A survey and evaluation was carried out on a potential granitoid quarry site in the locality of Linguésso (North West of Ivory Coast) with the aim of identifying and estimating the quantity of exploitable granite...A survey and evaluation was carried out on a potential granitoid quarry site in the locality of Linguésso (North West of Ivory Coast) with the aim of identifying and estimating the quantity of exploitable granite based on the electrical resistivity methods. The combination of electrical trailing, sounding and tomography techniques allowed the determination of the characteristics of the rock deposit, namely the electrical signature (between 19,259 Ωm and 86,316 Ωm), the extension (N90°), the rooting (between 0 and 45 m) and the fracturing (between N14° and N160°) of the granitic formation sought. The modeling resulted in an estimated mineable rock volume of 2,936,250 m<sup>3</sup> providing a production quantity of 7,927,875 tonnes.展开更多
Underground pipeline networks constitute a major component of urban infrastructure,and thus,it is imperative to have an efficient mechanism to manage them.This study introduces a secondary development system to effici...Underground pipeline networks constitute a major component of urban infrastructure,and thus,it is imperative to have an efficient mechanism to manage them.This study introduces a secondary development system to efficiently model underground pipeline networks,using the building information modeling(BIM)-based software Revit.The system comprises separate pipe point and tubulation models.Using a Revit application programming interface(API),the spatial position and attribute data of the pipe points are extracted from a pipeline database,and the corresponding tubulation data are extracted from a tubulation database.Using the Family class in Revit API,the cluster in the self-built library of pipe point is inserted into the spatial location and the attribute data is added;in the same way,all pipeline instances in the pipeline system are created.The extension and localization of the model accelerated the modeling speed.The system was then used in a real construction project.The expansion of the model database and rapid modeling made the application of BIM technology in three-dimensional visualization of underground pipeline networks more convenient.Furthermore,it has applications in pipeline engineering construction and management.展开更多
The lithofacies classification is essential for oil and gas reservoir exploration and development.The traditional method of lithofacies classification is based on"core calibration logging"and the experience ...The lithofacies classification is essential for oil and gas reservoir exploration and development.The traditional method of lithofacies classification is based on"core calibration logging"and the experience of geologists.This approach has strong subjectivity,low efficiency,and high uncertainty.This uncertainty may be one of the key factors affecting the results of 3 D modeling of tight sandstone reservoirs.In recent years,deep learning,which is a cutting-edge artificial intelligence technology,has attracted attention from various fields.However,the study of deep-learning techniques in the field of lithofacies classification has not been sufficient.Therefore,this paper proposes a novel hybrid deep-learning model based on the efficient data feature-extraction ability of convolutional neural networks(CNN)and the excellent ability to describe time-dependent features of long short-term memory networks(LSTM)to conduct lithological facies-classification experiments.The results of a series of experiments show that the hybrid CNN-LSTM model had an average accuracy of 87.3%and the best classification effect compared to the CNN,LSTM or the three commonly used machine learning models(Support vector machine,random forest,and gradient boosting decision tree).In addition,the borderline synthetic minority oversampling technique(BSMOTE)is introduced to address the class-imbalance issue of raw data.The results show that processed data balance can significantly improve the accuracy of lithofacies classification.Beside that,based on the fine lithofacies constraints,the sequential indicator simulation method is used to establish a three-dimensional lithofacies model,which completes the fine description of the spatial distribution of tight sandstone reservoirs in the study area.According to this comprehensive analysis,the proposed CNN-LSTM model,which eliminates class imbalance,can be effectively applied to lithofacies classification,and is expected to improve the reality of the geological model for the tight sandstone reservoirs.展开更多
Three-dimensional(3D)modeling is an important topic in computer graphics and computer vision.In recent years,the introduction of consumer-grade depth cameras has resulted in profound advances in 3D modeling.Starting w...Three-dimensional(3D)modeling is an important topic in computer graphics and computer vision.In recent years,the introduction of consumer-grade depth cameras has resulted in profound advances in 3D modeling.Starting with the basic data structure,this survey reviews the latest developments of 3D modeling based on depth cameras,including research works on camera tracking,3D object and scene reconstruction,and high-quality texture reconstruction.We also discuss the future work and possible solutions for 3D modeling based on the depth camera.展开更多
Mobile laser scanning(MLS)systems mainly comprise laser scanners and mobile mapping platforms.Typical MLS systems can acquire three-dimensional point clouds with 1-10cm point spacings at a normal driving or walking sp...Mobile laser scanning(MLS)systems mainly comprise laser scanners and mobile mapping platforms.Typical MLS systems can acquire three-dimensional point clouds with 1-10cm point spacings at a normal driving or walking speed in streets or indoor environments.The efficiency and stability of these systems make them extremely useful for application in three-dimensional urban modeling.This paper reviews the latest advances of the LiDAR-based mobile mapping system(MMS)point cloud in the field of 3D modeling,including LiDAR simultaneous localization and mapping,point cloud registration,feature extraction,object extraction,semantic segmentation,and processing using deep learning.Furthermore,typical urban modeling applications based on MMS are also discussed.展开更多
In the last issue,two case reports separately present examples of the extremely rare and complex congenital heart diseases that show concordant atrioventricular connections to the L-looped ventricles in the presence o...In the last issue,two case reports separately present examples of the extremely rare and complex congenital heart diseases that show concordant atrioventricular connections to the L-looped ventricles in the presence of situs solitus.Both cases highlight that the relationship between the two ventricles within the ventricular mass is not always harmonious with the given atrioventricular connection.Such disharmony between the connections and relationships requires careful assessment of the three basic facets of cardiac building blocks,namely their morphology,the relationship of their component parts,and their connections with the adjacent segments.3D imaging and printing can now facilitate an otherwise difficult diagnosis in such complex situations.Rotation of either the 3D images or the models permit accurate assessment of the ventricular topologic pattern by creating the right ventricular en-face septal view,thus facilitating placement of the observer’s hands.As we now emphasize,an alternative approach,which might prove more attractive to imagers,is to rotate the ventricular mass to provide the ventricular apical view,thus permitting determination of the ventricular relationship without using the hands.展开更多
Because of good quality of compressive resistance, the hyperbolic arch dam is being increasingly applied to engineering projects. In order to satisfy the needs of compressive resistance under the conditions of high wa...Because of good quality of compressive resistance, the hyperbolic arch dam is being increasingly applied to engineering projects. In order to satisfy the needs of compressive resistance under the conditions of high water pressure, a stress analysis is required for the dam. During the stress analysis process however, due to the complexity of the three-dimensional modeling, it is very hard to form a model. Therefore, the stress analysis process is a barrier for the arch dam. In this article, based on the research of the new line-type arch dam, a mathematical model in different degree of convexity conditions of the dam is established; using the C + + language program, a computer three-dimensional model simulation is realized on AutoCAD. The accurate three-dimensional model is providing a finite element optimization design of the involute hyperbolic arch dam for the next step.展开更多
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a destructive disease of wheat and other cereals. FHB occurs in Europe, North America and around the world causing significant losses in production and endangers human and animal health. ...Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a destructive disease of wheat and other cereals. FHB occurs in Europe, North America and around the world causing significant losses in production and endangers human and animal health. In this article, we provide the strategic steps for the specific target selection for the phytopathogen system wheat-Fusarium graminearum. The economic impact of FHB leads to the need for innovation. Currently used fungicides have been shown to be effective over the years, but recently cereal infecting Fusaria have developed resistance. Our work presents a new perspective on target selection to allow the development of new fungicides. We developed an innovative approach combining both genomic analysis and molecular modeling to increase the discovery for new chemical compounds with both safety and low environmental impact. Our protein targets selection revealed 13 candidates with high specificity, essentiality and potentially assayable with a favorable accessibility to drug activity. Among them, three proteins: trichodiene synthase, endoglucanase-5 and ERG6 were selected for deeper structural analyses to identify new putative fungicides. Overall, the bioinformatics filtering for novel protein targets applied for agricultural purposes is a response to the demand for chemical crop protection. The availability of the genome, secretome and PHI-base allowed the enrichment of the search that combined experimental data in planta. The homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations allowed the acquisition of three robust and stable conformers. From this step, approximately ten thousand compounds have been virtually screened against three candidates. Forty-five top-ranked compounds were selected from docking results as presenting better interactions and energy at the binding pockets and no toxicity. These compounds may act as inhibitors and lead to the development of new fungicides.展开更多
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a new system that enables individual vehicles to connect with nearby vehicles,people, transportation infrastructure, and networks, thereby realizing amore intelligent and efficient transp...Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a new system that enables individual vehicles to connect with nearby vehicles,people, transportation infrastructure, and networks, thereby realizing amore intelligent and efficient transportationsystem. The movement of vehicles and the three-dimensional (3D) nature of the road network cause the topologicalstructure of IoV to have the high space and time complexity.Network modeling and structure recognition for 3Droads can benefit the description of topological changes for IoV. This paper proposes a 3Dgeneral roadmodel basedon discrete points of roads obtained from GIS. First, the constraints imposed by 3D roads on moving vehicles areanalyzed. Then the effects of road curvature radius (Ra), longitudinal slope (Slo), and length (Len) on speed andacceleration are studied. Finally, a general 3D road network model based on road section features is established.This paper also presents intersection and road section recognition methods based on the structural features ofthe 3D road network model and the road features. Real GIS data from a specific region of Beijing is adopted tocreate the simulation scenario, and the simulation results validate the general 3D road network model and therecognitionmethod. Therefore, thiswork makes contributions to the field of intelligent transportation by providinga comprehensive approach tomodeling the 3Droad network and its topological changes in achieving efficient trafficflowand improved road safety.展开更多
To understand the current application and development of 3D modeling in Digital Twins(DTs),abundant literatures on DTs and 3D modeling are investigated by means of literature review.The transition process from 3D mode...To understand the current application and development of 3D modeling in Digital Twins(DTs),abundant literatures on DTs and 3D modeling are investigated by means of literature review.The transition process from 3D modeling to DTs modeling is analyzed,as well as the current application of DTs modeling in various industries.The application of 3D DTs modeling in theelds of smartmanufacturing,smart ecology,smart transportation,and smart buildings in smart cities is analyzed in detail,and the current limitations are summarized.It is found that the 3D modeling technology in DTs has broad prospects for development and has a huge impact on all walks of life and even human lifestyles.At the same time,the development of DTs modeling relies on the development and support capabilities of mature technologies such as Big Data,Internet of Things,Cloud Computing,Articial Intelligence,and game technology.Therefore,although some results have been achieved,there are still limitations.This work aims to provide a good theoretical support for the further development of 3D DTs modeling.展开更多
Adult-onset brain cancers,such as glioblastomas,are particularly lethal.People with glioblastoma multiforme(GBM)do not anticipate living for more than 15 months if there is no cure.The results of conventional treatmen...Adult-onset brain cancers,such as glioblastomas,are particularly lethal.People with glioblastoma multiforme(GBM)do not anticipate living for more than 15 months if there is no cure.The results of conventional treatments over the past 20 years have been underwhelming.Tumor aggressiveness,location,and lack of systemic therapies that can penetrate the blood–brain barrier are all contributing factors.For GBM treatments that appear promising in preclinical studies,there is a considerable rate of failure in phaseⅠandⅡclinical trials.Unfortunately,access becomes impossible due to the intricate architecture of tumors.In vitro,bioengineered cancer models are currently being used by researchers to study disease development,test novel therapies,and advance specialized medications.Many different techniques for creating in vitro systems have arisen over the past few decades due to developments in cellular and tissue engineering.Later-stage research may yield better results if in vitro models that resemble brain tissue and the blood–brain barrier are used.With the use of 3D preclinical models made available by biomaterials,researchers have discovered that it is possible to overcome these limitations.Innovative in vitro models for the treatment of GBM are possible using biomaterials and novel drug carriers.This review discusses the benefits and drawbacks of 3D in vitro glioblastoma modeling systems.展开更多
This study used the stable and convergent Dufort-Frankel method to differentially discretize the diffusion equation of the ground-well transient electromagnetic secondary field.The absorption boundary condition of com...This study used the stable and convergent Dufort-Frankel method to differentially discretize the diffusion equation of the ground-well transient electromagnetic secondary field.The absorption boundary condition of complex frequency-shifted perfectly matched layer(CFS-PML)was used for truncation so that the low-frequency electromagnetic wave can be better absorbed at the model boundary.A typical three-dimensional(3D)homogeneous half-space model was established and a low-resistivity cube model was analyzed under the half-space condition.The response patterns and drivers of the low-resistivity cube model were discussed under the influence of a low-resistivity overburden.The absorption boundary conditions of CFS-PML significantly affected the low-frequency electromagnetic waves.For a low-resistivity cube around the borehole,its response curve exhibited a single-peak,and the extreme point of the curve corresponded to the center of the low-resistivity body.When the low-resistivity cube was directly below the borehole,the response curve showed three extreme values(two high and one low),with the low corresponding to the center of the low-resistivity body.The total field response of the low-resistivity overburden was stronger than that of the uniform half-space model due to the low-resistivity shielding effect of electromagnetic waves.When the receiving-transmitting distance gradually increased,the effect of the low-resistivity overburden was gradually weakened,and the response of the low-resistivity cube was strengthened.It was affected by the ratio of the overburden resistivity to the resistivity of the low-resistivity body.展开更多
Facial wound segmentation plays a crucial role in preoperative planning and optimizing patient outcomes in various medical applications.In this paper,we propose an efficient approach for automating 3D facial wound seg...Facial wound segmentation plays a crucial role in preoperative planning and optimizing patient outcomes in various medical applications.In this paper,we propose an efficient approach for automating 3D facial wound segmentation using a two-stream graph convolutional network.Our method leverages the Cir3D-FaIR dataset and addresses the challenge of data imbalance through extensive experimentation with different loss functions.To achieve accurate segmentation,we conducted thorough experiments and selected a high-performing model from the trainedmodels.The selectedmodel demonstrates exceptional segmentation performance for complex 3D facial wounds.Furthermore,based on the segmentation model,we propose an improved approach for extracting 3D facial wound fillers and compare it to the results of the previous study.Our method achieved a remarkable accuracy of 0.9999993% on the test suite,surpassing the performance of the previous method.From this result,we use 3D printing technology to illustrate the shape of the wound filling.The outcomes of this study have significant implications for physicians involved in preoperative planning and intervention design.By automating facial wound segmentation and improving the accuracy ofwound-filling extraction,our approach can assist in carefully assessing and optimizing interventions,leading to enhanced patient outcomes.Additionally,it contributes to advancing facial reconstruction techniques by utilizing machine learning and 3D bioprinting for printing skin tissue implants.Our source code is available at https://github.com/SIMOGroup/WoundFilling3D.展开更多
A physically-based numerical three-dimensional earthen dam piping failure model is developed for homogeneous and zoned soil dams.This model is an erosion model,coupled with force/moment equilibrium analyses.Orifice fl...A physically-based numerical three-dimensional earthen dam piping failure model is developed for homogeneous and zoned soil dams.This model is an erosion model,coupled with force/moment equilibrium analyses.Orifice flow and two-dimensional(2D)shallow water equations(SWE)are solved to simulate dam break flows at different breaching stages.Erosion rates of different soils with different construction compaction efforts are calculated using corresponding erosion formulae.The dam's real shape,soil properties,and surrounding area are programmed.Large outer 2D-SWE grids are used to control upstream and downstream hydraulic conditions and control the boundary conditions of orifice flow,and inner 2D-SWE flow is used to scour soil and perform force/moment equilibrium analyses.This model is validated using the European Commission IMPACT(Investigation of Extreme Flood Processes and Uncertainty)Test#5 in Norway,Teton Dam failure in Idaho,USA,and Quail Creek Dike failure in Utah,USA.All calculated peak outflows are within 10%errors of observed values.Simulation results show that,for a V-shaped dam like Teton Dam,a piping breach location at the abutment tends to result in a smaller peak breach outflow than the piping breach location at the dam's center;and if Teton Dam had broken from its center for internal erosion,a peak outflow of 117851 m'/s,which is 81%larger than the peak outflow of 65120 m3/s released from its right abutment,would have been released from Teton Dam.A lower piping inlet elevation tends to cause a faster/earlier piping breach than a higher piping inlet elevation.展开更多
Deep learning, especially through convolutional neural networks (CNN) such as the U-Net 3D model, has revolutionized fault identification from seismic data, representing a significant leap over traditional methods. Ou...Deep learning, especially through convolutional neural networks (CNN) such as the U-Net 3D model, has revolutionized fault identification from seismic data, representing a significant leap over traditional methods. Our review traces the evolution of CNN, emphasizing the adaptation and capabilities of the U-Net 3D model in automating seismic fault delineation with unprecedented accuracy. We find: 1) The transition from basic neural networks to sophisticated CNN has enabled remarkable advancements in image recognition, which are directly applicable to analyzing seismic data. The U-Net 3D model, with its innovative architecture, exemplifies this progress by providing a method for detailed and accurate fault detection with reduced manual interpretation bias. 2) The U-Net 3D model has demonstrated its superiority over traditional fault identification methods in several key areas: it has enhanced interpretation accuracy, increased operational efficiency, and reduced the subjectivity of manual methods. 3) Despite these achievements, challenges such as the need for effective data preprocessing, acquisition of high-quality annotated datasets, and achieving model generalization across different geological conditions remain. Future research should therefore focus on developing more complex network architectures and innovative training strategies to refine fault identification performance further. Our findings confirm the transformative potential of deep learning, particularly CNN like the U-Net 3D model, in geosciences, advocating for its broader integration to revolutionize geological exploration and seismic analysis.展开更多
Building model data organization is often programmed to solve a specific problem,resulting in the inability to organize indoor and outdoor 3D scenes in an integrated manner.In this paper,existing building spatial data...Building model data organization is often programmed to solve a specific problem,resulting in the inability to organize indoor and outdoor 3D scenes in an integrated manner.In this paper,existing building spatial data models are studied,and the characteristics of building information modeling standards(IFC),city geographic modeling language(CityGML),indoor modeling language(IndoorGML),and other models are compared and analyzed.CityGML and IndoorGML models face challenges in satisfying diverse application scenarios and requirements due to limitations in their expression capabilities.It is proposed to combine the semantic information of the model objects to effectively partition and organize the indoor and outdoor spatial 3D model data and to construct the indoor and outdoor data organization mechanism of“chunk-layer-subobject-entrances-area-detail object.”This method is verified by proposing a 3D data organization method for indoor and outdoor space and constructing a 3D visualization system based on it.展开更多
Deformation monitoring is vital for tunnel engineering.Traditional monitoring techniques measure only a few data points,which is insufficient to understand the deformation of the entire tunnel.Terrestrial Laser Scanni...Deformation monitoring is vital for tunnel engineering.Traditional monitoring techniques measure only a few data points,which is insufficient to understand the deformation of the entire tunnel.Terrestrial Laser Scanning(TLS)is a newly developed technique that can collect thousands of data points in a few minutes,with promising applications to tunnel deformation monitoring.The raw point cloud collected from TLS cannot display tunnel deformation;therefore,a new 3D modeling algorithm was developed for this purpose.The 3D modeling algorithm includes modules for preprocessing the point cloud,extracting the tunnel axis,performing coordinate transformations,performing noise reduction and generating the 3D model.Measurement results from TLS were compared to the results of total station and numerical simulation,confirming the reliability of TLS for tunnel deformation monitoring.Finally,a case study of the Shanghai West Changjiang Road tunnel is introduced,where TLS was applied to measure shield tunnel deformation over multiple sections.Settlement,segment dislocation and cross section convergence were measured and visualized using the proposed 3D modeling algorithm.展开更多
3D modeling and codec of real objects are hot issues in the field of virtual reality. In this paper, we propose an automatic registration two range images method and a cycle based automatic global registration algorit...3D modeling and codec of real objects are hot issues in the field of virtual reality. In this paper, we propose an automatic registration two range images method and a cycle based automatic global registration algorithm for rapidly and automatically registering all range images and constructing a realistic 3D model. Besides, to meet the requirement of huge data transmission over Internet, we present a 3D mesh encoding/decoding method for encoding geometry, topology and attribute data with high compression ratio and supporting progressive transmission. The research results have already been applied successfully in digital museum.展开更多
A model is presented for the simulation of reactive gas-solids flows in large industrial reactors. Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustors with several thousands of cubic meters reaction volume are probably the l...A model is presented for the simulation of reactive gas-solids flows in large industrial reactors. Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustors with several thousands of cubic meters reaction volume are probably the largest reactors of this type. A semi-empirical modeling approach has been chosen to model the three-dimensional concentration distributions of gas and solids components and temperatures inside the combustion chamber of such boilers. Two industrial CFB boilers are investigated in detail: the 105 MWe Duisburg combustor in Germany and the 235 MWe Turow combustor in Poland. The semi-empirical model approach is described first. Then the model is used to show how the three-dimensional concentration and temperature fields are formed by the interaction of several local phenomena. Good agreement between simulation and measurements has been achieved.展开更多
The process of modern photogrammetry converts images and/or LiDAR data into usable 2D/3D/4D products.The photogrammetric industry offers engineering-grade hardware and software components for various applications.Whil...The process of modern photogrammetry converts images and/or LiDAR data into usable 2D/3D/4D products.The photogrammetric industry offers engineering-grade hardware and software components for various applications.While some components of the data processing pipeline work already automatically,there is still substantial manual involvement required in order to obtain reliable and high-quality results.The recent development of machine learning techniques has attracted a great attention in its potential to address complex tasks that traditionally require manual inputs.It is therefore worth revisiting the role and existing efforts of machine learning techniques in the field of photogrammetry,as well as its neighboring field computer vision.This paper provides an overview of the state-of-the-art efforts in machine learning in bringing the automated and‘intelligent’component to photogrammetry,computer vision and(to a lesser degree)to remote sensing.We will primarily cover the relevant efforts following a typical 3D photogrammetric processing pipeline:(1)data acquisition(2)georeferencing/interest point matching(3)Digital Surface Model generation(4)semantic interpretations,followed by conclusions and our insights.展开更多
文摘A survey and evaluation was carried out on a potential granitoid quarry site in the locality of Linguésso (North West of Ivory Coast) with the aim of identifying and estimating the quantity of exploitable granite based on the electrical resistivity methods. The combination of electrical trailing, sounding and tomography techniques allowed the determination of the characteristics of the rock deposit, namely the electrical signature (between 19,259 Ωm and 86,316 Ωm), the extension (N90°), the rooting (between 0 and 45 m) and the fracturing (between N14° and N160°) of the granitic formation sought. The modeling resulted in an estimated mineable rock volume of 2,936,250 m<sup>3</sup> providing a production quantity of 7,927,875 tonnes.
基金supported by a grant(No.14DZ2292800,http://www.greengeo.net/)from“Technology Service Platform of Civil Engineering”of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality.
文摘Underground pipeline networks constitute a major component of urban infrastructure,and thus,it is imperative to have an efficient mechanism to manage them.This study introduces a secondary development system to efficiently model underground pipeline networks,using the building information modeling(BIM)-based software Revit.The system comprises separate pipe point and tubulation models.Using a Revit application programming interface(API),the spatial position and attribute data of the pipe points are extracted from a pipeline database,and the corresponding tubulation data are extracted from a tubulation database.Using the Family class in Revit API,the cluster in the self-built library of pipe point is inserted into the spatial location and the attribute data is added;in the same way,all pipeline instances in the pipeline system are created.The extension and localization of the model accelerated the modeling speed.The system was then used in a real construction project.The expansion of the model database and rapid modeling made the application of BIM technology in three-dimensional visualization of underground pipeline networks more convenient.Furthermore,it has applications in pipeline engineering construction and management.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.300102278402)。
文摘The lithofacies classification is essential for oil and gas reservoir exploration and development.The traditional method of lithofacies classification is based on"core calibration logging"and the experience of geologists.This approach has strong subjectivity,low efficiency,and high uncertainty.This uncertainty may be one of the key factors affecting the results of 3 D modeling of tight sandstone reservoirs.In recent years,deep learning,which is a cutting-edge artificial intelligence technology,has attracted attention from various fields.However,the study of deep-learning techniques in the field of lithofacies classification has not been sufficient.Therefore,this paper proposes a novel hybrid deep-learning model based on the efficient data feature-extraction ability of convolutional neural networks(CNN)and the excellent ability to describe time-dependent features of long short-term memory networks(LSTM)to conduct lithological facies-classification experiments.The results of a series of experiments show that the hybrid CNN-LSTM model had an average accuracy of 87.3%and the best classification effect compared to the CNN,LSTM or the three commonly used machine learning models(Support vector machine,random forest,and gradient boosting decision tree).In addition,the borderline synthetic minority oversampling technique(BSMOTE)is introduced to address the class-imbalance issue of raw data.The results show that processed data balance can significantly improve the accuracy of lithofacies classification.Beside that,based on the fine lithofacies constraints,the sequential indicator simulation method is used to establish a three-dimensional lithofacies model,which completes the fine description of the spatial distribution of tight sandstone reservoirs in the study area.According to this comprehensive analysis,the proposed CNN-LSTM model,which eliminates class imbalance,can be effectively applied to lithofacies classification,and is expected to improve the reality of the geological model for the tight sandstone reservoirs.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(61732016).
文摘Three-dimensional(3D)modeling is an important topic in computer graphics and computer vision.In recent years,the introduction of consumer-grade depth cameras has resulted in profound advances in 3D modeling.Starting with the basic data structure,this survey reviews the latest developments of 3D modeling based on depth cameras,including research works on camera tracking,3D object and scene reconstruction,and high-quality texture reconstruction.We also discuss the future work and possible solutions for 3D modeling based on the depth camera.
文摘Mobile laser scanning(MLS)systems mainly comprise laser scanners and mobile mapping platforms.Typical MLS systems can acquire three-dimensional point clouds with 1-10cm point spacings at a normal driving or walking speed in streets or indoor environments.The efficiency and stability of these systems make them extremely useful for application in three-dimensional urban modeling.This paper reviews the latest advances of the LiDAR-based mobile mapping system(MMS)point cloud in the field of 3D modeling,including LiDAR simultaneous localization and mapping,point cloud registration,feature extraction,object extraction,semantic segmentation,and processing using deep learning.Furthermore,typical urban modeling applications based on MMS are also discussed.
文摘In the last issue,two case reports separately present examples of the extremely rare and complex congenital heart diseases that show concordant atrioventricular connections to the L-looped ventricles in the presence of situs solitus.Both cases highlight that the relationship between the two ventricles within the ventricular mass is not always harmonious with the given atrioventricular connection.Such disharmony between the connections and relationships requires careful assessment of the three basic facets of cardiac building blocks,namely their morphology,the relationship of their component parts,and their connections with the adjacent segments.3D imaging and printing can now facilitate an otherwise difficult diagnosis in such complex situations.Rotation of either the 3D images or the models permit accurate assessment of the ventricular topologic pattern by creating the right ventricular en-face septal view,thus facilitating placement of the observer’s hands.As we now emphasize,an alternative approach,which might prove more attractive to imagers,is to rotate the ventricular mass to provide the ventricular apical view,thus permitting determination of the ventricular relationship without using the hands.
基金Supported by Postgraduate Education Innovation Fund of Chongqing Jiaotong University
文摘Because of good quality of compressive resistance, the hyperbolic arch dam is being increasingly applied to engineering projects. In order to satisfy the needs of compressive resistance under the conditions of high water pressure, a stress analysis is required for the dam. During the stress analysis process however, due to the complexity of the three-dimensional modeling, it is very hard to form a model. Therefore, the stress analysis process is a barrier for the arch dam. In this article, based on the research of the new line-type arch dam, a mathematical model in different degree of convexity conditions of the dam is established; using the C + + language program, a computer three-dimensional model simulation is realized on AutoCAD. The accurate three-dimensional model is providing a finite element optimization design of the involute hyperbolic arch dam for the next step.
文摘Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a destructive disease of wheat and other cereals. FHB occurs in Europe, North America and around the world causing significant losses in production and endangers human and animal health. In this article, we provide the strategic steps for the specific target selection for the phytopathogen system wheat-Fusarium graminearum. The economic impact of FHB leads to the need for innovation. Currently used fungicides have been shown to be effective over the years, but recently cereal infecting Fusaria have developed resistance. Our work presents a new perspective on target selection to allow the development of new fungicides. We developed an innovative approach combining both genomic analysis and molecular modeling to increase the discovery for new chemical compounds with both safety and low environmental impact. Our protein targets selection revealed 13 candidates with high specificity, essentiality and potentially assayable with a favorable accessibility to drug activity. Among them, three proteins: trichodiene synthase, endoglucanase-5 and ERG6 were selected for deeper structural analyses to identify new putative fungicides. Overall, the bioinformatics filtering for novel protein targets applied for agricultural purposes is a response to the demand for chemical crop protection. The availability of the genome, secretome and PHI-base allowed the enrichment of the search that combined experimental data in planta. The homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations allowed the acquisition of three robust and stable conformers. From this step, approximately ten thousand compounds have been virtually screened against three candidates. Forty-five top-ranked compounds were selected from docking results as presenting better interactions and energy at the binding pockets and no toxicity. These compounds may act as inhibitors and lead to the development of new fungicides.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62272063,62072056 and 61902041)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(Nos.2022JJ30617 and 2020JJ2029)+4 种基金Open Research Fund of Key Lab of Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology,Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications(No.JZNY202102)the Traffic Science and Technology Project of Hunan Province,China(No.202042)Hunan Provincial Key Research and Development Program(No.2022GK2019)this work was funded by the Researchers Supporting Project Number(RSPD2023R681)King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a new system that enables individual vehicles to connect with nearby vehicles,people, transportation infrastructure, and networks, thereby realizing amore intelligent and efficient transportationsystem. The movement of vehicles and the three-dimensional (3D) nature of the road network cause the topologicalstructure of IoV to have the high space and time complexity.Network modeling and structure recognition for 3Droads can benefit the description of topological changes for IoV. This paper proposes a 3Dgeneral roadmodel basedon discrete points of roads obtained from GIS. First, the constraints imposed by 3D roads on moving vehicles areanalyzed. Then the effects of road curvature radius (Ra), longitudinal slope (Slo), and length (Len) on speed andacceleration are studied. Finally, a general 3D road network model based on road section features is established.This paper also presents intersection and road section recognition methods based on the structural features ofthe 3D road network model and the road features. Real GIS data from a specific region of Beijing is adopted tocreate the simulation scenario, and the simulation results validate the general 3D road network model and therecognitionmethod. Therefore, thiswork makes contributions to the field of intelligent transportation by providinga comprehensive approach tomodeling the 3Droad network and its topological changes in achieving efficient trafficflowand improved road safety.
文摘To understand the current application and development of 3D modeling in Digital Twins(DTs),abundant literatures on DTs and 3D modeling are investigated by means of literature review.The transition process from 3D modeling to DTs modeling is analyzed,as well as the current application of DTs modeling in various industries.The application of 3D DTs modeling in theelds of smartmanufacturing,smart ecology,smart transportation,and smart buildings in smart cities is analyzed in detail,and the current limitations are summarized.It is found that the 3D modeling technology in DTs has broad prospects for development and has a huge impact on all walks of life and even human lifestyles.At the same time,the development of DTs modeling relies on the development and support capabilities of mature technologies such as Big Data,Internet of Things,Cloud Computing,Articial Intelligence,and game technology.Therefore,although some results have been achieved,there are still limitations.This work aims to provide a good theoretical support for the further development of 3D DTs modeling.
文摘Adult-onset brain cancers,such as glioblastomas,are particularly lethal.People with glioblastoma multiforme(GBM)do not anticipate living for more than 15 months if there is no cure.The results of conventional treatments over the past 20 years have been underwhelming.Tumor aggressiveness,location,and lack of systemic therapies that can penetrate the blood–brain barrier are all contributing factors.For GBM treatments that appear promising in preclinical studies,there is a considerable rate of failure in phaseⅠandⅡclinical trials.Unfortunately,access becomes impossible due to the intricate architecture of tumors.In vitro,bioengineered cancer models are currently being used by researchers to study disease development,test novel therapies,and advance specialized medications.Many different techniques for creating in vitro systems have arisen over the past few decades due to developments in cellular and tissue engineering.Later-stage research may yield better results if in vitro models that resemble brain tissue and the blood–brain barrier are used.With the use of 3D preclinical models made available by biomaterials,researchers have discovered that it is possible to overcome these limitations.Innovative in vitro models for the treatment of GBM are possible using biomaterials and novel drug carriers.This review discusses the benefits and drawbacks of 3D in vitro glioblastoma modeling systems.
基金This work was supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M723391)the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Higher Education in Shanxi Province(No.2019L0754)+1 种基金the Central Guiding Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project(No.YDZJSX2021B021)Shanxi Province Basic Research Plan General Project(No.202203021221294).
文摘This study used the stable and convergent Dufort-Frankel method to differentially discretize the diffusion equation of the ground-well transient electromagnetic secondary field.The absorption boundary condition of complex frequency-shifted perfectly matched layer(CFS-PML)was used for truncation so that the low-frequency electromagnetic wave can be better absorbed at the model boundary.A typical three-dimensional(3D)homogeneous half-space model was established and a low-resistivity cube model was analyzed under the half-space condition.The response patterns and drivers of the low-resistivity cube model were discussed under the influence of a low-resistivity overburden.The absorption boundary conditions of CFS-PML significantly affected the low-frequency electromagnetic waves.For a low-resistivity cube around the borehole,its response curve exhibited a single-peak,and the extreme point of the curve corresponded to the center of the low-resistivity body.When the low-resistivity cube was directly below the borehole,the response curve showed three extreme values(two high and one low),with the low corresponding to the center of the low-resistivity body.The total field response of the low-resistivity overburden was stronger than that of the uniform half-space model due to the low-resistivity shielding effect of electromagnetic waves.When the receiving-transmitting distance gradually increased,the effect of the low-resistivity overburden was gradually weakened,and the response of the low-resistivity cube was strengthened.It was affected by the ratio of the overburden resistivity to the resistivity of the low-resistivity body.
文摘Facial wound segmentation plays a crucial role in preoperative planning and optimizing patient outcomes in various medical applications.In this paper,we propose an efficient approach for automating 3D facial wound segmentation using a two-stream graph convolutional network.Our method leverages the Cir3D-FaIR dataset and addresses the challenge of data imbalance through extensive experimentation with different loss functions.To achieve accurate segmentation,we conducted thorough experiments and selected a high-performing model from the trainedmodels.The selectedmodel demonstrates exceptional segmentation performance for complex 3D facial wounds.Furthermore,based on the segmentation model,we propose an improved approach for extracting 3D facial wound fillers and compare it to the results of the previous study.Our method achieved a remarkable accuracy of 0.9999993% on the test suite,surpassing the performance of the previous method.From this result,we use 3D printing technology to illustrate the shape of the wound filling.The outcomes of this study have significant implications for physicians involved in preoperative planning and intervention design.By automating facial wound segmentation and improving the accuracy ofwound-filling extraction,our approach can assist in carefully assessing and optimizing interventions,leading to enhanced patient outcomes.Additionally,it contributes to advancing facial reconstruction techniques by utilizing machine learning and 3D bioprinting for printing skin tissue implants.Our source code is available at https://github.com/SIMOGroup/WoundFilling3D.
文摘A physically-based numerical three-dimensional earthen dam piping failure model is developed for homogeneous and zoned soil dams.This model is an erosion model,coupled with force/moment equilibrium analyses.Orifice flow and two-dimensional(2D)shallow water equations(SWE)are solved to simulate dam break flows at different breaching stages.Erosion rates of different soils with different construction compaction efforts are calculated using corresponding erosion formulae.The dam's real shape,soil properties,and surrounding area are programmed.Large outer 2D-SWE grids are used to control upstream and downstream hydraulic conditions and control the boundary conditions of orifice flow,and inner 2D-SWE flow is used to scour soil and perform force/moment equilibrium analyses.This model is validated using the European Commission IMPACT(Investigation of Extreme Flood Processes and Uncertainty)Test#5 in Norway,Teton Dam failure in Idaho,USA,and Quail Creek Dike failure in Utah,USA.All calculated peak outflows are within 10%errors of observed values.Simulation results show that,for a V-shaped dam like Teton Dam,a piping breach location at the abutment tends to result in a smaller peak breach outflow than the piping breach location at the dam's center;and if Teton Dam had broken from its center for internal erosion,a peak outflow of 117851 m'/s,which is 81%larger than the peak outflow of 65120 m3/s released from its right abutment,would have been released from Teton Dam.A lower piping inlet elevation tends to cause a faster/earlier piping breach than a higher piping inlet elevation.
文摘Deep learning, especially through convolutional neural networks (CNN) such as the U-Net 3D model, has revolutionized fault identification from seismic data, representing a significant leap over traditional methods. Our review traces the evolution of CNN, emphasizing the adaptation and capabilities of the U-Net 3D model in automating seismic fault delineation with unprecedented accuracy. We find: 1) The transition from basic neural networks to sophisticated CNN has enabled remarkable advancements in image recognition, which are directly applicable to analyzing seismic data. The U-Net 3D model, with its innovative architecture, exemplifies this progress by providing a method for detailed and accurate fault detection with reduced manual interpretation bias. 2) The U-Net 3D model has demonstrated its superiority over traditional fault identification methods in several key areas: it has enhanced interpretation accuracy, increased operational efficiency, and reduced the subjectivity of manual methods. 3) Despite these achievements, challenges such as the need for effective data preprocessing, acquisition of high-quality annotated datasets, and achieving model generalization across different geological conditions remain. Future research should therefore focus on developing more complex network architectures and innovative training strategies to refine fault identification performance further. Our findings confirm the transformative potential of deep learning, particularly CNN like the U-Net 3D model, in geosciences, advocating for its broader integration to revolutionize geological exploration and seismic analysis.
文摘Building model data organization is often programmed to solve a specific problem,resulting in the inability to organize indoor and outdoor 3D scenes in an integrated manner.In this paper,existing building spatial data models are studied,and the characteristics of building information modeling standards(IFC),city geographic modeling language(CityGML),indoor modeling language(IndoorGML),and other models are compared and analyzed.CityGML and IndoorGML models face challenges in satisfying diverse application scenarios and requirements due to limitations in their expression capabilities.It is proposed to combine the semantic information of the model objects to effectively partition and organize the indoor and outdoor spatial 3D model data and to construct the indoor and outdoor data organization mechanism of“chunk-layer-subobject-entrances-area-detail object.”This method is verified by proposing a 3D data organization method for indoor and outdoor space and constructing a 3D visualization system based on it.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by National Basic Research Program of China-China(973 Program grants:2011CB013800)National Natural Science Foundation of China-China(41372273)Shanghai Science and Technology Development Funds-China(14231200600,15DZ1203900,16DZ1200400).
文摘Deformation monitoring is vital for tunnel engineering.Traditional monitoring techniques measure only a few data points,which is insufficient to understand the deformation of the entire tunnel.Terrestrial Laser Scanning(TLS)is a newly developed technique that can collect thousands of data points in a few minutes,with promising applications to tunnel deformation monitoring.The raw point cloud collected from TLS cannot display tunnel deformation;therefore,a new 3D modeling algorithm was developed for this purpose.The 3D modeling algorithm includes modules for preprocessing the point cloud,extracting the tunnel axis,performing coordinate transformations,performing noise reduction and generating the 3D model.Measurement results from TLS were compared to the results of total station and numerical simulation,confirming the reliability of TLS for tunnel deformation monitoring.Finally,a case study of the Shanghai West Changjiang Road tunnel is introduced,where TLS was applied to measure shield tunnel deformation over multiple sections.Settlement,segment dislocation and cross section convergence were measured and visualized using the proposed 3D modeling algorithm.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 60533070, 60773153)the Key Grant Project of Chinese Ministry of Education (Grant No. 308004)+1 种基金the Project of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (Grant No. 2006BAK12B09)the Project of Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission (Grant No. Z07000100560714)
文摘3D modeling and codec of real objects are hot issues in the field of virtual reality. In this paper, we propose an automatic registration two range images method and a cycle based automatic global registration algorithm for rapidly and automatically registering all range images and constructing a realistic 3D model. Besides, to meet the requirement of huge data transmission over Internet, we present a 3D mesh encoding/decoding method for encoding geometry, topology and attribute data with high compression ratio and supporting progressive transmission. The research results have already been applied successfully in digital museum.
文摘A model is presented for the simulation of reactive gas-solids flows in large industrial reactors. Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustors with several thousands of cubic meters reaction volume are probably the largest reactors of this type. A semi-empirical modeling approach has been chosen to model the three-dimensional concentration distributions of gas and solids components and temperatures inside the combustion chamber of such boilers. Two industrial CFB boilers are investigated in detail: the 105 MWe Duisburg combustor in Germany and the 235 MWe Turow combustor in Poland. The semi-empirical model approach is described first. Then the model is used to show how the three-dimensional concentration and temperature fields are formed by the interaction of several local phenomena. Good agreement between simulation and measurements has been achieved.
基金supported by the Office of Naval Research[Award No.N000141712928].
文摘The process of modern photogrammetry converts images and/or LiDAR data into usable 2D/3D/4D products.The photogrammetric industry offers engineering-grade hardware and software components for various applications.While some components of the data processing pipeline work already automatically,there is still substantial manual involvement required in order to obtain reliable and high-quality results.The recent development of machine learning techniques has attracted a great attention in its potential to address complex tasks that traditionally require manual inputs.It is therefore worth revisiting the role and existing efforts of machine learning techniques in the field of photogrammetry,as well as its neighboring field computer vision.This paper provides an overview of the state-of-the-art efforts in machine learning in bringing the automated and‘intelligent’component to photogrammetry,computer vision and(to a lesser degree)to remote sensing.We will primarily cover the relevant efforts following a typical 3D photogrammetric processing pipeline:(1)data acquisition(2)georeferencing/interest point matching(3)Digital Surface Model generation(4)semantic interpretations,followed by conclusions and our insights.