into a thin conformal coating on the carbon cloth fibers.The electrochemical test results showed that the as-synthesized 3D-FeCoOOH/CC exhibited enhanced activity for OER with a low overpotential of 259 mV,at a current density of 10 mA cm^–2,and a small Tafel slope of 34.9 mV dec^–1,as well as superior stability in 1.0 mol L^–1 KOH solution.The extensive analysis revealed that the improved electrochemical surface area,conductivity,Fe-Co bimetallic composition,and the unique 3D porous structure together contributed to the enhanced OER activity of 3D-FeCoOOH/CC.Furthermore,the synthetic strategy applied in this study could be extended to fabricate a series of Co-based electrode materials with the dopant of other transition elements.

Complex microstructure fabrication by integrating silicon anisotropic etching and UV-LIGA technology

A fabrication method which integrates silicon anisotropic etching micromachining with UV-LIGA technology to make complex microstmetures is presented. This proposed combined process enables the fabrication of high-aspect-ratio and three-dimensional （3D） microstructures, which cannot be fabricated by silicon bulk mieromachining or UV-LIGA alone. To demonstrate this combined method, the 100μm thick SU-8 micro gears were fabricated on the silicon convex square structure, which is 100μm × 100μm× 80μm in dimension. In the subsequent micro hot embossing process, a novel type of plastics polyethylene terephtalate glycol （PETG） was tried for use. Through optimizing process parameters, PETG shows the potential of being used as plastic replica in micro-electro-mechanical system （MEMS）. This fabrication technology provides a new option for the increasing need of functionality, quality and economy of MEMS.

基于数字微镜器件的计算全息3维显示

为了进一步研究计算全息3维显示的方法,以数字微镜器件为空间光调制器,采用层析法,结合菲涅耳衍射积分算法中的角谱法,探讨了全息图的计算与数字微镜器件参量之间的关系,并利用修正立轴参考光编码的方式,得到了菲涅耳计算全息图。通过对计算全息图进行数值模拟及实验验证,均得到了较好的再现像。结果表明,该方法实现了3维物体的再现,为计算全息3维显示提供了一种有效的方法。

R134a在水平三维微肋管内的沸腾换热

实验研究了Ｒ１３４ａ 在水平三维微肋管内的沸腾换热。实验段有效长度３ ．０ ｍ ，内径１２ｍｍ ，工质质量流率１００ ～２７７ ｋｇ／（ｍ２·ｓ） ，热负荷１０ ～２０ ｋＷ／ｍ２ ，饱和压力０．５４ ～０ ．６５ ＭＰａ．实验考察了质量流率，质量干度和饱和压力对换热系数的影响。这种三维内微肋管的换热特性同时与Ｗａｔｔｅｌｅｔ 关系式的预测值进行了比较，得到的换热强化因子在１ ．５ ～２ ．１ 之间。