A survey of real-time rendering on Web3D application

Background In recent years, with the rapid development of mobile Internet and Web3D technologies, a large number of web-based online 3D visualization applications have emerged. Web3D applications, including Web3D online tourism, Web3D online architecture, Web3D online education environment, Web3D online medical care, and Web3D online shopping are examples of these applications that leverage 3D rendering on the web. These applications have pushed the boundaries of traditional web applications that use text, sound, image, video, and 2D animation as their main communication media, and resorted to 3D virtual scenes as the main interaction object, enabling a user experience that delivers a strong sense of immersion. This paper approached the emerging Web3D applications that generate stronger impacts on people's lives through “real-time rendering technology”, which is the core technology of Web3D. This paper discusses all the major 3D graphics APIs of Web3D and the well-known Web3D engines at home and abroad and classify the real-time rendering frameworks of Web3D applications into different categories. Results Finally, this study analyzed the specific demand posed by different fields to Web3D applications by referring to the representative Web3D applications in each particular field. Conclusions Our survey results show that Web3D applications based on real-time rendering have in-depth sectors of society and even family, which is a trend that has influence on every line of industry.

An improved 3D shape haptic rendering algorithm for finger mounted vibrotactile device

To improve the sense of reality on perception, an improved algorithm of 3D shape haptic rendering is put forward based on a finger mounted vibrotactile device. The principle is that the interactive information and the shape information are conveyed to users when they touch virtual objects at mobile terminals by attaching the vibrotactile feedback on a fingertip. The extraction of shape characteristics, the interactive information and the mapping of shape in formation of vibration stimulation are key parts of the proposed algorithm to realize the real tactile rendering. The contact status of the interaction process, the height information and local gradient of the touch point are regarded as shape information and used to control the vibration intension, rhythm and distribution of the vibrators. With different contact status and shape information, the vibration pattern can be adjusted in time to imitate the outlines of virtual objects. Finally, the effectiveness of the algorithm is verified by shape perception experiments. The results show that the improved algorithm is effective for 3D shape haptic rendering.

Power Consumption Optimization for 3D Graphics Rendering

This paper studies some programming techniques for low power rendering for 3 D graphics. These techniques are derived from analysis and simulation results of hardware circuits of GPU. Although low power3 D graphics hardware design has been studied by other researchers,low power programming techniques from hardware perspective have not been investigated in depth. There are many factors that affect 3 D graphics rendering performance,such as the number of vertices,vertex sharing,level of details,texture mapping,and rendering algorithms. An analytical study of graphics rendering workload is performed and the effect of a number of programming tips such as vertex sharing,clock gating and buffering of unmoving or translational objects is deeply studied. The results presented in this paper can be used to guide 3 D graphics programming for optimizing both power consumption and performance.

Study on the 3D Seismic Data Field Hybrid Rendering Technique of Natural Gas Hydrate and Its Application

3D visualization technology is a tool used for displaying, describing, and understanding the characteristics of geologic bodies, and features high efficiency, objective accuracy, visual expression, etc. In this paper, the man-machine interactive interpretation and 3D visualization technology rapidly displaying and analyzing the 3D seismic data of hydrate ore volume is researched and developed using the hybrid rendering technique. Through the integrated interpretation on the 3D space structure, stratum, and seismic attributes, the visualized multi-attribute superimposition analysis is implemented for describing the spatial distribution characteristics of hydrate ore volume and exquisitely describing the subtle geological characteristics of hydrate ore volume. By the hybrid rendering technique, authentication and interpretation are provided for the geological exploration work, so as to greatly enhance the visualization and accuracy of the geological analysis, and also provide a good decision-making foundation for the subsequent development of resources.

Virtual Anatomy: The Dissecting Theatre of the Future—Implementation of Cinematic Rendering in a Large 8 K High-Resolution Projection Environment

Modern computer techniques have been in use for several years to generate three-dimensional visualizations of human anatomy. Very good 3-D computer models of the human body are now available and used routinely in anatomy instruction. These techniques are subsumed under the heading “virtual anatomy” to distinguish them from the conventional study of anatomy entailing cadavers and anatomy textbooks. Moreover, other imaging procedures (X-ray, angiography, CT and MR) are also used in virtual anatomy instruction. A recently introduced three-dimensional post-processing technique named Cinematic Rendering now makes it possible to use the output of routine CT and MR examinations as the basis for highly photo-realistic 3-D depictions of human anatomy. We have installed Cinematic Rendering (enabled for stereoscopy) in a high-definition 8K 3-D projection space that accommodates an audience of 150. The space’s projection surface measures 16 × 9 meters;images can be projected on both the front wall and the floor. A game controller can be used to operate Cinematic Rendering software so that it can generate interactive real-time depictions of human anatomy on the basis of CT and MR data sets. This prototype installation was implemented without technical problems;in day-to-day, real-world use over a period of 22 months, there were no impairments of service due to software crashes or other technical problems. We are already employing this installation routinely for educational offerings open to the public, courses for students in the health professions, and (continuing) professional education units for medical interns, residents and specialists—in, so to speak, the dissecting theater of the future.

DIRECT VOXEL-PROJECTION FOR VOLUMETRIC DATA RENDERING IN MEDICAL IMAGERY

The volumetric rendering of 3 D medical image data is very effective method for communication about radiological studies to clinicians. Algorithms that produce images with artifacts and inaccuracies are not clinically useful. This paper proposed a direct voxel projection algorithm to implement volumetric data rendering. Using this algorithm, arbitrary volume rotation, transparent and cutaway views are generated satisfactorily. Compared with the existing raytracing methods, it improves the projection image quality greatly. Some experimental results about real medical CT image data demonstrate the advantages and fidelity of the proposed algorithm.

Modeling and Rendering in the Three-Dimensional Effect in Rhino for Lady's High Boots

In recent years, the computer drawing technology that deals with three-dimensional (3D) design of footwear has become hot topics. Rhino is a kind of common and practical 3D design software with strong drawing and rendering graphics function, which is widely used to design industrial products. In this paper, through decomposition and modeling, modeling and drawing methods were analyzed in various parts of footwear by Rhino, as well as the smooth technology and adjustments to its profile curve by an example of lady's high boots. Finally, through a series introductions of rendering effects for footwear in color, light perception, grain characteristic, and 3D graphics, the main technical essential is achieved and difficulties in design of overall footwear styles are solved.

High-quality multi-resolution volume rendering in medicine

In order to perform a high-quality interactive rendering of large medical data sets on a single off-the-shelf PC, a LOD selection algorithm for multi-resolution volume rendering using 3D texture mapping is presented, which uses an adaptive scheme that renders the volume in a region-of-interest at a high resolution and the volume away from this region at lower resolutions. The algorithm is based on several important criteria, and rendering is done adaptively by selecting high-resolution cells close to a center of attention and low-resolution cells away from this area. In addition, our hierarchical level-of-detail representation guarantees consistent interpolation between different resolution levels. Experiments have been applied to a number of large medical data and have produced high quality images at interactive frame rates using standard PC hardware.

基于Flash和3D动画渲染技术的育苗机器人设计

在农机设计过程中,为了对真实环境进行虚拟化渲染,以达到逼真的效果,提出了一种基于Flash和3D动画渲染技术的育苗机器人设计方法,该方法可以将农机在虚拟的作业环境中进行仿真,从而实现农机的动态交互式设计。设计了Flash3D动画渲染的基本框架,并在框架内使用了3D引擎的一些常用功能,其中主要包括文件的压缩和解析、3D场景的渲染、精灵模拟和文件的管理等。为了实现3D场景大文件的压缩而不影响3D效果、加快3D动画场景渲染的解析速度,使用Flash和小波重构方法,从而实现了对三维场景按需进行加载和展示。最后,对设计系统进行了测试,测试结果表明:该系统可以成功地实现玉米育苗机器人的三维动画渲染,使用Flash和小波重构方法可以明显地使系统得到优化,极大地提高了系统的3D设计性能。

纹理映射体绘制的Java 3D实现

目的设计实现一个虚拟心脏系统原型,重点讨论其中的基于纹理映射的体绘制方法,给出用Java 3D软件方法实现纹理映射体绘制。方法获取CT心脏断层数据,对其进行预处理,在此基础上进行图像的滤波、分割、配准及裁剪,最后实现基于纹理映射体绘制的三维重构。结果用Java+Java 3D实现了虚拟心脏系统原型中基于纹理映射的体绘制。结论采用软件方法(Java3D)实现了纹理映射硬件的功能,由于不需要三维纹理映射硬件的支持,降低了硬件成本。

Cinema 4D中Team Render的构建与实现

渲染是一种计算机图形图像生成技术,它以存储在计算机中的几何场景模型为基础,经过附加色彩、纹理及材质,并根据设定的光照条件及场景光照关系,计算生成具有高真实度的视景图像。实现3D动画渲染十分消耗计算机的性能,为了减少3D动画渲染所花费的时间,利用德国maxon公司Cinema 4D软件的Cinema 4D Team Render对3D动画进行分布式渲染测试。结果表明,此种方法确实可以成倍地减少3D动画渲染所花费的时间。

基于云计算技术和3D渲染的农机虚拟制造技术研究

为了提高农机现代化和批量化生产效率,实现基于个性化需求农机设计和制造,提出了面向机加工的云技术农机制造服务候选资源的发现方法,并设计了农机虚拟制造的云计算平台。在农机部件云制造虚拟平台中,首先利用云存储技术存放大量的候选制造企业资源样本数据,然后利用智能分类算法KNN对候选资源进行分类,根据农机部件制造需求的客户对候选资源进行优选,最后得到最佳的候选资源。基于云计算和3D渲染技术,构建了面向工序级和零件级服务的仿真环境,并通过仿真实验,得到了优选后服务方的服务时间、费用和合格率,为现代农机的批量生产和个性化加工服务提供了新的解决方案。

3D水墨线皴渲染的仿真研究与设计

皴法是历代画家根据山石的地质构造外形或树木的表皮状态而创造的表现形式,用来表现山石和树皮的纹理。对3D模型进行皴法渲染主要采用了非物理仿真方法,直接从线皴中典型的披麻皴的外观特征入手,提出了一种在3D模型上仿真披麻皴的方法。首先通过确定笔道位置、控制笔道方向得到笔道关键线,并对其进行风格化处理,再结合笔模型和笔法模型绘制笔道。利用提出的算法能够灵活控制皴法笔道的密度,得到典型的披麻皴效果。

DPGL:The Direct3D9-based Parallel Graphics Library for Multi-display Environment

The emergence of high performance 3D graphics cards has opened the way to PC clusters for high performance multi- display environment. In order to exploit the rendering ability of PC clusters, we should design appropriate parallel rendering algorithms and parallel graphics library interfaces. Due to the rapid development of Direct3D, we bring forward DPGL, the Direct3D9-based parallel graphics library in D3DPR parallel rendering system, which implements Direct3D9 interfaces to support existing Direct3D9 application parallelization with no modification. Based on the parallelism analysis of Direct3D9 rendering pipeline, we briefly introduce D3DPR parallel rendering system. DPGL is the fundamental component of D3DPR. After presenting DPGL three layers architecture, we discuss the rendering resource interception and management. Finally, we describe the design and implementation of DPGL in detail, including rendering command interception layer, rendering command interpretation layer and rendering resource parallelization layer.

3-D Visualization of Medical Images with Arbitrary Sections

In this paper, with the general retrospect to the research on surface reconstruction and the marching cubes algorithm, we gave detailed description of an algorithm on the construction of object surfaces. The possible ambiguity problem in the original marching cubes algorithm was eliminated by its index mechanism. Some results on the MRI images were presented. Based on extracting and clipping contours from a set of medial slice images and setting the patch vertices values according to the gray images, this algorithm may be applied to form the arbitrary section images with three dimensional effects. It can also enhance the visual effect and interpretation of medical data.

Technical analysis of 3DTV and outstanding issues

This paper analyzes the technical characteristic of three-dimensional display technology （3DTV） system and some core technologies yet to be solved. It points out the ways to solve these problems and presents an effective solution for thediscomfort of watching the three-dimensional TV.

Detection of the Single Image from DIBR Based on 3D Warping Trace and Edge Matching

Recently, the popularity of 3D content is on the rise because of its immersive experience to view- ers. While demands for 3D contents and 3D technologies increase, only a few copyright protection methods for 3D contents have been proposed. The simplest infringement is the illegal distribution of the single 2D image from 3D content. The leaked image is still valuable as 2D content and the leakage can be occurred in DIBR system. To detect the leaked image, we focus on the hole-filled region which is caused by the hole-filling procedure mandatory in DIBR system. To estimate the hole-filled regions, two different procedures are conducted to extract edges and to estimate 3D warping traces, respectively. After that, the hole-filled regions are estimated and the left-right-eye image discrimination (LR discrimination) is also conducted. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method using quantitative measures.

Immersive 3D Visualization of the Collective Behavior of Particles and Crystal Dislocations Using Virtual Reality Technology

In this article, we present a three-dimensional visualization technique that has been developed in order to establish an interactive immersive environment to visualize the particles in granular materials and dislocations in crystals. Simple elementary objects often exhibit complex collective behavior. Understanding of such behaviors and developments of coarse-scale theories, often requires insight into collective behavior that can only be obtained through immersive visualization. By displaying the computational results in a virtual environment with three-dimensional perception, one can immerse inside the model and analyze the intricate and very complex behavior of individual particles and dislocations. We built the stereographic images of the models using OpenGL rendering technique and then combine with the Virtual Reality technology in order to immerse in the three-dimensional model. A head mounted display has been used to allow the user to immerse inside the models and a flock of birds tracking device that allows the movements around and within the immersive environment.

汇众益智带你了解3D灯光渲染

渲染，英文为Render，有人把它称为着色。它是CG中除了后期制作以外的最后一道工序，也是最终使图像符合特定3D场景的阶段。在CG制作中，渲染需要凭借多种软件：例如各CG软件自带的渲染引擎，抑或诸如Render Man等。

Application of 3D Electrical Resistivity Tomography for Diagnosing Leakage in Earth Rock-Fill Dam

The leakage occurs during operation of the dam in Liuhuanggou reservoir. It’s a threat to the safety of the people’s lives and property in downstream. In order to eliminate the hidden danger of reservoir, ensure the safety of the dam, play better the function of flood control and water storage of the reservoir etc., we apply the 3D electrical resistivity tomography detecting technology and volume rendering image processing technology, make the measurement in field, process the data and combine the field survey to find out the leakage channels inside the dam. The results show that the 3D resistivity images appear the low resistivity zone corresponding with the leakage channels. There are two main leakage channels that come from different location inside the dam. It is feasible to diagnose the leakage in earth rock-fill dam by applying 3D electrical resistivity tomography.