In-situ 3D contour measurement for laser powder bed fusion based on phase guidance

In-situ layerwise imaging measurement of laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)provides a wealth of forming and defect data which enables monitoring of components quality and powder bed homogeneity.Using high-resolution camera layerwise imaging and image processing algorithms to monitor fusion area and powder bed geometric defects has been studied by many researchers,which successfully monitored the contours of components and evaluated their accuracy.However,research for the methods of in-situ 3D contour measurement or component edge warping identification is rare.In this study,a 3D contour mea-surement method combining gray intensity and phase difference is proposed,and its accuracy is verified by designed experiments.The results show that the high-precision of the 3D contours can be achieved by the constructed energy minimization function.This method can detect the deviations of common ge-ometric features as well as warpage at LPBF component edges,and provides fundamental data for in-situ quality monitoring tools.

Intrinsic background radiation of LaBr3(Ce)detector via coincidence measurements and simulations

The LaBr3(Ce)detector has attracted much attention in recent years because of its superior characteristics compared with other scintillating materials in terms of resolution and efficiency.However,it has a relatively high intrinsic background radiation because of the naturally occurring radioisotopes in lanthanum,actinium,and their daughter nuclei.This limits its applications in low-counting rate experiments.In this study,we identified the radioactive isotopes in theφ3"x 3"Saint-Gobain B380 detector by a coincidence measurement using a Clover detector in a low-background shielding system.Moreover,we carried out a Geant4 simulation of the experimental spectra to evaluate the activities of the main internal radiation components.The total activity of the background radiation of B380 is determined to be 1.523(34)Bq/cm^3.The main sources include 138La at 1.428(34)Bq/cm^3,207Tl at 0.0135(13)Bq/cm^3,211Bi at 0.0136(15)Bq/cm^3,215Po at 0.0135(3)Bq/cm^3,219Rn at 0.0125(12)Bq/cm^3,223Fr at 0.0019(11)Bq/cm^3,223Ra at 0.0127(10)Bq/cm^3,227Th at 0.0158(22)Bq/cm^3,and 227Ac at 0.0135(13)Bq/cm^3.Of these,the activities of 207Tl,211Po,215Po,223Fr,and 227Ac are deduced for the first time from the secular equilibrium established in the decay chain of 227Ac.

HL-3装置测量基准网的建立及部件定位测量

根据HL-3装置总装集成设计安装精度的要求,需要建立一个高精度的测量基准网,在总装过程中采用激光跟踪仪等先进测量设备对安装部件的空间位置进行测量。建立的基准网实现了网内基准点空间坐标最大不确定度为0.133mm。特别在对真空室、临时第一壁/限制器等部件的安装中,进行定位测量和数据反馈,然后再进行安装调整,实现了真空室∅1.84mm的同轴度精度,满足同轴度≤∅3mm的要求;标高偏差为-0.08~+0.136mm,满足标高偏差≤±1mm的要求。临时第一壁/限制器安装最大偏差值为+1.9351mm,最小偏差值为-1.8337mm,均满足各模块表面位置误差不超过±2mm的技术要求。测量基准网的建立以及安装过程中对部件高精度的定位测量,保证了HL-3装置高质量的建造。

An Improved Calibration Method of Grating Projection Measurement System

In the traditional fringe projection profilometry system,the projector and the camera light center are both spatially virtual points.The spatial position relationships specified in the model are not easy to obtain,leading to inaccurate system parameters and affectingmeasurement accuracy.This paper proposes a method for solving the system parameters of the fringe projection profilometry system,and the spatial position of the camera and projector can be adjusted in accordance with the obtained calibration parameters.The steps are as follows:First,in accordance with the conversion relationship of the coordinate system in the calibration process,the calculation formula of the vertical distance from the camera light center to the reference plane and the calculation formula of the distance between the projector and the camera light center are given respectively.Secondly,according to the projector calibration principle,the position of the projector light axis perpendicular to the reference plane is gained by comparing the parallel relationship between the reference plane coordinate system and the projector coordinate system’s Z-axis.Then,in order to fulfill the position restriction that the line between the projector light center and the camera light center must be parallel to the reference plane,the camera’s spatial location is adjusted so that the vertical distance between it and the reference plane tends to that between the projector light center and the reference plane.And finally,the three-dimensional(3D)reconstruction of the target object can be finished using the phase height model’s system parameters once the aforementioned position limitations are put into practice.Experimental results demonstrate that the method improves the measurement accuracy,and verifies that it is effective and available in 3D shape measurement.

Ca_(2)MgTeO_(6)∶Bi^(3+),Mn^(4+)材料的发光性能和温度探测

通过高温固相法成功制备了一系列Ca_(2)MgTeO_(6)∶Bi^(3+),Mn^(4+)荧光粉,对其微观结构、形貌、发光特性和温敏特性进行了表征。Ca_(2)MgTeO_(6)∶Bi^(3+),Mn^(4+)荧光粉具有不同温度敏感性的双发射中心,分别来自于Bi^(3+)离子^(3)P_(1)→^(1)S_(0)跃迁和Mn^(4+)离子的^(2)E_(g)→^(4)A_(2g)跃迁。由于Bi^(3+)、Mn^(4+)离子的发光强度随温度变化的规律不同,利用该特性进行测温研究,在200~500 K范围内,该荧光粉的最大绝对灵敏度和相对灵敏度分别达到0.027 K^(-1)和1.83%·K^(-1),并且观察到荧光粉的发光颜色由橙黄色逐渐变为紫红色。实验结果表明,Ca_(2)MgTeO_(6)∶Bi^(3+),Mn^(4+)荧光粉作为光学测温材料在温度探测方面有一定的潜力。

Measurement Method of Compressibility and Thermal Expansion Coefficients for Density Standard Liquid at 2329 kg/m^3 based on Hydrostatic Suspension Principle

The accurate measurement on the compressibility and thermal expansion coefficients of density standard liquid at 2329kg/m3（DSL-2329） plays an important role in the quality control for silicon single crystal manufacturing. A new method is developed based on hydrostatic suspension principle in order to determine the two coefficients with high measurement accuracy. Two silicon single crystal samples with known density are immersed into a sealed vessel full of DSL-2329. The density of liquid is adjusted with varying liquid temperature and static pressure, so that the hydrostatic suspension of two silicon single crystal samples is achieved. The compression and thermal expansion coefficients are then calculated by using the data of temperature and static pressure at the suspension state. One silicon single crystal sample can be suspended at different state, as long as the liquid temperature and static pressure function linearly according to a certain mathematical relationship. A hydrostatic suspension experimental system is devised with the maximal temperature control error ±50 μK; Silicon single crystal samples can be suspended by adapting the pressure following the PID method. By using the method based on hydrostatic suspension principle, the two key coefficients can be measured at the same time, and measurement precision can be improved due to avoiding the influence of liquid surface tension. This method was further validated experimentally, where the mixture of 1, 2, 3-tribromopropane and 1,2-dibromoethane is used as DSL-2329. The compressibility and thermal expansion coefficients were measured, as 8.5′10–4 K–1 and 5.4′10–10 Pa–1, respectively.

Measurement on Physicochemical Properties ofNaCl-KCl-ScCl_3 System for Manufacture of Al-Sc Alloy by Molten Salt Electrolysis

The physicochemical properties of the system, such as density, surface tension, specific conductance and melting point were measured. The results were discussed.

C_(2/3)经关节突经椎弓根螺钉固定的影像学测量及可行性分析

目的测量C_(2/3)经关节突经椎弓根螺钉相关影像学指标,并分析该置钉技术的可行性。方法收集120例全颈椎CT薄层扫描数据,其中男性75例,女性45例。设定C_(2/3)经关节突经椎弓根螺钉的进钉点,即进钉点在枢椎侧块的水平中线与中外1/3垂线交点处,螺钉自枢椎侧块穿C_(2/3)关节突关节、C_(3)侧块止于C_(3)椎弓根下缘。测量C_(2/3)经关节突经椎弓根螺钉相关影像学数据,包括C_(3)椎弓根宽度与高度,螺钉通道长度,内倾角度,头倾角度,最狭窄处宽度。并分析各项测量结果之间的关系。结果C_(3)椎弓根平均宽度5.48 mm,平均高度6.82 mm,螺钉通道平均长度18.68 mm,平均内倾角度20.46°,平均头倾角度50.1°,最狭窄处平均宽度2.80 mm。C_(3)椎弓根宽度与高度呈正相关(P=0.000),螺钉通道长度与C_(3)椎弓根宽度、高度呈正相关(P=0.000;P=0.000),螺钉通道最狭窄处宽度与C_(3)椎弓根宽度、高度呈正相关(P=0.000;P=0.000)。240例置钉测量数据中,如使用3.5 mm直径螺钉,均可完成置钉,C_(2/3)经关节突经椎弓根螺钉适用于所有患者。结论C_(2/3)经关节突经椎弓根螺钉在解剖学上是可行的,可作为上颈椎后路钉棒内固定补充的置钉技术。

MULTIPARAMETER MEASUREMENT FOR RACEWAY GROOVE OF BEARING BASED ON 3D RECONSTRUCTION WITH DIGITAL STRUCTURED LIGHT

A fast 3D reconstruction method based on structured light to measure various parameters of the raceway groove is presented. Digital parallel grating stripes distributed with sine density are projected onto the raceway groove by a DLP projector, and distorting of stripes is happened on the raceway. Simultaneously, aided by three-step phase-shifting approach, three images covered by different stripes are obtained by a high-resolution CCD camera at the same location, thus a more accuracy local topography can be obtained. And then the bearing is rotated on a high precision computer controlled rotational stage. Three images are also obtained as the former step at next planned location triggered by the motor. After one cycle, all images information is combined through the mosaics. As a result, the 3D information of raceway groove can be gained. Not only geometric properties but also surface flaws can be extracted by software. A preliminary hardware system has been built, with which some geometric parameters have been extracted from reconstructed local topography.

3-Dimensional Body Measurement Technology

3 - dimensional body measurement technology, the basis of developing high technology in industry, accelerates digital development of aplparel industry. This paper briefly introduces the history of 3 - dimensional body measurement technology, and recounts the principle and primary structure of some types of 3 - dimensional automatic body measurement system. With this understanding, it discusses prospect of 3- dimensional CAD and virtual technology used in apparel industry.

An Experimental System Development for Head Posture Estimation Based on 3-D Images Measurement

Although automobile is an indispensable vehicle to modern life, it also serves as a social problem with a big traffic accident. Among the reasons of traffic accidents, careless driving accounts for the largest part. So in order to avoid the careless driving, a system which can measure the posture of a driver and warns driver to drive carefully in the case of looking aside is necessary. Although the image measurement method is used broadly, there is a problem on which measurement accuracy is influenced by environment light, makeup of the driver, etc. in the general method based on the two-dimensional image. Therefore, in this study, we propose an image measurement method to obtain the head posture of driver. First we use three-dimensional measurement method which based on the infrared pattern projection to get 3-D information of head, and then we calculate the angle for faces. In this paper, we explain the composition method of an experiment system, and the results of head posture measurement experiment.

Accurate 3D geometry measurement for non-cooperative spacecraft with an unfocused light-field camera

This work explores an alternative 3D geometry measurement method for non-cooperative spacecraft guiding navigation and proximity operations.From one snapshot of an unfocused light-field camera, the 3D point cloud of a non-cooperative spacecraft can be calculated from sub-aperture images with the epipolar plane image(EPI) based light-field rendering algorithm.A Chang'e-3 model(7.2 cm×5.6 cm×7.0 cm) is tested to validate the proposed technique.Three measurement distances(1.0 m, 1.2 m, 1.5 m) are considered to simulate different approaching stages.Measuring errors are quantified by comparing the light-field camera data with a high precision commercial laser scanner.The mean error distance for the three cases are 0.837 mm, 0.743 mm, and 0.973 mm respectively, indicating that the method can well reconstruct 3D geometry of a non-cooperative spacecraft with a densely distributed 3D point cloud and is thus promising in space-related missions.

A conoscopic holography-based 3D measurement system for analyzing defects in steel plate surface

A conoscopic holography-based 3D measurement system for analyzing the defects on the surface of steel plates was introduced in this paper. The hardware, which is automated through software, performs sampling of the steel plate surface. Through the software interface,point-cloud data of the steel plate surface are obtained and reconstructed to form a 3D image of the steel plate surface. The software allows automatic analysis of steel plate surface detects through identification of the bulges and depressions. In addition, the software can also automatically calculate the defect information ,such as the deepest point, volume, opening area, opening length, and so on, thereby determining the defect size. The results determined by this 3D measurement system were found to be in good agreement with the actual values.

The 3rd Asia-Pacfic Conference on Control and Measurement(APCCM’98)Will Be Held

The 3rd Asia-Pacfic Conference on Control and Measurement Sponsored by IEEE Shanghai Subsec-tion,Jiangsu Society of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronau-tics and the City University of Hong Kong will be held on August31 to September4,1998 in Dun-huang,China.APCCM Conference is the best chance for scholars,experts and engineers on control andmeasurement fields from the world to propose their academic insights,exchange their academic achieve-ments and enhance international cooperations.The purpose of of the APCCM’98 is to bring togetherscholars and experts engaging in control and measurement research to highlight new issues and contribu-tions of information technology for advances in industrial engineering.The topics of this conference arepresented as follows:control engineering,ideniification,modeling and system theory,specification andimplementation languages,controller synthesis,computer-aided design and simulation,algorithm anddeductive verification,fiber

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF COORDINATES MEASUREMENT BY FLEXIBLE 3D MEASURING SYSTEM

The system mathematical model of flexible 3D measuring system is built by theoretical analysis, and the theoretical formula for measuring space point coordinate is also derived. Frog-jumping based coordinate transform method is put forward in order to solve measuring problem for large size parts. The frog-jumping method is discussed, and the coordinate transform mathematical model is method of the space point coordinate compared to original value, and an advanced method is provided, Form the space point coordinate transform formula can derive the calculation measuring method for measuring large size parts.

Cr^(3+)掺杂Y_(3)Al_(5)O_(12)-Al_(2)O_(3)的光致发光和温度传感特性研究

为了开发具有高发光效率和高测温灵敏度的光学温度传感材料,采用高温固相法合成了一系列Cr^(3+)掺杂Y_(3)Al_(5)O_(12)-xAl_(2)O_(3)(x=0,0.5,1.25,2,2.75,3.5)固熔体。利用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱、稳态激发和发射光谱表征,详细研究了Y_(3)Al_(5)O_(12)中Al_(2)O_(3)的掺杂浓度对其结构和发光性能的影响。研究表明,提高Al_(2)O_(3)掺杂量可以增加固熔体中的八面体配位,同时削弱了晶体场强度,有利于Cr^(3+)的发光。在303~773 K温度范围内,利用该材料中Cr^(3+)荧光寿命以及热耦合能级荧光强度比的温度依赖特性进行测温研究,两种方法的相对测温灵敏度分别在500 K时达到最大值0.802%K^(-1),在303 K时达到最大值0.977%K^(-1)。除此之外,本文首次提出利用激光强度与荧光强度之比作为测温参数的比率型测温方法,在773 K时取得最大相对测温灵敏度为1.036%K^(-1)。上述研究结果表明,Cr^(3+)掺杂Y_(3)Al_(5)O_(12)-xAl_(2)O_(3)固熔体材料具有良好的光学温度传感特性,三种不同模式的测温方法为该材料在发光测温领域的应用提供了广阔的前景。

3D Depth Measurement for Holoscopic 3D Imaging System

Holoscopic 3D imaging is a true 3D imaging system mimics fly’s eye technique to acquire a true 3D optical model of a real scene. To reconstruct the 3D image computationally, an efficient implementation of an Auto-Feature-Edge (AFE) descriptor algorithm is required that provides an individual feature detector for integration of 3D information to locate objects in the scene. The AFE descriptor plays a key role in simplifying the detection of both edge-based and region-based objects. The detector is based on a Multi-Quantize Adaptive Local Histogram Analysis (MQALHA) algorithm. This is distinctive for each Feature-Edge (FE) block i.e. the large contrast changes (gradients) in FE are easier to localise. The novelty of this work lies in generating a free-noise 3D-Map (3DM) according to a correlation analysis of region contours. This automatically combines the exploitation of the available depth estimation technique with edge-based feature shape recognition technique. The application area consists of two varied domains, which prove the efficiency and robustness of the approach: a) extracting a set of setting feature-edges, for both tracking and mapping process for 3D depthmap estimation, and b) separation and recognition of focus objects in the scene. Experimental results show that the proposed 3DM technique is performed efficiently compared to the state-of-the-art algorithms.

Robustness self-testing of states and measurements in the prepare-and-measure scenario with 3 → 1 random access code

Recently, Tavakoli et al.proposed a self-testing scheme in the prepare-and-measure scenario, showing that self-testing is not necessarily based on entanglement and violation of a Bell inequality [Phys.Rev.A 98 062307(2018)].They realized the self-testing of preparations and measurements in an N → 1(N ≥ 2) random access code(RAC), and provided robustness bounds in a 2 → 1 RAC.Since all N → 1 RACs with shared randomness are combinations of 2 → 1 and 3 → 1 RACs, the3 → 1 RAC is just as important as the 2 → 1 RAC.In this paper, we find a set of preparations and measurements in the3 → 1 RAC, and use them to complete the robustness self-testing analysis in the prepare-and-measure scenario.The method is robust to small but inevitable experimental errors.

Reconciliation of Theoretical Lifetimes of the 5s5p^(3)P_(2)^(o) Metastable State for ^(88)Sr with Measurement: The Role of the Blackbody-Radiation-Induced Decay

We conducted measurement and calculation to resolve the long-standing large discrepancy in the metastable state lifetime for the ^(88)Sr atom between theoretical and experimental results. The present lifetime τ = 830_(-240)^(+600)s,measured using the magneto-optical trap as a photon amplifier to detect the weak decay events, is approximately60% larger than the previous experimental value τ = 520_(-140)^(+310)s. By considering the electron correlation effects in the framework of the multiconfiguration Dirac–Hartree–Fock theory, we obtained a theoretical lifetime of 1079(54) s, which lies in the range of measurements with error bars. Furthermore, we considered the higher-order electron correlation and Breit interaction to control the uncertainty of the theoretical calculation. The significant improvement in the agreement between calculations and measurements is attributed to the updated blackbody radiation-induced decay rate.